some ruins and appearances of them." In describing the temple and gardens at Cusco. Garci- lasso observes, " there were five fountains of water, which ran from divers places through pipes of gold. The cisterns were some of stone, and others of gold and silver in which they washed their sacrifices, as the solemnity of the festival required." Fountains. Artificial fountains and jets d'eau are of extreme anti- quity ; they have been used for beautifying public grounds of cities, and have served the purpose of moderating the temperature of the air ; in these cases the water has been in some instances perfumed. " From excavations made at Pompeii it appears that in almost every street there was a fountain, and that bronze statues, through which the water issued were common, — several have been found, — four or five are boys of beautiful workmanship ; the fluid issued from vases resting on their shoulders, or held under their arms, and in some cases from masks. Paintings of elegant fountains, from which the water issued in perpendicular jets, have also been dis- covered both at Herculaneum and Pompeii." " In the middle of the square of the Coliseum, is a pretty remarkable piece of antiquity, (says Blainville,) though very 48 little minded by most people. Here stood anciently, a beau- tiful fountain, adorned with the finest marbles and columns ; and on the top was a bronze statue of Jupiter, from which issued great plenty of water, as may be seen on the reverse of one of Titus' medals. This fountain was of great use both to the spectators and the gladiators in the amphitheatre to refresh themselves. Pope Alexander VII. caused it to be repaired, but since his time it has been entirely neglected." " During hot weather, Augustus the Roman Emperor slept (observes Sentonius) with his chamber doors open, ' and frequently in a portico with waters playing around him.' " The garden water-works of the Duke of Devonshire at Chatsworth are probably the finest in England ; being orna- mented by many fanciful devices and from a jet of six inches diameter the water rises perpendicularly to the height of 90 feet. The most remarkable fountain or jet deau in the world, is at Cassal in Germany, where the water rises from an orifice of 12 inches diameter to a perpendicular height of 250 feet. The source from which it is supplied is at the top of a mountain near by, being about 500 feet above the level of the town. The surplus water not used for the supply of the fountain flows down the mountain-side forming a beautiful cascade. The cities of Europe abound in fountains which in their 49 arrangement furnish beautiful designs and are ornamented with specimens of workmanship displaying much skill and refinement of taste : a minute description of them would, however, occupy too much space, and since we have had our attention drawn (on the subject of Aqueducts) more par- ticularly to the works of the Romans, we will revert to the Fountains of Rome. " If during the most distinguished eras of the Roman state, the Aqueducts conduced to the luxurious enjoyments of the wealthy and powerful, yet in modern times, the resi- dents of Rome have also found them particularly advanta- geous, by their furnishing occasions for the cultivation of those elegant arts, which, in a peculiar manner, call forth the energies of genius, and the exercise of refined taste, in realizing and decorating her productions, dualities of this kind appear conspicuous in several of the numerous foun- tains which adorn that celebrated city ; and the most intel- lectual and accomplished professors of sculpture and archi- tecture, have happily united beauty and grandeur in the con- struction of many such admirable edifices. These struc- tures are also characterized by great diversity of design, as well as skilful execution ; hence, a concise description of several of them may be interesting." " The largest structure of this kind in Rome, is that de- nominated the Pauline Fountain, which was built by order of Pope Paul V., with the materials of Nerva's Forum. This spacious edifice is situate on the highest part of the 13 50 Janiculum hill, and Dominica Fontana, and Carlo Mederno, furnished the designs for its construction. The front is adorned with six Ionic columns of red granite, on which an attic has a tablet containing an inscription with the pontiff's arms placed above it. Between the columns the spaces are open, and from these arcades the currents of water flow with a loud noise, and in great abundance. The apertures on the sides are smaller than the others, and in each of those is placed a dragon spouting water into the spacious magnifi- cent marble