the commonwealth, and diverted them for their own profit and delight, into their manors and houses, to irrigate their gardens, and to other uses." Nineteen years after the Marcian, or in the year of Rome 627, the Aqua Tepula was introduced by the Censors, Cn. Servilius Caepio, and L. Crassus Longinus, surnamed Ravilla. It took its rise in the Lucullan, or, as some called it, the Tusculan territory. To arrive at its source, it was necessary to go ten miles in the Via Latina, and then turn off to the right two miles. The name, Tepula, is conjectured, by some, to have arisen from the water being rather warm at the spring, as if " tepida." This stream was conducted over the Marcian arches, as subsequently was another named Julia, in honor of Augustus, and of which Agrippa, in his eedileship, anno urbis, 719, discovered the spring and conducted it to Rome. The length of this aqueduct was fifteen miles, 427 paces, of which seven miles were carried above ground. Indeed, this stream and the Tepula may be considered as belonging to the Marcian aqueduct, they with the Marcian forming a triple course. After collecting a number of little tributary springs, at the distance of seven miles from the city, they flowed on towards Rome, each in its own channel, but over the same arches. The Julia was the highest, the Marcia the lowest of the three. About thirteen years afterwards, the same Agrippa brought to Rome the Aqua Virginis, so called from the circumstance, as related by Frontinus, that when some * "Why do these aqueducts cross the Campagna in courses so unnecessarily long and indirect! Several reasons have been alleged, all of which may have influenced the ancients ; but their chief motive, in my opinion, was, to distribute part of the water to the Campagna itseli, and to diffuse it there in smaller veins. Besides this general circuit, the Romans bent their aqueducts into frequent angles, like a screen, not so much to break the force of their currents, as to give stability to the arcades."— [Forsyth, p. 133.] t Burgess, vol. ii., p. 328. 16 PRELIMINARY ESSAY. of Agrippa's soldiers were seeking1 for water, a young girl pointed out to them certain rills, which, having followed up, they came to a copidus supply of water. In a little temple built on the spot, a picture is suspended, commemorating the event. The springs thus found were surrounded with a brick wall, and in their course augmented by several small streams, and the united waters were carried to Rome by an aqueduct of about fourteen miles, of which about three-fourths of a mile are above ground, and one half of the distance on arches. The Aqua Alsietina is the next in order. It was brought to Rome by Augustus, from whom it was frequently called Augusta. It was derived from a lake of the same name, about fourteen miles from Rome, and conveyed to the city by an aqueduct twenty- two and one-fifth miles in length, of which 358 paces were on arches. As its waters were neither salubrious nor grateful to the taste, it is conjectured that the object of Augustus in introducing them was to supply the Naumachice, and thus spare the more wholesome waters ; when, however, by reason of repairs to the other aqueducts, the supply was interrupted, recourse was had to the Alsietina. This was the water-course, afterwards adjusted by Trajan, into which he introduced a new stream from the lake Sabbatinus, now the Lago Bracciano, and then the name of Alsietina was changed to Sabbatina. It is now the Aqua Paola, and supplies the fountains of St. Peter's and the Vatican. Some remains of the original work of Augustus (as is most probable,) may be seen without the Porta S. Pancrazio, in going towards the Villa Pamfili Doria.* Independently of this work, Augustus, it would appear from one of the three inscrip- tions on the Porta S. Lorenzo placed over the Marcian aqueduct, that he repaired the channels of all the waters, that is to say, of the seven we have enumerated. No other structures of this sort were erected at Rome until the time of Caligula, when the seven existing aqueducts being found insufficient for the increase of luxury and popu- lation, this emperor, in the 789th year of Rome, began two new ones. These were finish- ed by the Emperor Claudius with great magnificence, and opened for use in the year of Rome 803. The first was named Aqua Claudia, and the second Anio Novus, to dis- tinguish it from the other Anio, which was afterward called Vettis, or the Ancient. The source of the Aqua Claudia was from two fine springs called Cseruleus and Curtius, at a distance of