…THE PAVONIA MASSACRE On February 25, 1643, Dutch colonists attacked refugee camps at Pavonia (present-day Jersey City), killing approximately 120 Indigenous people — Wappinger who had sought refuge from Mahican raids. David Pietersz. de Vries documented the brutality: "infants were…

…The Pavonia massacre of February 25, 1643 triggered Kieft's War, with united Wappinger bands attacking Dutch settlements throughout New Netherland. Dutch retaliation came through the Pound Ridge Massacre of March 1644, killing 500-700 Wappinger, many burned alive. By…