[Various (1971)] The Bulletin Number 52 July 1971 CONTENTS The Archaic Revisited, A Preface L.A.B 1 The Archaic in New York William A. Ritchie 2 William A. Ritchie: A Valediction Robert E. Funk 13

[Various (1971)] Program, NYSAA Annual Meeting 40 No. 52, July 1971 1 THE ARCHAIC REVISITED A Preface The announcement by Dr. William A. Ritchie at the NYSAA State Conference at Binghampton, April 1618, that he was retiring on May 1 from his long held post as New York State Archaeologist took all of us at that assembly by surprise. Whatever his chronological particulars, Dr. Ritchie does not seem …

[Various (1971)] since been done; it was appropriately festooned with sentiment. Despite the short notice Dr. Ritchie's well-earned departure was signalized by an appropriate recognition of its significance to Dr. Ritchie, who has happy plans for his leisure, and to NYSAA. As editor of The Bulletin I had an inkling, perhaps premonition would be the better words, that something was in the wind when…

[Various (1971)] The continental validity of the concept has taken increasing hold on anthropology and if the key words used in the literature were ranked in the order of the number of times they appear, "Archaic" would certainly lead the list. Like all great ideas, it was immediately convincing, once it had been articulated. But in those days archaeology was hung up on Ales Hrdlicka and Herbert S…

[Various (1971)] Ritchie, State Archeologist, NYSAAF New York State Museum and Science Service The purpose of this paper is to restate, for greater clarity and emphasis, my current views regarding the major configuration of the Archaic stage in New York State, as published more fully in my 1965a and particularly in my 1969a volume. The Archaic stage en compassed by far the longest temporal segment…

[Various (1971)] Anderson, Donald Hollowell, and Joseph Bodnar, with supporting evidence from two other sites excavated chiefly by Donald R. Sainz. Through the courtesy and generosity of these enthusiastic workers we have been able to study and report their results to date (Ritchie and Funk n.d.b). The Staten Island materials occur in the deepest artifact-bearing zones of the several sites, but in…

[Various (1971)] Moreover, these southeastern sites have not produced choppers, celts or adzes, or indeed any ground stone items such as occur on the Staten Island components. In the southeastern sites the temporal range of the point styles reported for Staten Island is as much as 2000 years on radiocarbon or estimated dates, or between c. 8000-6000 B.C. There are C-14 dates on charcoal for three …

[Various (1971)] ± 250 years (M-1908), and a chipped celt with ground bit, having no parallels in the south_________________ 1 Published by permission of the Director, New York State Museum and Science Service, Journal Series No. 129. No. 52, July 1971 3 eastern Early Archaic lay still deeper in a horizon dated to 6920 B.C. ± 320 years (M-1909) (Michels and Smith 1967: 863). In New York State, I h…

[Various (1971)] Beginning about 4000 B.C., the warmer climatic conditions of the Xerothermic period were attended first, by an oak-pine, then by an oak-hickory forest succession, both highly favorable as habitats for the most valued game animals, especially the mast eaters, like the deer and turkey (Ritchie 1965a: 16-19; 1969b: 212-213). A similar explanation of the facts has been expressed by Ja…

[Various (1971)] Here, in the basal levels at the Sylvan Lake Rockshelter, Funk uncovered a small number and assortment of untyped projectile points. Two radiocarbon dates from this general zone are 4030 B.C. ± 120 (I-2599) and 4610 B.C. ± 100 (Y-1655) (Funk 1965). Although Funk has remarked on certain attributes of resemblance in three of these points to the Otter Creek type of the Vergennes phas…

[Various (1971)] As I have long and frequently stated, I regard the Laurentian tradition of the Late Archaic stage as having its immediate source in the Lake Forest belt lying adjacent on the south to the Great Lakes and extending eastward across lower Canada, with major centers in the Ottawa and St. Lawrence valleys, into the Canadian Maritimes and upper New England (Ritchie 1965a: 79-83). The La…

[Various (1971)] The time span of the Laurentian in southeastern Canada, New York and New England, on present limited C-14 determinations, falls between c. 3300 and 2000 B.C., with the oldest dates to the north, in the Ottawa Valley. Here two determinations have been made on samples, which appear to relate to separate phases of the Laurentian as recognized in New York. The older date of 3300 B.C.,…

[Various (1971)] Farther east, in southern New England, we have a hearth charcoal radiocarbon date of 2270 B.C. ± 160 years (Y-1530) attributable to a weak Laurentian manifestation in Stratum 4 at the Hornblower II site on Martha's Vineyard (Ritchie 1969b: 52, 213, 220); another date of 2350 B.C. ± 250 years (M-696) on charcoal from a cremated burial with a ground stone ulo at the Wapanucket No. 6…

[Various (1971)] The extended burial which produced the bone, Number 78, was that of a young male who had been richly provided with grave goods, including such characteristic Laurentian traits as a ground slate point or knife and chopper.2 A similar, adjacent, and apparently contemporaneous interment, Number 79, had, among other offerings, two stone plummets, also a good Laurentian trait (Ritchie …

[Various (1971)] While the weight of the evidence, cultural and chronological, strongly indicates that the Brewerton phase was still extant in central New York around 2000 B.C., we have, unfortunately, no way of assessing the antiquity of the key sites of this phase at Brewerton, viz., the Robinson and Oberlander No. 1 stations (Ritchie 1940). Had charcoal been available from the deeper le vels of…

[Various (1971)] This fact introduces a major point in my perspective of the Archaic cultures in New York, namely, that the most plausible explanation for this distributional picture of the Brewerton phase was the approximately concurrent presence in south-central New York of the Lamoka phase of the completely different narrow point tradition, which had its focus of dissemination somewhere south o…

[Various (1971)] ± 120 years (Y-2346), about 500 years later than the Lamoka Lake site situated approximately 60 miles to the southeast (Hayes and Bergs 1969). The persistence of a regional variation of the Lamoka culture in the lower Genesee Valley to around 2000 B.C., and of the Brewerton phase in central New York to the same date, as shown at the O'Neil site, gives clarity and support to the ap…

[Various (1971)] It therefore appears that the Lamoka was the 6 THE BULLETIN earliest known culture of the narrow point tradition to enter New York and that its route into the south-central region was at that time relatively unobstructed by Laurentian groups probably resident farther north and in the eastern part of the state. The economy of the Lamoka people was based upon fishing, hunting, and h…

[Various (1971)] The 163 burials found in the midden covering the island in our several excavations occurred in a wide variety of modes and arrangements, and yielded skeletal remains and grave goods of singularly instructive character. There was one category of flexed burials with skulls of dolichocranic Lamoka form and offerings attributable to the Lamoka culture. Another series of interments hel…

[Various (1971)] Search for comparable sites of the Brewerton phase, which might solve this dating dilemma, has so far been in vain. As I have said, the Lamoka culture per se is not represented in eastern or southern New York or New England, but Lamoka type points are present in that area of New York as part of the Sylvan Lake complex, along with such other types of the narrow point tradition as B…

[Various (1971)] The Squibnocket complex appears to have been the predominant Late Archaic manifestation of southern New England, as was the contemporaneous and closely related Sylvan Lake complex of eastern and southern New York. A large site of this kind was excavated by the writer at Wading River on eastern Long Island (Ritchie 1959: 78-88), and recent excavations by Ronald Wyatt of the Nassau …

[Various (1971)] This process of material substitution probably involved significant technological and motor habit changes, since both the stone represented-quartz, quartzite and flint-and the form of its occurrence, in shore or bank pebbles or in quarried strata, differed considerably. A careful study of the debitage of the quartz pebble and flint strata industries might yield some interesting da…

[Various (1971)] This fact, already remarked for the narrow point users of the middle and upper Hudson Valley, can be extended to include the substitution of Onondaga and Normanskill flints for rhyolite in the manufacture of the "broad points" of the Susquehanna tradition in central and eastern New York (Ritchie 1965a: 153, 156, 161); the change from the prevalence of argillite to the exclusive us…

[Various (1971)] This phase is typified by narrow side-notched points of the Normanskill type (Ritchie 1961: 37-38), well made winged and perforated atlatl weights and effigy pestles, and is radiocarbon dated at 1930 B.C. ± 100 years (Y-1169) at the large, apparently central-base camp, on the Bent site, and at 1760 B.C. ± 100 years (I-2401) at the small Pickle Hill hunting camp site in Warren Coun…

[Various (1971)] The 2500 B.C. date for Lamoka at the type site provides an age for a major culture of the narrow point tradition very close to that of the Vosburg phase in 8 THE BULLETIN eastern New York and Connecticut. Brennan's finds at the Twombly Landing site, on the lower Hudson, in Palisades Park, New Jersey, if confirmed by additional discoveries, suggest the presence of "small stemmed po…

[Various (1971)] At the Frontenac Island site the projectile point inventory included 104 broad, stemmed points, some clearly identifiable with the Genesee type, others equitable with the ruder and less well defined stemmed form found in the Brewerton assemblages at the Robinson and Oberlander No. 1 sites (Ritchie 1940: 29, 66) and at the Morrison's Island-1 site in Canada (Kennedy 1966: 105, 124)…

[Various (1971)] At the Dennis site in Menands, Albany County, Genesee points occurred below a level, which produced Orient Fishtail points, and above a zone containing predominantly Normanskill points. At this site, however, Snook Kill, Susquehanna Broad, and some Normanskill points were present with the Genesee variety, obscuring to some degree their stratigraphic relationship (Funk n.d.). Essen…

[Various (1971)] On the basis of this site, Funk has suggested the tentative recognition of a "Batten Kill complex" (Funk n.d.). Some points resembling the Genesee type were found on the Snook Kill site in Saratoga County, N.Y. (Ritchie 1958: 91-98, Plate 28, figs. 18, 19). The "Batten Kill complex" may have been a weak resident culture in eastern New York when the terminal Archaic Snook Kill phas…

[Various (1971)] Only a single stone pot fragment has so far been reported from a site of the Snook Kill phase, which I have therefore attributed to the terminal Archaic stage (Ritchie 1965a: 135, Figure 1). The succeeding culture manifestations of the Susquehanna tradition pertain to the Transitional stage, characterized by the use of steatite vessels (Witthoft 1953; Ritchie 1965a: 149-155). Cult…

[Various (1971)] It is also weakly represented in southern New England (Ritchie 1969b: 55, 85, 219, 222, 223, 230). In eastern and southern New York, at least, the Orient phase, C-14 dated on Long Island between 1043 B.C. ± 300 years (M--586) and 763 B.C. ± 220 years (W-543), probably overlapped the Frost Island phase, from which it may in part have been a regional development in the New Jersey-no…

[Various (1971)] Early Woodland pottery styles were diffused into the Northeast late in the Transitional stage. At the O'Neil site we found sherds of Vinette 1 ware (Ritchie and MacNeish 1949: 100) in the upper levels of the Frost Island zone (Ritchie 1965a: 158; Ritchie and Funk n.d.a). A small quantity of potsherds occurred in the Orient habitation and burial sites on Long Island, with paste and…

[Various (1971)] While recognizing the validity of geographical centers of elaboration and dispersal, and climax periods in cultural development, I think we have unequivocal evidence for varying degrees of coexistence and interaction on time levels, encompassing centuries, among our established cultural manifestations, certain of which I have especially referred to in this paper, since my point se…

[Various (1971)] 1943 Biotic Provinces of North America. University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor. Dincauze, Dena Ferran 1966 Cremation Cemeteries in Eastern Massachusetts. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Vol. 59, No. 1. Cambridge. Fitting, James E. 1968 Environmental Potential and the Postglacial Readaptation in Eastern North America. American Antiqui…

[Various (1971)] 245-247. Salt Lake City. Kneberg, Madeline 1956 Some Important Projectile Point Types found in the Tennessee Area. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XII, No. 1, pp. 17-18. Knoxville. Kraft, Herbert C. 1970 The Miller Field Site, Warren County, N.J. Part 1. The Archaic and Transitional Stages. Seton Hall University Press. Michels, Joseph, and Ira F. Smith 1967 Archaeological Investigat…

[Various (1971)] Research Records of the Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, No. 7. Rochester. 1955 Recent Discoveries Suggesting an Early Woodland Burial Cult in the Northeast. New York State Museum and Science Service, Circular 40. Albany. 1958 An Introduction to Hudson Valley Prehistory. New York State Museum and Science Service, Bulletin No. 367. Albany. 1959 The Stony Brook Site and its Re…

[Various (1971)] (in press) __________, and Robert E. Funk n.d.b Evidence for Early Archaic Occupations on Staten Island. (in press) Robbins, Maurice 1960 Wapanucket No. 6, An Archaic Village in Middleboro, Massachusetts. Cohannet Chapter, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Inc. Attleboro. 1968 An Archaic Ceremonial Complex at Assawompsett. Massachusetts Archaeological Society. Attleboro. Thomp…

[Various (1971)] RITCHIE: A VALEDICTION Robert E. Funk, NYSAAF

[Various (1971)] concluded 47 years of continuous work in northeastern archeology. It seems impossible, within the space allotted here, to do justice to this long and extremely productive career. It is hoped that the reader will at least be able to obtain some overall perspective of Bill Ritchie's life and contributions from these brief pages. Not surprisingly, the period best known to me comprise…

[Various (1971)] But the pressure was relieved by numerous and frequently unexpected moments of humor. Working for and with Bill Ritchie was a memorable experience, and indeed as one summer field assistant put it, Bill was quite literally the most unforgettable character he had ever met.

[Various (1971)] Parker scheme, already coming apart at the seams, and grouped his archeological cultures according to a strictly arbitrary classification, which almost entirely avoided the ethnic connotations of the old 14 THE BULLETIN scheme. He was the first archeologist to consistently adopt the new method, and was exceptionally successful in using it to show time depth. Also, his continued ex…

[Various (1971)] In that same year he published a synopsis of his thesis in American Antiquity, entitled "A Perspective of Northeastern Archaeology." In this article he set forth the fundamental cultural framework, which was to influence profoundly all

[Various (1971)] dubbed, rapidly became a collector's item. The title was The Pre-Iroquoian Occupation of New York State (Memoir No. 1, Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences). This work earned him the A. Cressy Morrison Prize of the New York Academy of Sciences in 1943. In 1949 he moved from Rochester to Albany, where he became State Archeologist in the New York State Museum and Science Service, a…

[Various (1971)] In the early 1950's he synthesized his work on certain enigmatic burial sites with the formulation of the seminal idea of a "basic core of religiosity," which pervaded a variety of northeastern cultures at the dawn the ceramic epoch. This old "cult of the dead" was cle arly affiliated, however remotely, with the more spectacular manifestations of Ohio and adjoining areas. Publicat…

[Various (1971)] This awareness that a comprehensive picture of whole cultural contexts could only be approached through the elucidation of settlement data-the "frozen" aspect of prehistoric social structure-motivated him to plan a multi-season project on sites of all types and periods. Supported largely by National Science Foundation grants, this project lasted from 1957 through 1965. As a matter…

[Various (1971)] There were also important changes in his older classifications of some cultures, descriptions of newly defined complexes, and finally a concise discussion of the data favoring the in situ evolution of Iroquoian culture. A revised edition of the book, incorporating new data, was printed in 1969. As the settlement project was phased out, another grant-supported enterprise was starte…

[Various (1971)] In this volume, expected to be in print late in 1971, we have presented our current views, stemming largely from Ritchie's earlier syntheses, on the development of Indian cultures within their total environment-physical, biological, and cultural. The emphasis is on the specific traces of settlements-houses, palisades, camp sites, quarries, etc.-and on their meaning in terms of act…

[Various (1971)] significant research in widely separated parts of the world, including France, Spain, Egypt, the Levant, the Far East, Kenya, Mexico, Peru, Alaska, Canada, Arkansas, Missouri, and last but not least, the northeastern United States. They cannot, as a group, be called "new" archeologists, but are characterized by the basic empirical, critical approach to archeological phenomena, whi…

[Various (1971)] An Algonkian Village Site near Levanna, New York. Research Records, No. 1, pp. 1-27. Rochester Municipal Museum, Rochester, N.Y. Hamtinerstones, Anvils and Certain Pitted Stones. Researches and Transactions of New York State Archeological Association, Vol. VII, No. 2, pp. 1-29. Lewis H. Morgan Chapter, Rochester, N.Y. An Early Iroquoian Hilltop Fort near Kane, Pennsylvania. In Kan…

[Various (1971)] Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, Rochester, N.Y. Algonkin-Iroquois Contacts in New York State. Bulletin of Archaeological Society of Delaware, Volume 1, No. 2, pp. 2-6. Dover, Del. Indian Mounds in the Genesee Valley, Museum Service, Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, November, Rochester, N.Y. New Evidence Relating to the Archaic Occupation of New York. Researches and Tr…

[Various (1971)] 1945 1945 17 The Iroquois and the Birdstone, American Antiquity, Volume II, No. 3, pp. 214-215, Menasha, Wis. The Culture Sequence in New York. Museum Service, Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, May, Rochester, N.Y. A Prehistoric Burial Site Near Geneseo. Museum Service, pp. 126-127, Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, June, Rochester, N.Y. A New Archaeological Culture in N…

[Various (1971)] Excavations in a Prehistoric Village Site Near T3ainbridge, New York. Museum Service, April-May, pp. 86-90, Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, Rochester, N.Y. A Village and Burial Site on Frontenac Island, Museum Service, Oct.-Nov., pp. 174-175, Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, Rochester, N.Y. The Frontenac Island Village and Burial Site, Museum Service, Nov.-Dec., pp. 1…

[Various (1971)] Multiple Bony Lesions Suggesting Myeloma in a Pre-Columbian Indian of Ten Years (with George D, Williams, M,D.), American Journal of Roentgenology and Radium Therapy, Vol. XLVI, No. 3, pp. 351-355, Review of Eli Lilly's "Prehistoric Antiquities of Indiana," American Antiquity, Vol. VII, No. 2, Pt. 1, p. 191, Menasha, Wis. Review of Dorothy Cross', "Archaeology of New Jersey," Amer…

[Various (1971)] 1, Researches and Transactions of the New York State Archaeological Association, Rochester.) 18 1945 1945 1945 1945

[Various (1971)] Rochester, N.Y. A Stra tified Prehistoric Site at Brewerton, New York . Researches and Transactions of the New York State Archaeological Association, Vol. XI, No. 1, pp. v, 1-53, Rochester, N.Y. (Also published as Research Records No. 8, Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, Rochester.) The Revised Hall of Man. Museum Service, Vol. 19, No. 7, pp. 68-69, Rochester Museum of Arts a…

[Various (1971)] Archaeological Evidence for Ceremonialism in the Owasco Culture. Researches and Transactions, N.Y. State Archeological Association, Vol. XI, No. 2, pp. iii, 55-75, Rochester, N.Y. What's New in Archaeology? Museum Service, Vol. 20, No. 9, pp. 102-103. Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, November, Rochester, N.Y. A Prehistoric Ceremony of Sacrifice in New York State, New York Hi…

[Various (1971)] 9, Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, Rochester.) The Bell-Philhower Site in Sussex County, New Jersey. Prehistory Research Series, Vol. III, No. 2, pp. 147-272, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, Ind. Archaeological Explorations in Canada. Museum Service, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 42-43. Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, April, Rochester, N.Y. The Pre -Iroquoian Pottery…

[Various (1971)] 19 The Promise of Ontario Archaeology, Bulletin of the Society for American Archaeology, Univ. of Toronto, II, pp. 1-21, Toronto. Another Probable Case of Prehistoric Bear Ceremonialism in New York. American Antiquity, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 247-249. Menasha, Wis. The Problem of Iroquois Origins. Museum Service, 2 pp. Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, April, Rochester, N.Y. Revi…

[Various (1971)] Current Concepts of Continuity and Chronology in New York Prehistory, Eastern States Archeological Federation Bulletin, No. 10, p. 5, Milton, Pa. A Current Synthesis of New York Prehistory. American Antiquity, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 130-136. Salt Lake City, Utah. Radiocarbon Dates on Samples from New York State, In Radiocarbon Dating, Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, …

[Various (1971)] Indian History of New York State, Part II -The Iroquoian Tribes of New York State. Education Leaflet No. 7, New York State Museum, 20 pp. Albany. A Probable Paleo-Indian Site in Vermont. American Antiquity, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 249-258. Salt Lake City. Review of Richard S. MacNeish's, "The Archeology of the Northeastern United States" (in Griffin, ed., Archeology of the Eastern U.S…

[Various (1971)] 20 THE BULLETIN 1955 Arthur Caswell Parker, The Bulletin, New York State Archeological Association, No. 3, pp. 13, Albany. 1955 The Northern Burial Cult, Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. XXV, No. 1, pp. 45-49, Milton, Pa. 1955 The Northeastern Archaic - A Review, 14 pp. New York State Museum, offset, Albany. 1955 Arthur Caswell Parker, 1881-1955, The Galleon, No. 16, p. 6, Schenec…

[Various (1971)] 1-30, Salt Lake City. 1957 Excavations in 1956 on Archaic Sites of Long Island. Eastern States Archeological Federation Bulletin, No. 16, pp. 12-13. Trenton, N.J. 1957 Archaeology: Western Hemisphere. Encyclopaedia Britannica Book of the Year, 1957, pp. 112-113, 1957 Traces of Early Man in the Northeast, New York State Museum and Science Service, Bulletin No. 358, pp. 1-91, Albany…

[Various (1971)] 1959 The Eastern Dispersal of Adena (with Don W . Dragoo), American Antiquity, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 43-50, Salt Lake City, 1959 Excavation of an Owasco Village Site in New York: Report on 1958 Settlement Pattern Studies in the Northeast, Eastern States Archeological Federation Bulletin, No. 18, pp. 11-12, Trenton. 1960 The Eastern Dispersal of Adena (with Don W, Dragoo), New York S…

[Various (1971)] 1971 1972 21 Northeastern Crossties with the Arctic. In, Prehistoric Cultural Relations Between the Arctic and Temperate Zones of North America, ed. by John M, Campbell, Arctic Institute of North America, Technical Paper No. 11, pp. 96-99. Montreal. The Antiquity of Pottery in the Northeast. American Antiquity, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 583-584, Salt Lake City. Review of The Donaldson S…

[Various (1971)] The Archaeology of Martha's Vineyard: A Framework for the Prehistory of Southern New Eng land. A Study in Coastal Ecology and Adaptation. The Natural History Press. The American Museum of Natural History. 270 pp. Garden City, New York. The Archaeology of New York State . Second, Revised Edition, The Natural History Press. The American Museum of Natural History. 400 pp. Garden City…

[Various (1971)] In the 1950's the United States Army Corps of Engineers proposed to dam the Allegheny River at Kinzua, Pennsylvania, to prevent downriver flooding and to control the navigation level of the river. Since the proposed dam would create an artificial lake in the Allegheny River Valley which might cover sites of archaeological importance, several institutions began to conduct archaeolo…

[Various (1971)] The elevation of the sites is 1325-1330 ft. and thus falls within the flood pool created by the dam at Kinzua. The first area found and later excavated was called Witchs Walk #l. This area had not been previously discovered due to the extensive overburden, which varied from one to two ft. deep over most of the site. The second area, along the river bank, was called Witchs Walk #2.…

[Various (1971)] It now appears that the site borders on the edge of an old river channel and does not extend across it. The area originally excavated appears to be the western half of the site, with the eastern limits extending at least 150 ft. from the excavated area. The approximate area covered by the site is 250 ft. east/west and 200 ft. north/south. The relationship between Witchs Walk 1, Wi…

[Various (1971)] Most features could not be excavated during the 1967 field session and it was only in the Fall of 1968 that the water level dropped sufficiently to allow excavation of the features. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF THE ALLEGHENY PLATEAU The site lies along the flood plain of the Allegheny River in Cattaragus County, New York, in the southernmost area of New York State in the Unglaciate…

[Various (1971)] It would appear that the overburden must have been deposited fairly rapidly (five to six successive floodings) since there is no layering of silt and organic material and very little organic material is scattered through the silt. The soil profile, as noted, is composed of three levels: Level 1, topsoil (a very thin level); Level 2, brown overburden, 1 to 2 ft, thick; Level 3, san…

[Various (1971)] Two are located across the Allegheny River from Witchs Walk (Witchs Walk #1, Witchs Walk #2), one is located in Onoville, New York, and one is located across the border at Kinzua, Pennsylvania. A tentative analysis of the sites excavated indicates an occupation of the river valley from Salamanca, New York, to Kinzua, Pennsylvania, by a group of people participating in the general …

[Various (1971)] Fewer than 20 out of the 450 post molds recorded had diameters larger than .35 ft. The diameter of these larger post molds was usually .8 ft. It was impossible in most cases to determine how far the post molds penetrated the subsoil due to the previous bulldozer activity, but in general, the depth below the occupation level was .5 ft. Finally, numerous pits or hearths were also ex…

[Various (1971)] THE BULLETIN are oriented with these features (post mold pattern in 0N10W and 20N50E). All of the exterior post molds for the three features described are between 0.18 and 0.25 ft. in diameter and 0.8 ft, apart. Feature 4: This feature is a wall of paired post molds which is oriented in a northeast/southwest direction and lies between Features 1, 2, 3, and the river. The wall is 2…

[Various (1971)] It appears that this structure was either divided in half or an addition added at a later date (post mold pattern in 10N10W, 20N10W). Within this structure were ten features, one of which showed evidence of a fire stain. The present evidence indicates a village composed of three circular houses and one rectangular house, possibly surrounded by a wall of paired posts. It is possibl…

[Various (1971)] While there appears to be a gradation in size and depth, a closer examination revealed that there were at least four classes of features using the criteria of size, depth, vertical profile, and contents. Class 1: 15 large (2.0 - 5.0 ft. in diameter) oval or circular features varied from 0.6 ft. to 2.3 ft. in depth and contained both refuse material and fire-cracked rock. Very freq…

[Various (1971)] is evidence for a close community settlement pattern, with three circular structures adjacent to each other and the wall. The spacing of small posts suggests that these structures were covered with material which was probably 1 ft. wide and that strips of this material were lashed to the individual posts. The absence of large hearths within the circular structures would argue for …

[Various (1971)] The length of 17 points varied from 17.0 mm, to 46.0 mm.; the mean is 28.5 mm., median 28.0 mm., and mode 28.0 mm. The width of 25 points varied from 17.0 mm. to 28.0 mm.; the mean, median, and mode is 22.0 mm. The thickness of 46 points varied from 3.0 mm. to 8.0 mm.; the mean is 4.8 mm., median 5.0 mm., and mode 5.0 mm. An examination of the curvature of each side with the base …

[Various (1971)] A convex sided type of point with either a straight, convex, or concave base represents 75.0% of the sample. A visual inspection of the flint utilized indicates that it is either of the Onondaga or Lockport Dolomite Formations which occur in the valley as glacial pebbles (Wray 1949: 24-48). These triangular projectile points are similar to the Levanna and Madison projectile point …

[Various (1971)] Knives: The single specimen is bifacially worked but has wear marks only on one edge. It may have been hafted. Utilized flakes: Over 1300 flint flakes were recovered, of which only 15 specimens appeared to have been utilized. ROUGH AND GROUND STONE ARTIFACTS: The following rough and ground stone artifacts were found during the excavation: anvil stones, 10; hammer stones, 10; morta…

[Various (1971)] Comments on vessel size and surface finish are based on two completely restored vessels and three partially restored vessels. The criteria used to analyze the pottery vessels are exterior surface finish, interior surface finish, tempering material, decoration technique, design motif, transverse profile of the lip, rim profile, collar profile, castellations, vessel size and shape. …

[Various (1971)] 1 2 1 It would appear that most, if not all, of the vessels were cord roughened at one stage of their manufacture and. latter certain areas were smoothed. Criterion 2: Interior Surface Finish. The interior surface finish was smoothed on 90 vessels and cord roughened on 5, indicating a strong preference for smoothed interiors. Criterion 3: Tempering Material. Ninety vessels had gri…

[Various (1971)] The following techniques were used to decorate the exterior of 64 vessels; incising, punctating, dentate stamping, bossing, cord-wrapped stick impressions, or a combination of incising with the other techniques. The technique of decoration and its frequency for the rim, neck, and shoulder areas is as follows: incising, 53; incising and dentate stamp, 2; incising and punctating, 2;…

[Various (1971)] The design motifs a-f, h, j, k, 1, and o are examples of the design motifs on Ontario Oblique pottery which MacNeish defines as ". . , bands of oblique lines either parallel or opposed on the neck and rim on globular-bowled vessels" (MacNeish 1952:18). The frequency of Ontario Oblique design motifs is 45.4%. The design motif is similar to Middleport Criss-cross, which is defined a…

[Various (1971)] The lip profile was as follows: flat lip, 60 vessels; rounded lip, 27 vessels; pinched lip, 3 vessels; and indeterminant lip, 5 vessels. The predominant characteristic is a flat lip, with a frequency of 63.0%. Criterion 7: Rim Profile . The rim profile consists of two classes, vessels with collars and vessels without collars. There were 16, or 17.0%, collared vessels and 79, or 83…

[Various (1971)] Middleport Criss-Cross Owasco Other Undecorated Vessels Ripley Plain Other TABLE 2 POTTERY TYPES f % 43 45.4 5 5.2 4 4.2

[Various (1971)] ECOLOGY OF THE SITE The ecology of this site is presently under investigation. Soil samples were collected from many of the features. These are being processed by water flotation. The result is a sample of the seed material which will be analyzed in order to determine, if possible, the seasonality and ecology of the site, and presence of domesticated plants. Agriculture is assumed…

[Various (1971)] It is with these two sites, Onoville Bridge and Kinzua, that Witchs Walk shares the greatest similarity. The settlement location of each site is duplicated at the others, except for minor variation. All three sites are located on the flood plain of the Allegheny River, directly adjacent to the river and across from an island or shallow area. The structure of these settlements incl…

[Various (1971)] I also wish to acknowledge the financial support of the Department of the Interior, National Parks Service for the 1967 field session. They very patiently allowed us to continue the field contract to include the Fall 1968 field session. The photographs and field maps were prepared with the aid of Mr. Gordon Schmahl, Technical Specialist, Department of Anthropology, State Universit…

[Various (1971)] 1958 MacNeish, R. 1952 The Late Prehistoric Occupation in Southwestern New York: An Interpretive Analysis. Researches and Transactions, New York State Archaeological Association, Vol. 14, No. 1, Albany. Iroquois Pottery Types - A Technique for the Study of Iroquois Prehistory. National Museum of Canada Bulletin, No. 124, Ottawa. 38 Parker, A. 1920 Ritchie, W. 1961

[Various (1971)] The Archaeological History of New York. New York State Museum Bulletin, Nos. 235-236 (Part 1), Nos. 237-238 (Part 2), Albany. A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points, New York State Museum and Science Service, Bulletin 384, Albany. Ritchie, W., MacNeish, R. 1949 The Pre-Iroquoian Pottery of New York State, American Antiquity, Vol. 15, No. 2:97-124. Salt Lake Cit…

[Various (1971)] Many field investigations and new research have radically changed views since 1960. Louis A. Brennan's new book American Dawn: A New Model of American Prehistory tells the story of these discoveries and their impact upon the framework of New World prehistory. In this book Mr. Brennan demonstrates his fine talent as a writer and draws heavily upon his own experience as a participan…

[Various (1971)] To document his case, Brennan reviews the development of man in the Old World and discusses the possible cultures that could have been ancestral to the early migrants of the

[Various (1971)] Tennessee, and his own work at the Prickly Pear site in New York. In South America he singles out the El Jobo site in Venezuela and the Cerro Chivateros site in Peru. Although he discusses the difficulties in dating some of these sites, he tends to accept the validity of all of them as part of the early New World cultural foundation. This reviewer would agree with Brennan's basic …

[Various (1971)] This reviewer would certainly agree with this position when it can be shown that these assemblages are distinctive and lack only proper dating. Would we deny the existence of dinosaurs if there were no dates? This has been done by some in archeology with the result that many important discoveries have been ignored or improperly identified. The author takes particular note of the p…

[Various (1971)] It was undoubtedly a period of great diversification and innovation and a time when the foundations for the later complex cultures were established. The great importance and complexity of these Archaic Cultures are just beginning to receive the attention they so justly deserve and the next ten years will see our understanding of the Archaic even more enhanced. In American Dawn the…

[Various (1971)] However, no one can read this book without seeing prehistoric America as alive, colorful, dynamic, and fruitful. There are new ideas and critical analysis of old ones that merit reading. Don W. Dragoo Carnegie Museum

[Various (1971)] Association Morning Session Charles F. Hayes, III, Chairman, Morgan Chapter 9:15 "The Bare Island Culture on Eagle Neck, Orient, New York" Roy Latham, Long Island Chapter 9:30 "The Laurel Hollow Site" Kathryn Browning, Long Island Chapter 10:10 "Archaic and Early Woodland Site Along Ellicott Creek" Edmund B. Mayer, Jr., S.U. N.Y. , Buffalo 10:40 "The Tram Site" Charles F. Wray, Mo…

[Various (1971)] "Determining Cultural Levels in Unstratified Sites" Philip H. Salkin, Triple Cities Chapter "The Osteology of Seneca Residence Pattern: The Reservation Period" Audrey Sublett, Florida Atlantic University, Fredrick Al. Houghton Chapter "A Stylistic Analysis of Iroquois Pottery" William Engelbrecht, Frederick M. Houghton Chapter "Iroquois Village Movements and Population Shifts Near…

[Various (1971)] "Three Celt Caches from Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania" Leslie L. DeLaney, King's College 11:10 "Implication of Two Carbon 14 Dates from Montrose Point" Louis A. Brennan, Metropolitan Chapter 11:40 "A Radiocarbon Date for Otter Creek and Related Points" Robert Funk, Van Epps-Hartley Chapter 12:00 Noon "A Stratified Rock Shelter in the Upper Delaware Valley" George Walters, Orange Co…