of political institutions which give and secure to every man his equal share in the general rights, powers and duties of citizenship — amid this great convulsion, as it may be called — this mighty upheaving and commingling of society — where half a million of people were brought together into one mass as it were, there was not a guard, a patrol, a sentry, not even a solitary policeman, stationed any where to hold in check the ebullition of social or political excitement — that there was need of none — and that the peace, order, and quiet of the city were as completely undisturbed as they could have been in London, Paris, Vienna, St. Petersburg, or any other great city of monarchical Eu- rope, by legions of bayonets and an army of peace-officers. As a record of this celebration, and of the great event it commemorated, the Com- mittee of the Common Council caused a silver medal to be struck, of the engraving on which, a fac simile is presented on the following page ; they also voted that a me- 77 306 CELEBRATION OF THE moir of the -work should be prepared, which has been accomplished imperfectly, indeed, but it is hoped with tolerable minuteness and accuracy, in the pages that are here brought to a close. S. PROTON* AQUEDUCT INDEX TO PRELIMINARY ESSAY. PAGE. Albany Water Works 81 Aqua Paola, . . .* 16—46 Augusta, 16 Felice, 17—46 Sabbatina, 16 Aqueduct, origin of, 7 of Solomon, 7 Vitruvius' rules, 8 Pliny's directions, 11 Roman Aqua Appia, ." . . 13 " Anio Vetus, 14—25 " Aqua Marcia, 14 " Aqua Tepula, 15 " Aqua Julia, 15 " Aqua Virginis, 15 " Aqua Alsletina, 16 " Aqua Claudia, 16 " Anio Novus, 16 General Description of, 17 Supply Furnished by 19 How kept in repair, 23 Alexandrien, 24 Destroyed by the Goths, 24 Decree of Senate relating to 27 Carthagenian described, 28 At Nismes, 29 Lyons, 32 Segovia, 40 Grenada, 40 Constantinople, 40 Lisbon, 69 American, 70 Peruvian, 71 — 72 At Tezcuco, 72 Mexican, 73—74—75 At Palenque, 75 Rio Janeiro, 75 Artesian Well at Crenelle, 67 Boston Waterworks, 81 Chain-pump in early use, 2 6 Castella, 20—1—26 Carthagenian Aqueduct, '28 Constantinople . . . " 40 Canal de L'Ourcq, 63 Chapoltepec Aqueduct, .__ 73 Cincinatti Waterworks, .' 78 Curatores Aquarum, 13 Decree of Roman Senate in relation to Aqueducts, 27 Edinburgh Waterworks, 60 Fountains worshipped in early times, 1 " at Rome, how supplied, 20 — 47 Frontinus, superintendent of the Roman Aqueducts, 13 Fountaineers, 24 Grenada, Aqueduct at, 40 Glasgow Waterworks, 61 Greenock — " 63 Crenelle, Artesian Well, 67 Herculaneum, the ruins of discovered in digging a well, 3 Hydrants, 26 Joseph's well at Cairo, 3 Jantu of the Hindoos, 5 London Bridge, works at, 53 " Supply of water at, 20,50,53,59 Lisbon Aqueduct, 69 Lyon's Aqueduct, 32 Mexico, Aqueducts of 73, 74, 75 " " destroyed by Spaniards, 73 Noria, 6 JVismes Aqueduct, 29 Ourcq, canal de 1' 64 Pump, ordinary sucking, 6 Pipes of lead, 12 " iron, 12 " gold 73 Paris Waterworks, 63 " Artesian Well at, 67 Peruvian Aqueducts, 71, 72 " " destroyed by Spaniards, 73 Palenque, ruined Aqueduct 75 Philadelphia Water- works, 76 Providence, R. I. " 82 Rivers worshipped in early times, 1 Rome, its Aqueducts, 13, 14, 15, 16 " " supply of water, 20, 45 Rome, its distribution, 20 " " regulations and laws, 25 Rio Janeiro Aqueduct, 75 Richmond, Va., Waterworks 82 Swape for raising water, 5 Superintendent of Roman Aqueducts, 23, 25 Senate, Roman, decree of, relating to Aqueducts,. .27 Segovia Aqueduct, 40 Tanks for water, in India, 5 Tympanum for raising water, 6 Tezcuco Aqueduct, 73 Troy, N. Y. Waterworks, 81 Vitruvius' rules relating to Aqueducts, 8, 12 Well's worshipped in early times, 1 at Nanterre, 1 St. Winifred's, 1 early in Asia, &c., 2 of Ninevah, 2 Joseph's, at Cairo, 3 Ancient American, 5 Artesian at Grenelle, 67 Water, old mode of raising, 5 various modes of raising, 5 supply at Rome, 19, 20 " " London, 20 how measured at Rome, 21 Waterworks at London, 53 Edinburgh, 60 Glasgow 61 Greenock, 63 Paris, 63 Philadelphia, 76 Cincinatti, 78 Boston, 81 Albany, N. Y., 81 Troy. " " 81 Providence, R. I., 82 Richmond, Va., 82 308 INDEX. INDEX TO THE MEMOIR. PAGE. Analysis of Water, Manhattan, 107 " " Bronx River and Rye Ponds . 108 " " City Wells, 108, 109, 110 Allen, Stephen, 100, 2, 15, 78 Allen, Horatio, 161, 199 Alley, Saul, 116, 178 Aqueduct, Croton,....106, 24, 37, 39,41, 56, 202, 4, 17 Artesian Wells 104, 11 Baldwin, Loami, 129 Birdsall, Benjamin, 272, 99 Bridge, Quaker, 126 Bridge, High, .... 150, 6, 64, 5, 8, 9,