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AND MONOGRAPHS

HEYE FOUNDATION

INDIAN NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS Edited by F. W. Hodge

A SERIES OF PUBLICA- TIONS RELATING TO THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES

INDIAN PATHS IN THE GREAT METROPOLIS

REGINALD PELHAM BOLTON

NEW YORK MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN HE YE FOUNDATION

This series of Indian Notes and Monographs is devoted primarily to the publication of the result of studies by members of the staff of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, and is uniform

with Hispanic Notes and Monographs, published by the Hispanic Society of

America, with which organization this

Museum is in cordial cooperation. Only the first ten volumes of Indian

Notes and Monographs are numbered.

The unnumbered parts may readily be determined by consulting the List of Publications issued as one of the series.

?-

INDIAN PATHS IN THE GREAT METROPOLIS

REGINALD PELHAM BOLTON

CONTENTS PAGE I. Introduction 15 II.Manhattan,. its paths and settlements 35 III.Upper Manhattan paths 68 IV. Paths in the Bronx 90 V. Indian paths in Kings county 129 VI. The Home-lands of the Canarsee. . . 147 VII. Native paths in the Borough of Queens 171 VIII. Richmond paths 187 IX. Paths in nearby New Jersey 197 Notes 207 Bibliography 212 Maps consulted 217 Index of Stations 220 Index of Proper Names 242

REGINALD PELHAM BOLTON

CONTENTS PAGE I. Introduction 15 II.Manhattan,. its paths and settlements 35 III.Upper Manhattan paths 68 IV. Paths in the Bronx 90 V. Indian paths in Kings county 129 VI. The Home-lands of the Canarsee. . . 147 VII. Native paths in the Borough of Queens 171 VIII. Richmond paths 187 IX. Paths in nearby New Jersey 197 Notes 207 Bibliography 212 Maps consulted 217 Index of Stations 220 Index of Proper Names 242

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ILLUSTRATIONS Plates PAGE I. Jeffreys hook, now known as Fort </ Washington point 78 II. An Indian path, the trail through Shorakapkok 80 III. Rock-shelters at Shorakapkok, the Inwood village 82 IV. Indian burial of a dog at Shorakapkok 84 V. Indian woman and child in a grave at Shorakapkok 86 VI. The Wading place at Kingsbridge 88 VII. The Albany Post-road, once the Hudson River path 94, VIII. The Mosholu, below Spuyten Duyvil hill 96 IX. Acqueegenom, the crossing place of the Westchester path over Bronx river 104 X. Weir creek Indian village-site, Throgs neck 112 XL Foreshore of Weir creek Indian village-site, Throgs neck 114 XII. Van Cortlandt avenue, once the Indian Shore path 116

INDIAN NOTES

ILLUSTRATIONS

INDIAN PATlfS XXVI. The Indian pond, in the Indian field, alongside Mechawani- enck, the ancient pathway. ... 166 XXVII. The victims of prehistoric warfare buried at Ward point, near Tottenville, Staten Island 192 XXVIII. The Billopp house on Ward point 194 '

Ftg. 1. Skull of an ancient denizen of Shorakapkok 87

Weir creek Indian village-site, Throgs neck 112 XL Foreshore of Weir creek Indian village-site, Throgs neck 114 XII. Van Cortlandt avenue, once the Indian Shore path 116

INDIAN NOTES

ILLUSTRATIONS

INDIAN PATlfS XXVI. The Indian pond, in the Indian field, alongside Mechawani- enck, the ancient pathway. ... 166 XXVII. The victims of prehistoric warfare buried at Ward point, near Tottenville, Staten Island 192 XXVIII. The Billopp house on Ward point 194 '

Ftg. 1. Skull of an ancient denizen of Shorakapkok 87

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BOLTON-- INDIAN PATHS MAP A

lewood

ATLANTIC OCEAN Scale of Milss o 5 (O

KEY MAP

MAPS A. Key map Facing page 9 I. Map of Greater New York and the contiguous territory, on which are traced all the Indian paths shown in greater detail on the Borough maps, together with the approximate situation of all known Indian stations, indicated by numbers. In portfolio II. Lower Manhattan in aboriginal times; also a part of Brooklyn and adjacent New Jersey. Drawn from Ratzer's topographical survey of 1766, omitting the streets. Facing page 35 III. Werpoes, a village of the Manhattan Indians.A detailed topographic study of the native stations and paths in the vicinity of the present center of municipal government of the City of New York. In portfolio . .

IV. Yorkville and East Harlem in aboriginal times. A detail of the topography of the district between 90th and 125th streets, from Fifth avenue to East river, showing the probable situation of two native settlements of the Reckgawawanc. In portfolio

Werpoes, a village of the Manhattan Indians.A detailed topographic study of the native stations and paths in the vicinity of the present center of municipal government of the City of New York. In portfolio . .

IV. Yorkville and East Harlem in aboriginal times. A detail of the topography of the district between 90th and 125th streets, from Fifth avenue to East river, showing the probable situation of two native settlements of the Reckgawawanc. In portfolio

10 INDIAN PATHS V. Upper Manhattan, comprising the Inwood valley, the Dyckman tract, and Marble hill. A detail of the position of the native sites determined by exploration in this lowith probable courses of cality, connecting pathways.. .,.. .In portfolio VI. The Wading Place and the meeting of the paths. A detail of the point of convergence of the native highways at modern Kingsb ridge. Facing page 90 VII. The Borough of the Bronx, showing all known and deduced native pathways and the situation of known Indian stations.The original watercourses and marshy areas have been drawn from old maps and from the maps of the United States Geological Survey. Divided in four sections (see Map A, page 9), as follow: A. The northwesterly part of the Borough of the Bronx, from Williamsbridge to the boundary of the cit}r, and parts of Yonkers, Bronxville, Mount Vernon, and Eastchester. This section includes part of the Indian path known as Sackerah, between Williamsbridge, Eastchester, and Pelham. In portfolio . .

B. The district of Pelnam neck, within the Borough of the Bronx, with Pelham Manor, and New Rochelle to Mamaroneck, together

Divided in four sections (see Map A, page 9), as follow: A. The northwesterly part of the Borough of the Bronx, from Williamsbridge to the boundary of the cit}r, and parts of Yonkers, Bronxville, Mount Vernon, and Eastchester. This section includes part of the Indian path known as Sackerah, between Williamsbridge, Eastchester, and Pelham. In portfolio . .

B. The district of Pelnam neck, within the Borough of the Bronx, with Pelham Manor, and New Rochelle to Mamaroneck, together

INDIAN NOTES

MAPS 11

with the islands in the Sound adjoining In portfolio C. Southern part of the Borough of the Bronx, from the Bronx kills to Kingsbridge, covering the old manors of Morrisania and Fordham, with West Farms and Bronx river from the Botanical gardens to its mouth In portfolio D. Southeastern part of the Borough of the Bronx, the old township of Westchester, with Throgs neck, and with Cornells neck or Clasons point. The map includes also a small part of northern Queens county, the College Point and Whitestone districts. In portfolio VIII. The Borough of Brooklyn, or Kings county, with the northeastern part of the Borough of Queens, or Queens county, on which are drawn the old native paths and the known Indian stations. The original shore-line, and the watercourses and marsh tracts, have been drawn from old maps and from maps of the United States Geological Survey. Divided in four sections, as follow (see Map A, page 9): A. The lower end of Manhattan island, as far north as Central Park, also the East river shorefront of Brooklyn, Williamsburg, and Greenpoint, and the New Jer-

The Borough of Brooklyn, or Kings county, with the northeastern part of the Borough of Queens, or Queens county, on which are drawn the old native paths and the known Indian stations. The original shore-line, and the watercourses and marsh tracts, have been drawn from old maps and from maps of the United States Geological Survey. Divided in four sections, as follow (see Map A, page 9): A. The lower end of Manhattan island, as far north as Central Park, also the East river shorefront of Brooklyn, Williamsburg, and Greenpoint, and the New Jer-

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12 INDIAN PATHS sey shore-line of Jersey City and Hoboken In portfolio B. The Long Island City and Newtown district within the Borough and County of Queens, with a part of East New York, Bushwick, and Greenpoint, within the Borough of Brooklyn or Kings county In portfolio C. The southwestern part of the Borough of Brooklyn, or Kings county, including Coney island, Gravesend, New Utrecht, Fort Hamilton, Bay Ridge, and the western part of Flatbush, as far north as Gowanus bay and Prospect Park In portfolio D. The southeastern part of the Borough of Brooklyn, or Kings county, including part of Brighton and Manhattan beaches, Flatlands, Canarsie, and the eastern portion of Flatbush, up to East New York In portfolio IX. The Indian village-site at Gerritsen basin, from a survey and observations made by D. B. Austin. Facing page 154 X. Original map of eastern New Jersey showing the extent and course of the Minisink path.. . .Facing page 196 XL Original map of a portion of eastern New Jersey, embracing the native sales of territory contiguous to Staten Island, showing a part of

The southeastern part of the Borough of Brooklyn, or Kings county, including part of Brighton and Manhattan beaches, Flatlands, Canarsie, and the eastern portion of Flatbush, up to East New York In portfolio IX. The Indian village-site at Gerritsen basin, from a survey and observations made by D. B. Austin. Facing page 154 X. Original map of eastern New Jersey showing the extent and course of the Minisink path.. . .Facing page 196 XL Original map of a portion of eastern New Jersey, embracing the native sales of territory contiguous to Staten Island, showing a part of

INDIAN NOTES

MAPS 13

the course of the Minisink path. Drawn probably about 1750 as an exhibit in the Elizabeth boundary dispute, and now in possession of the New York Historical Society, by whose permission it is reproduced. Facing page 202

Maps II to VI inclusive are original drawings by the author. Maps I, VII, and VIII are based on City maps by the Ohman Map Company of New York, with additions by the author of native paths, marsh areas, Indian titles, and sites.

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INDIAN PATHS IN THE GREAT METROPOLIS By Reginald Pelham Bolton I.--INTRODUCTION

HE narrow trails which, three centuries ago, afforded to the red man passage on his errands, and provided for him the means of intercommunication with his fellows, rendered to his white successors the important service of indicating the natural and readiest routes for their wagonroads. Thus they became in course of time the post-roads of the settled Colonists, which ultimately developed into some of the most important of the modern highways connecting great centers of American civilization.

HE narrow trails which, three centuries ago, afforded to the red man passage on his errands, and provided for him the means of intercommunication with his fellows, rendered to his white successors the important service of indicating the natural and readiest routes for their wagonroads. Thus they became in course of time the post-roads of the settled Colonists, which ultimately developed into some of the most important of the modern highways connecting great centers of American civilization.

Scattered references to these native paths in historical records afford the names and

INDIAN NOTES

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

INTROD UCTION 23

oughfare leading to other tribal territory, to the great rivers, to the mountain regions, or to the sea. The existence of these paths indicates their considerable utilization, since the rapid growth of vegetation in our climate soon overgrows any clearing, and even the hard trodden surface of the pathway would not long survive the action of frost and the growth of weeds, if the bare or moccasined footfalls upon its surface were infrequent. In some localities, however, their longcontinued use must have worn their surface deeply into the ground, and some such well-used paths have left traces in otherwise unchanged regions, and have been recognized by the recent explorer. It is not by a wholly speculative process, but rather by deduction, that the course of some unrecorded Indian trails may be traced in the windings of ancient highways and their modern successors. The known position of native residences, and the assurance of the existence of some line of connection between them on the most natural and easy grade, will be found usually to

In some localities, however, their longcontinued use must have worn their surface deeply into the ground, and some such well-used paths have left traces in otherwise unchanged regions, and have been recognized by the recent explorer. It is not by a wholly speculative process, but rather by deduction, that the course of some unrecorded Indian trails may be traced in the windings of ancient highways and their modern successors. The known position of native residences, and the assurance of the existence of some line of connection between them on the most natural and easy grade, will be found usually to

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INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION 29

peared from sight and human memory, the humble but indestructible debris of shell and sherd and spearhead have re-opened the book of history, and recorded in no uncertain terms the place of one-time aboriginal habitation. And in the trodden paths that once united these recorded, recovered, or other unknown sites, the forerunners of our modern means of communication are found, a practicaland permanent result of the life and the arts of the wild men. A study of the topography of known Indian paths affords very clear indication of the reasons governing the selection of their route. Where the land lay reasonably level, the course was fairly direct, swerving only around obstacles such as rocky projections, and probably diverging to avoid heavy growths and fallen timber. The main objective being some other settlement or some neighboring native haunt, the route was directed toward the easiest crossing of streams, either at a wading place or some shallow point in a watercourse where

A study of the topography of known Indian paths affords very clear indication of the reasons governing the selection of their route. Where the land lay reasonably level, the course was fairly direct, swerving only around obstacles such as rocky projections, and probably diverging to avoid heavy growths and fallen timber. The main objective being some other settlement or some neighboring native haunt, the route was directed toward the easiest crossing of streams, either at a wading place or some shallow point in a watercourse where

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INTRODUCTION

32 INDIAN PATHS the future heart of the Great Metropolis of the Western hemisphere. James Riker thus imagines the scenery through which that ancient thoroughfare took its way:

"Quitting the drowsy little town of New Amsterdam, its thatched roofs and its fortress with low turf wall receding from view, we follow the Indian trail leading to Wickguaskeek or 'the birch bark country ,' which lies beyond the quiet waters of the Papparinamin, as that part of the Spuyten Duyvil was called, where it turns the extreme northerly end of Manhattan. Spring is in her loveliest attire. Around and along our pathway she displays in rich profusion her grandest works. Plains scarce trodden by human kind save by the red man are clothed in all the beauty of their pristine verdure, while the rock-capped hills and the resonant forest echo back and forth the sounds of wild and savage life. Plumed songsters fill the woods and enliven our journey with their music. Perchance the shrill cry of the eagle, or the plaintive note of the cuckoo, or the busy hammer of the woodpecker in turn arrests our attention."

Plains scarce trodden by human kind save by the red man are clothed in all the beauty of their pristine verdure, while the rock-capped hills and the resonant forest echo back and forth the sounds of wild and savage life. Plumed songsters fill the woods and enliven our journey with their music. Perchance the shrill cry of the eagle, or the plaintive note of the cuckoo, or the busy hammer of the woodpecker in turn arrests our attention."

Pleasant it is to reflect that by no very extended journey we may still discover in parts of the metropolitan area some woodland places, in which the same natural features exist, wherein we may find flourish-

INDIAN NOTES

INTRODUCTION

BOLTON - INDIAN PATHS IN THE GREAT METROPOLIS

LOWER MANHATTAN IN A30RIGINAL TI MES.

II. MANHATTAN, ITS PATHS AND SETTLEMENTS (Maps II, III, IV, V)

THE important Island of influence Manhattan of on the the interrelations of the tribal communities of the entire region is

evidenced by the paths which converged on it. These were undoubtedly developed by experience. The processes of trade, by which the products of the ocean were exchanged for those of the mountains, were probably the most potent influence in deciding the use of a given line of travel. Such barter would have extended over the whole year, since food and clothing were continuous necessities . Therefore the traffic could not always be conducted by the use of watercourses, and floating ice and storm made travel dangerous by the frail and sometimes clumsy canoe.

The processes of trade, by which the products of the ocean were exchanged for those of the mountains, were probably the most potent influence in deciding the use of a given line of travel. Such barter would have extended over the whole year, since food and clothing were continuous necessities . Therefore the traffic could not always be conducted by the use of watercourses, and floating ice and storm made travel dangerous by the frail and sometimes clumsy canoe.

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MANHATTAN

MANHATTAN

MANHATTAN

MANHATTAN 45

River, and the South River [East river]. .

that on the spring or other high tide, when the said rivers overflow they run into and cover the said swamp so as to meet one another." Armbruster considers that in ancient times the watercourses through the swamps may have been sufficient to float canoes between the Hudson and East rivers, At this favored place, sheltered from the west winds, provided with abundant water and nearby access to the river, the unfailing signs of Indian residence were found in masses of oyster-shells "abundantly strewn over the hill "on the western side of the lake." .

Modern excavations on the line of Pearl street reached these old shell-beds, indicating the existence of a native station situated about the line of that where it street,

passes through the one-time Kolch hill on its way to join Broadway. There were peculiar advantages for Indian residence in this situation, which become evident on examination of its original features. These have been brought

that on the spring or other high tide, when the said rivers overflow they run into and cover the said swamp so as to meet one another." Armbruster considers that in ancient times the watercourses through the swamps may have been sufficient to float canoes between the Hudson and East rivers, At this favored place, sheltered from the west winds, provided with abundant water and nearby access to the river, the unfailing signs of Indian residence were found in masses of oyster-shells "abundantly strewn over the hill "on the western side of the lake." .

Modern excavations on the line of Pearl street reached these old shell-beds, indicating the existence of a native station situated about the line of that where it street,

passes through the one-time Kolch hill on its way to join Broadway. There were peculiar advantages for Indian residence in this situation, which become evident on examination of its original features. These have been brought

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MANHATTAN

MANHATTAN

MANHATTAN

MANHATTAN

MANHATTAN 59

residence. It was, in point of fact, a trading station only, occupied by those who met there to exchange goods with the natives of Hobokan (116), a terminal to which the people of the East Jersey mountain regions brought skins and meat, to be ferried directly across the river to Sapohanikan. The name denotes its position "over against the pipe-making place," and thus indicates its character as a convenient spot for communication rather than for residence. We may assume that the path from this place was a well-trodden and probably widened way on which the bearers of bundles of furs, carcasses of moose and deer, baskets of oysters, and strings of fish, passed one another on their way to and from their distant homes. The line of this pathway was directed by the physical conditions of the tract over which it passed to a connection with the main trail at Astor place.

We may assume that the path from this place was a well-trodden and probably widened way on which the bearers of bundles of furs, carcasses of moose and deer, baskets of oysters, and strings of fish, passed one another on their way to and from their distant homes. The line of this pathway was directed by the physical conditions of the tract over which it passed to a connection with the main trail at Astor place. From the landing place it probably proceeded east over the line of Gansevoort street to the head of Greenwich avenue. This is the old Monument ' lane of the Colonial period,

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60 INDIAN PATHS which proceeds in a straight line toward Washington Square. At this point the path crossed the rivulet known to the natives as Minetta, 5 and to their successors as the Bestavaer brook. It turned eastward at this crossing, and cut across the present lots north of Waverly place, passing there between two hillocks, one of which was known as the Sandberg, or Sand hill, and that on the south by a native name, which Schoolcraft gives as Ispetong, probably Aspetong, referring to an elevated place. 6 The line of Astor place is doubtless the result of the junction of the two paths at this point. 7 It is quite likely that another branch pathway extended farther eastward, which Stuyvesant later used as the means of access to his bouwery, on the line of Stuyvesant street, by which the head of the narrow creek that set in from East river (as far as First avenue at East 12th street) was reached, affording a short cut by canoe to the mouth of Newtown inlet directly across East river. From Astor place we now follow the path

It turned eastward at this crossing, and cut across the present lots north of Waverly place, passing there between two hillocks, one of which was known as the Sandberg, or Sand hill, and that on the south by a native name, which Schoolcraft gives as Ispetong, probably Aspetong, referring to an elevated place. 6 The line of Astor place is doubtless the result of the junction of the two paths at this point. 7 It is quite likely that another branch pathway extended farther eastward, which Stuyvesant later used as the means of access to his bouwery, on the line of Stuyvesant street, by which the head of the narrow creek that set in from East river (as far as First avenue at East 12th street) was reached, affording a short cut by canoe to the mouth of Newtown inlet directly across East river. From Astor place we now follow the path

INDIAN NOTES

MANHATTAN

MANHATTAN

MANHATTAN 65

which we thus regard as the successor of the original trail, was by way of Fourth avenue from Astor place as far as 17th street, whence, skirting marsh-lands on the

west side, it ran to 23d street at Fifth

avenue. Here it turned sharply to the east, passing diagonally across Madison Square to 26th street at Madison avenue, the reason for this divergence being a convenient crossing over the head of a brook between two areas of marshy land at that point (see Map II). From this crossing it continued eastwardly over Madison avenue at 26th street, and thence diagonally toFourth avenue at 28th street. Its east side touched Lexington avenue at 30th street, where it turned north and ran parallel with Lexington avenue through the lots on its west side, It then passed easterly across Lexington avenue between 37th and 39th streets, and diagonally east over to Third avenue at 44th street.

Here it turned sharply to the east, passing diagonally across Madison Square to 26th street at Madison avenue, the reason for this divergence being a convenient crossing over the head of a brook between two areas of marshy land at that point (see Map II). From this crossing it continued eastwardly over Madison avenue at 26th street, and thence diagonally toFourth avenue at 28th street. Its east side touched Lexington avenue at 30th street, where it turned north and ran parallel with Lexington avenue through the lots on its west side, It then passed easterly across Lexington avenue between 37th and 39th streets, and diagonally east over to Third avenue at 44th street. It next took a sharp loop westward between 48th and 51st streets, on its diagonal way from Third to Second

avenues, which latter it reached at 52d street.

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66 INDIAN PATHS In a statement made by John Randel, 9 the surveyor, he describes the course of this old post-road, as it lay in 1808-10, in some detail:

"It crossed the 4th avenue at the Middle Road near 29th street, and passed through the Village of Kips bay from 32nd to 38th street west of 3rd avenue. It thence passed the Cross road to Burr's corners (on the Middle road opposite the present Croton Reservoir) at 41st street, and the road to Turtle bay on the East River between 47th and 48th streets; thence crossed the 2nd avenue at 52nd street, and, recrossing it between 62nd and 63rd streets, entered the present 3rd avenue at the southeast corner of Hamilton Square, which extended from 66th to 68th street, and from 3rd to 5th avenues. "This road continued thence along the present Third avenue, passing Harsen's crossroad at 71st street and east of Smith's tavern opposite "Kissing Bridge" at 77th street.

It thence passed the Cross road to Burr's corners (on the Middle road opposite the present Croton Reservoir) at 41st street, and the road to Turtle bay on the East River between 47th and 48th streets; thence crossed the 2nd avenue at 52nd street, and, recrossing it between 62nd and 63rd streets, entered the present 3rd avenue at the southeast corner of Hamilton Square, which extended from 66th to 68th street, and from 3rd to 5th avenues. "This road continued thence along the present Third avenue, passing Harsen's crossroad at 71st street and east of Smith's tavern opposite "Kissing Bridge" at 77th street. It crossed the division line between New York and Harlem commons between 81st and 82d streets, and continued along Third avenue to near 83d street. From Third ave. near 83d street this Eastern post-road diverged westerly, and crossed and recrossed the division line between New York and Harlem commons, and crossed Fourth avenue near 85th street, thence passed over the southwestern corner of Observatory place, and intersected the Middle road at 90th street."

INDIAN NOTES

MANHATTAN 67

"From 90th street this Eastern post-road continued along the middle road to 92nd street, and there diverged westerly and passed between Fifth and Sixth avenues (where it was also called the Kingsbridge Road) through the -- Barrier Gate at McGowan's pass at 107th street, about 116 yards east of 6th avenue."

On the east shore of the island, along this line of the pathway thus described, there were some apparently desirable sites for Indian occupancy, such as at Kips bay, Turtle bay; and doubtless along the bluffs facing Blackwells island could have been found by interested observers in years gone by, the sites of fishing camps. But none of our predecessors in historical investigation seem have been sufficiently to interested in the subject to conduct any exploration or to make any record of such traces, and so the long, sheltered shoreline with its desirable fishing facilities,

On the east shore of the island, along this line of the pathway thus described, there were some apparently desirable sites for Indian occupancy, such as at Kips bay, Turtle bay; and doubtless along the bluffs facing Blackwells island could have been found by interested observers in years gone by, the sites of fishing camps. But none of our predecessors in historical investigation seem have been sufficiently to interested in the subject to conduct any exploration or to make any record of such traces, and so the long, sheltered shoreline with its desirable fishing facilities,

from Corlears hook to 105th street, is devoid of definite native associations.

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III.-- UPPER MANHATTAN PATHS (Maps IV and V)

A T 105TH street a neck of land extended south of Harlem into East river, kill

known as Rechewanis or Rechewas point (5), owned by the Reckgawawanc, and sold in 1669 by Reckgawack and others to De la Montagne. The native village was known as "Konaande kongh" and was probably situated on the high ground between Madison and Lexington avenues at 98th to 100th streets. Access from the path, which ran in Central Park north of 88th street, was doubtless by a branch leaving the main trail near 95th street and crossing Fifth

avenue somewhere near 96th street. A study of the topography of the locality is presented in Map IV. The name of this native station is recorded in. the deed for the sale of Rechewanis in 1669, though it has been misapplied to Harlem creek. Mr Harrington suggests

Access from the path, which ran in Central Park north of 88th street, was doubtless by a branch leaving the main trail near 95th street and crossing Fifth

avenue somewhere near 96th street. A study of the topography of the locality is presented in Map IV. The name of this native station is recorded in. the deed for the sale of Rechewanis in 1669, though it has been misapplied to Harlem creek. Mr Harrington suggests

INDIAN NOTES

UPPER MANHATTAN

UPPER MANHATTAN

72 INDIAN PATHS junction with the circular drive near 104th street, where it struck across the park over to the head of the gully known as McGown's pass, which 'ed down into the valley west of the eminence on which the Fort of 1812 was perched. This part of the path can stillbe readily traced, though it leads into the Mere, which now covers the lowland over which it used to pass. The Indian trail in New Haerlem diverged from the main path at 110th street, at a point midway between Fifth and Lenox avenues. Curving to the northeast, it

reached a point at the southwest corner of 111th street and Fifth avenue, whence it ran on a direct line over the broad and level meadow-land known as Muscoota, to a little creek on the Conykeekst tract, on which the tiny hamlet of New Haerlem was later formed at 125th street, just west of First avenue. Its line was adopted as one,, of the village streets, and as such was long known as "the Indian trail" (see Map IV). Riker records the discovery, in 1855, at a point between 120th and 121st streets, on the same neck of land, of numerous

reached a point at the southwest corner of 111th street and Fifth avenue, whence it ran on a direct line over the broad and level meadow-land known as Muscoota, to a little creek on the Conykeekst tract, on which the tiny hamlet of New Haerlem was later formed at 125th street, just west of First avenue. Its line was adopted as one,, of the village streets, and as such was long known as "the Indian trail" (see Map IV). Riker records the discovery, in 1855, at a point between 120th and 121st streets, on the same neck of land, of numerous

INDIAN NOTES

UPPER MANHATTAN 73

shells, flakes, rejects, and weapons, demonstrating native occupancy. This occupied place (98) was doubtless a native site of some importance, since it was the nearest point of access by canoe to the wide territory of Ranachqua, or Morrisania, which could be reached on foot only by a long tramp via Kingsbridge. That territory was also a part of the Reckgawav^anc possessions, affording extensive hunting, fishing, and oystering facilities for the chieftaincy. But the situation of this station lacked the necessary shelter required for winter occupancy, and it was more likely a place of landing and trade, or perhaps a fishing-place. The broad tract of level land on which this station was situated, extending north of the waters of Rechewanis and lying east of the Indian trail, between 108th street and 123d street, was known to the natives as "Conykeekst." 11 The queer name may have been more correctly Quinnikeek. As in other situations, the name was probably applied equally to the local settlement (98) and to its vicinity. The tract was waterless, save for one small

The broad tract of level land on which this station was situated, extending north of the waters of Rechewanis and lying east of the Indian trail, between 108th street and 123d street, was known to the natives as "Conykeekst." 11 The queer name may have been more correctly Quinnikeek. As in other situations, the name was probably applied equally to the local settlement (98) and to its vicinity. The tract was waterless, save for one small

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74 INDIAN PATHS brook which flowed diagonally northeastward from a source at 114th street near Second avenue, and reached Harlem river at 123d street near Avenue A, or Pleasant avenue, passing within about three hundred feet of the place at which the native objects were found, as above described. The situation of Conykeekst, if such was the station's name, was without shelter on the west, except for the forest growth, and it may therefore be assumed to have been unoccupied in the winter season, and during the rest of the year to have been an oystering and fishing camp.

St Nicholas Avenue

The parting of the Manhattan path from the Harlem trail appears to have been at 110th street, on the east side of Lenox avenue, the Harlem trail passing off diagonally to the east, and the main path continuing in a northwesterly direction into our present St Nicholas avenue at 111th street. The path probably ran along the easterly side of the avenue, on

INDIAN NOTES

UPPER MANHATTAN 75

the line of the old Harlem lane, which was the successor of the Indian thoroughfare. The course headed directly across the level meadowlands now covered by modern Harlem, toward the foot of Washington Heights. Along its route at or near 115th street, at Seventh avenue, the pioneer white settler fixed the location of his clearing, Vredendal, or "Quiet Vale," the home of the Montagne family.

The path probably ran along the easterly side of the avenue, on

INDIAN NOTES

UPPER MANHATTAN 75

the line of the old Harlem lane, which was the successor of the Indian thoroughfare. The course headed directly across the level meadowlands now covered by modern Harlem, toward the foot of Washington Heights. Along its route at or near 115th street, at Seventh avenue, the pioneer white settler fixed the location of his clearing, Vredendal, or "Quiet Vale," the home of the Montagne family. This site may have been selected on account of its proximity to the path, and reasonably convenient access to a supply of water, the nearest brook being about five hundred feet to the south, and the upper branch of Harlem creek extending on the east about an equal distance from the house-site. Riker 12 says:

"Harlem Lane, as we have reason to believe, was at first an Indian trail. Such forest paths, conveniently marked out by savage instinct, were often adopted by the white settlers as the best routes for highways. "In traveling from New Amsterdam to Spuyten Duyvil, at McGown's pass was the natural descent to the plain, the path striking its northern end, where it would as naturally fork to the left and right, for the equal convenience of the pedestrian passing through the

AND MONOGRAPHS

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UPPER MANHATTAN

80 INDIAN PATHS of Fort Washington and Fort George, to the low-lying valley of Inwood. At 195th street a brook, later known as "The Run," crossed the path from west to east, at the head of the swampy ground which extended in from Sherman creek (Map V). In the sloping ground north of the watercourse, which has been cultivated for many years as a truck garden, various objects of native handling have been turned up by the spade, but these are not sufficient to indicate its use for more than a campsite.

At 195th street a brook, later known as "The Run," crossed the path from west to east, at the head of the swampy ground which extended in from Sherman creek (Map V). In the sloping ground north of the watercourse, which has been cultivated for many years as a truck garden, various objects of native handling have been turned up by the spade, but these are not sufficient to indicate its use for more than a campsite. The path passed on, as Broadway now does, around the western side of "The Knoll" to Dyckman street, which it crossed between the heads of two small watercourses running east and west, respectively, at that point. A branch path must certainly have turned westward along the margin of the latter brook, at the base of the high ground around which Riverside drive now bends, and led to the ancient station (100) on the bank of 'Little Sand bay," snugly ensconced behind Tubby hook. Along the course of the brook deposits of shells may still be seen, and on the shore

INDIAN NOTES

BOLTON -- INDIAN PATHS

AN th the trail through shorakapkok. the !mw^ paVILLAGE. INWOOD , -

MANHATTAN. (STATION 16. MAP V) Photograph by W. L. Calver

UPPER MANHATTAN

82 INDIAN PATHS upon the east, which thus became known to the early colonists as the kill Muscoota. The hilly extremity of the island, the present Marble hill, around which Spuyten Duyvil creek winds its sinuous way, was known as Saperewack, an apparent and interesting description of the white marble outcrop of this hill, evidenced by the Delaware sabbeleu-aki, "glistening place," as determined by Mr Harrington. This name is recorded in the deed of 28 September, 1669, as "the hook called Saperewack." The winding waterway from the head of kill Muscoota, at 225th street, was known as Paparinemin or Papirinemin, a name applied also to the island of Kingsbridge which bounded the stream on its northerly side, and which seems to be derived from the Delaware papallenumen, "to continually make a false start," which would indicate to the native mind the special peculiarity of the tides of this locality, according to Mr Harrington.

This name is recorded in the deed of 28 September, 1669, as "the hook called Saperewack." The winding waterway from the head of kill Muscoota, at 225th street, was known as Paparinemin or Papirinemin, a name applied also to the island of Kingsbridge which bounded the stream on its northerly side, and which seems to be derived from the Delaware papallenumen, "to continually make a false start," which would indicate to the native mind the special peculiarity of the tides of this locality, according to Mr Harrington. The limits within which the name seems to have been applied were from the head of Harlem river around Marble hill, as far west as the sharp bend in

INDIAN NOTES

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UPPER MANHATTAN

BOLTON-- INDIAN PATHS

INDIAN WOMAN AND CHILD IN A GRAVE AT SHORAKAPKOK. (STATION 16, MAP V) An arrowpoint was found in one of the woman's ribs, indicating a violent death. Photograph by W. L. Calver, 1908

UPPER MANHATTAN 87

The Wading place is described as having been a short distance east of the original

-- Fig. 1. Skull of an ancient denizen of Shorakapkok, disinterred on Seaman avenue near 204th street, Manhattan (Station 15, Map V).

Kingsbridge, which in turn was east of the more recent bridge, now buried under Kingsbridge avenue (see Map VI). Stephen Jenkins, in his Story of the Bronx, places the situation of the Wading place, with much probability of accuracy, under our present Broadway, at the disused

AND MONOGRAPHS

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UPPER MANHATTAN

The Wading place is described as having been a short distance east of the original

-- Fig. 1. Skull of an ancient denizen of Shorakapkok, disinterred on Seaman avenue near 204th street, Manhattan (Station 15, Map V).

Kingsbridge, which in turn was east of the more recent bridge, now buried under Kingsbridge avenue (see Map VI). Stephen Jenkins, in his Story of the Bronx, places the situation of the Wading place, with much probability of accuracy, under our present Broadway, at the disused

AND MONOGRAPHS

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UPPER MANHATTAN

IV.-- PATHS IN THE BRONX (Maps VI, and VIL A, B, C, D)

T HE low land above Spuyten Duyvil creek at the the island Wading place, was Paparinemin, which was formed by the Mosholu, known later as Tippett's brook, on the west, and on the other side by a marshy tract through which meandered a small watercourse, fed by brooks from the steep hillside on which modern Kingsbridge is now situated. This island was a favored place for Indian residence, as it is sheltered by high hills in every direction, with an ample supply of fresh water. Its surface was composed largely of sand and cultivable soil.In the vicinity of 231st street, across the island, many traces of an occupied station have been found (18). Shell-pockets and scattered debris cover the upland, and near the middle of the area, upon the center line of that street, about

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BOLTON INDIAN paths IN TH1 GRIA1 MKrROPoUi - M\P VI

This island was a favored place for Indian residence, as it is sheltered by high hills in every direction, with an ample supply of fresh water. Its surface was composed largely of sand and cultivable soil.In the vicinity of 231st street, across the island, many traces of an occupied station have been found (18). Shell-pockets and scattered debris cover the upland, and near the middle of the area, upon the center line of that street, about

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THE BRONX

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THE BRONX

THE BRONX 97

leading from the various stations in the vicinity. have been a desir- It could not able place permanent residence, on for account of its exposure to every wind that blew, and its lack of water supply. It probably occupied the crest of the hill a few yards to the south of the site

of old Fort Number One of the period of the Revolution, on which the house occupied at one time by the late William C. Muschenheim was built. In the garden of this residence, Dr Edward Hagaman Hall and the writeropened several small shellpockets, which were, however, without objects of interest. Others may probably exist in the vicinity.

leading from the various stations in the vicinity. have been a desir- It could not able place permanent residence, on for account of its exposure to every wind that blew, and its lack of water supply. It probably occupied the crest of the hill a few yards to the south of the site

of old Fort Number One of the period of the Revolution, on which the house occupied at one time by the late William C. Muschenheim was built. In the garden of this residence, Dr Edward Hagaman Hall and the writeropened several small shellpockets, which were, however, without objects of interest. Others may probably exist in the vicinity. W. L. Calver found shellsand fragments of pottery near the site ofPublic School No. Twenty-four, on Kappock street, which is near an abundant spring of fresh water. Along the shore of the Hudson several shell-deposits mark the sites of fishing-camps on the lines of West 232d, 235th, and 245th streets. A site which indicates extensive utilization, and possible long residence, is that of the one-time farm dwelling of the Tippett

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112 INDIAN PATHS Westchester creek at the wide and shallow part of that waterway, now spanned by Westchester bridge, as this appears to have been the only practicable direction in which access could have been gained to the extensive district of Throgs neck. The old Throgs Neck road extending from the Westchester bridge is a natural line of travel, and passes directly to a site (102) on St Raymond's cemetery near the Eastern boulevard, where excavations for interments have from time to time disturbed shell-pits, indicating an Indian settlement.

112 INDIAN PATHS Westchester creek at the wide and shallow part of that waterway, now spanned by Westchester bridge, as this appears to have been the only practicable direction in which access could have been gained to the extensive district of Throgs neck. The old Throgs Neck road extending from the Westchester bridge is a natural line of travel, and passes directly to a site (102) on St Raymond's cemetery near the Eastern boulevard, where excavations for interments have from time to time disturbed shell-pits, indicating an Indian settlement. A trail could readily have been formed from this point, passing eastward over the upper part of Weir creek near the Town Dock road, which would lead to the site (12) of the Siwanoy village at the mouth of Weir creek (pi. x, xi). This ancient site is described in the publications of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. It is probable that several other places on Throgs neck were occupied by the natives, one being indicated by shells and stone

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122 INDIAN PATHS River shore and necks in the southeastern part of the Borough with the Eastchester station and the Shore path (Map VII, B, D). Jenkins says, "Before the days of theOestdorp (Westchester) settlers it was a trail or path used by the Siwanoy." 18 It passed along the meadowlands of Westchester creek, starting from Main street at Silver street in the village of Westchester, and it followed higher ground near the edge of the marshes of the Acqueanounck until it crossed Pelham Parkway at the site of the old Ferris mansion, opposite which is the modern Pelham Heath inn. Thence passing straight north by west to a junction with the old Corsa lane, which runs through the tract now known as Pelham-Bay-View Park, it led northwest to the present Boston post-road (of 1798), where it turned northeastward (pi. xrv) The old roadway was .

Jenkins says, "Before the days of theOestdorp (Westchester) settlers it was a trail or path used by the Siwanoy." 18 It passed along the meadowlands of Westchester creek, starting from Main street at Silver street in the village of Westchester, and it followed higher ground near the edge of the marshes of the Acqueanounck until it crossed Pelham Parkway at the site of the old Ferris mansion, opposite which is the modern Pelham Heath inn. Thence passing straight north by west to a junction with the old Corsa lane, which runs through the tract now known as Pelham-Bay-View Park, it led northwest to the present Boston post-road (of 1798), where it turned northeastward (pi. xrv) The old roadway was .

known as the Eastchester road before that date, and led only to that village. At the Old Point Comfort tavern the newer road diverges east to the bridge over the creek, but the old pathway necessarily kept on the western side, and so passing

INDIAN NOTES

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V.--INDIAN PATHS IN KINGS COUNTY (Maps VIII, A, B, C, D) HE Borough of Brooklyn covers an area which afforded considerable advantages for Indian residence. Its fishing and hunting facilities must have been superior and were capable of supporting a numerous population. The extensive shell-beds which are found at certain parts of the shore-line indicate a long period of settlement,and it is considered by Wood that the course of native migration had proceeded from the western end of Long Island to the eastern part. The tract composing the present borough, on the arrival of the white settlers was found to be largely a timbered district, around the margin of which the native stations were planted. The timber, however, was scant in quantity, as a result of the native practice

The extensive shell-beds which are found at certain parts of the shore-line indicate a long period of settlement,and it is considered by Wood that the course of native migration had proceeded from the western end of Long Island to the eastern part. The tract composing the present borough, on the arrival of the white settlers was found to be largely a timbered district, around the margin of which the native stations were planted. The timber, however, was scant in quantity, as a result of the native practice

AND MONOGRAPHS

KINGS COUNTY

KINGS COUNTY

KINGS COUNTY

KINGS COUNTY

KINGS COUNTY

KINGS COUNTY

142 INDIAN PATHS laid out somewhat to the west of the course of the old path. It diverged east of the avenue at Hamon place, crossing Atlantic avenue at Fort Greene place. At this point two important branches set off west and east. The former was that which afterward became the Gowanus road, leading to the district bordering on Gowanus bay, where native settlements existed. One of these was the site of the De Hart Bergen dwelling near Third avenue at 37th street (110). At this early settlement natives were still making their home as late as 1679, when Sluyter and Dankers, the Labadist monks, enjoyed the hospitality of the homestead, and noted in their diary the abundance and enormous size

of the oysters gathered in the vicinity. Another nearby station was evidenced by the discovery by Adam Dove of a number of artifacts in the cut for the Shore Line railroad at 37th street between Sixth and Seventh avenues (109). Other traces were found in Sunset Park near the lake. There was a native path somewhat farther southeast, paralleling the Gowanus

At this early settlement natives were still making their home as late as 1679, when Sluyter and Dankers, the Labadist monks, enjoyed the hospitality of the homestead, and noted in their diary the abundance and enormous size

of the oysters gathered in the vicinity. Another nearby station was evidenced by the discovery by Adam Dove of a number of artifacts in the cut for the Shore Line railroad at 37th street between Sixth and Seventh avenues (109). Other traces were found in Sunset Park near the lake. There was a native path somewhat farther southeast, paralleling the Gowanus

INDIAN NOTES

' 31 , • &' -r

KINGS COUNTY 143

road, the course of which was on the lines of Sixth and Seventh avenues. It is shown in part on a survey of the properties along Gowanus bay, made in the year 1696 by Augustus Graham, and reproduced by Stiles. 27 The portion of this path thus recorded appears to have run in the direction best suited to travel from Fort Hamilton to old Brooklyn, and may very probably have been an extension of the old trail, which became the King's highway, rejoining the latter about the line of Fifth avenue in Bay Ridge. This old path passes very near the place at 37th street where Indian objects were found, as above mentioned, and its extension across the center of Greenwood cemetery is directly toward the main line of trail on Flatbush avenue at or near Battle pass in Prospect Park (pi. xviii). It is the trail mentioned in a declaration made 4 April, 1677, by two natives, "Zemo Kamingh otherwise known in his walks (or travels) as Kaus Hansen," and "Kenrom, both Indians," who recorded the bounds of the land of Paulus Vanderbeeck to be "'a certain tree or stump on the Long Hill on the one side, and on the

This old path passes very near the place at 37th street where Indian objects were found, as above mentioned, and its extension across the center of Greenwood cemetery is directly toward the main line of trail on Flatbush avenue at or near Battle pass in Prospect Park (pi. xviii). It is the trail mentioned in a declaration made 4 April, 1677, by two natives, "Zemo Kamingh otherwise known in his walks (or travels) as Kaus Hansen," and "Kenrom, both Indians," who recorded the bounds of the land of Paulus Vanderbeeck to be "'a certain tree or stump on the Long Hill on the one side, and on the

AND MONOGRAPHS

144 INDIAN PATHS other the end of the Indian footpath, and that it extends to the creek of the third meadow, which land was previously sold by chief or sachem Ka." 28 That there were two paths in the Gowanus district is evidenced in a grant of April 5, 1642, by Kieft to Cornells Cool, of land u Gouwanes reaching in width from called the wagon road running through said land and Jan Petersen's land lying along the river," which further stipulated that the paths running over this piece of land shall remain open. 29 It seems very likely that was occupied by the natives this district whose chieftain was Gouwanes, since his name has persisted as its title. The old Gowanus road wound crookedly around the margin of the marshes, and near Fourth avenue, at 35th street, it became the old Narrows lane, which extended on some undefined course to the vicinity of Fort Hamilton, which was the district known as Nayack. Near 86th street it probably ran into the King's highway, the westerly end of the ancient path known as Mechawanienck. It

144 INDIAN PATHS other the end of the Indian footpath, and that it extends to the creek of the third meadow, which land was previously sold by chief or sachem Ka." 28 That there were two paths in the Gowanus district is evidenced in a grant of April 5, 1642, by Kieft to Cornells Cool, of land u Gouwanes reaching in width from called the wagon road running through said land and Jan Petersen's land lying along the river," which further stipulated that the paths running over this piece of land shall remain open. 29 It seems very likely that was occupied by the natives this district whose chieftain was Gouwanes, since his name has persisted as its title. The old Gowanus road wound crookedly around the margin of the marshes, and near Fourth avenue, at 35th street, it became the old Narrows lane, which extended on some undefined course to the vicinity of Fort Hamilton, which was the district known as Nayack. Near 86th street it probably ran into the King's highway, the westerly end of the ancient path known as Mechawanienck. It

thus formed the connection by which we may

INDIAN NOTES

KINGS COUNTY

VI-- THE HOME-LANDS OF THE CANARSEE (Map VIII, C, D) RETURNING to the main path at Atlantic avenue near Fort Greene place, we follow its course southward. It ran as far east of Flatbush avenue as the intersection of Prospect and Vanderbilt avenues, and passed* east of the Plaza, across Eastern Parkway, reaching a lofty place on the site of Prospect reservoir. This place was probably selected as a lookout. Thence the trail turned across Institute Park into Prospect Park, through the famous Battle pass of the Revolution, west of the present avenue, emerging from the park at Malbone street, whence it followed the present avenue

It ran as far east of Flatbush avenue as the intersection of Prospect and Vanderbilt avenues, and passed* east of the Plaza, across Eastern Parkway, reaching a lofty place on the site of Prospect reservoir. This place was probably selected as a lookout. Thence the trail turned across Institute Park into Prospect Park, through the famous Battle pass of the Revolution, west of the present avenue, emerging from the park at Malbone street, whence it followed the present avenue

through Flatbush and as far south as East 26th street. It passed through the Valley grove, as the region about Midwood street was aptly titled, and thence almost due

AND MONOGRAPHS

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BOLTON - INDIAN PATHS IN THE GREAT METROPOLIS

SURVEY AND OBSERVATIONS BY D. B. AUSTIN THE INDIAN VILLAGE-SITE AT GERRITSEN BASIN, FROM A

THE CANARSEE

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THE CANARSEE 159

is illustrated in Map IX. Native occupancy extended over a considerable space on the western side of the basin. The water supply was provided by a good spring which is still running, and a broad and very fertile farm land extends tract of west of the site of the village which may be identified as the Indian Shanscomacocke. Mashanscomacocke, "a much enclosed place," was the name of a tract in the vicinity of Flatlands, which was sold in 1664 by natives (pi. xxii). It included features that identify it as the Gerritsen Basin station. "Upland and marshes, anyway belonging thereto, as the Strawn [Strome] Beach or Beaches, as namely that running out more westerly, with the Island adjoining, and is at the same time by the ocean sea wholly inclosed, called hoopaninak and Shanscomacocke, and Macutteris." The situation of the tracts included in the sale are evidently in the vicinity of the Strome beach.

Mashanscomacocke, "a much enclosed place," was the name of a tract in the vicinity of Flatlands, which was sold in 1664 by natives (pi. xxii). It included features that identify it as the Gerritsen Basin station. "Upland and marshes, anyway belonging thereto, as the Strawn [Strome] Beach or Beaches, as namely that running out more westerly, with the Island adjoining, and is at the same time by the ocean sea wholly inclosed, called hoopaninak and Shanscomacocke, and Macutteris." The situation of the tracts included in the sale are evidently in the vicinity of the Strome beach. Now, the beach at the Strome which is situated at the kill,

mill-dam, was an important feature of the

AND MONOGRAPHS

160 INDIAN PATHS locality. was particularly dedicated to It public use, and the Gravesend Neck road extended to (pi. xxin, xxiv). it On the upland above the beach was the Indian burying-ground, where D. B. Austin uncovered interments having the appearance of being regularly disposed, about 35 feet apart. At beach Hugh Gerritsen this established home, and all along the his margin of the pond from the beach the natives have left abundant evidence of their occupancy of the upland which rises quite abruptly above the high-tide level in the pond (pi. xxn). The pond had other points of access, notably a sandy beach at the promontory near Avenue T, so that the inclusion of the Strome beach, or beaches, in the conveyance of 1664, indicates that the sellers were describing its characteristic features. The name Shanscomacocke appears to be that which is intended to describe this enclosed pond area, and as such was probably the name of the village on its margin. The marshes "anyway belonging thereto" would have been the extensive tract of

The pond had other points of access, notably a sandy beach at the promontory near Avenue T, so that the inclusion of the Strome beach, or beaches, in the conveyance of 1664, indicates that the sellers were describing its characteristic features. The name Shanscomacocke appears to be that which is intended to describe this enclosed pond area, and as such was probably the name of the village on its margin. The marshes "anyway belonging thereto" would have been the extensive tract of

INDIAN NOTES

BOLTON-- INDIAN' PATHS

OLD GRAVESEND NECK ROAD TO THE STROME BEACH, AT ITS TURN SOUTH TOWARD HUGH GERRITSEN'S MILL AND HOUSE. (STATION 50, MAP VIII, D) The left foreground when plowed disturbed Indian burials, part of the native settlement of Shanscomacocke Photograph by D. B. Austin, 1900.

THE CANARSEE

THE CANARSEE 163

wagon path." This was the ancient trail, Mechawanienck, by that time expanded to the width of a wagon. Along this path the measurement proceeded "soe running to another white oak tree standing by Utrecht wagon path," which was the western extension of the same old line of travel. This tree stood close to Avenue 0, at West 10th street. A line drawn from the first point on the beach, through this tree, made the western boundary of Gravesend, "soe on a direct line to the Flatbush fence," which was struck at Foster avenue near Ocean parkway, meeting a similar line drawn on the east side from the head of Gerritsen creek through the white-oak tree first mentioned. The old path on the line of the King's highway led farther west to Gravesend (105), where there were settlements of natives which have not been precisely located. In a deed of 1650 the region was known as Massabarkem. 31 This name applied to the west part of Gravesend neck, lying between Gravesend creek and the inlet which extends north from Sheepshead

A line drawn from the first point on the beach, through this tree, made the western boundary of Gravesend, "soe on a direct line to the Flatbush fence," which was struck at Foster avenue near Ocean parkway, meeting a similar line drawn on the east side from the head of Gerritsen creek through the white-oak tree first mentioned. The old path on the line of the King's highway led farther west to Gravesend (105), where there were settlements of natives which have not been precisely located. In a deed of 1650 the region was known as Massabarkem. 31 This name applied to the west part of Gravesend neck, lying between Gravesend creek and the inlet which extends north from Sheepshead

AND MONOGRAPHS

164 INDIAN PATHS bay on the line of East 12th street and Homecrest avenue. The name was mishandled by the scribe who engrossed the conveyance, but can be identified as Massa, "large," and peauke, "water-land," or land at the many waters, which aptly describes its situation, surrounded as it was by the

meandering streams in three marshy tracts. The eastern part of Gravesend neck was the native Narrioch (69), naiag, "a neck," auke, "land," or "a point of land." Upon this tract is the Coney Island Jockey Club's racing ground. It was bounded on the east by Shellbank creek, a name strongly indicative of native residence. The neck was probably an appurtenance of the natives of the Gerritsen Basin station, and its grantor, Guttaquoh, was perhaps the sachem of that settlement. Through these tracts the Gravesend Neck road connected the early settlements of Lady Moody and her companions, with the home and mill of Hugh Gerritsen at the Strome beach. It is so natural a line of travel, though it paralleled the Mechawanienck trail, that it can hardly fail to have been the successor

The neck was probably an appurtenance of the natives of the Gerritsen Basin station, and its grantor, Guttaquoh, was perhaps the sachem of that settlement. Through these tracts the Gravesend Neck road connected the early settlements of Lady Moody and her companions, with the home and mill of Hugh Gerritsen at the Strome beach. It is so natural a line of travel, though it paralleled the Mechawanienck trail, that it can hardly fail to have been the successor

INDIAN NOTES

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THE CANARSEE

BOLTON -- INDIAN FATHS

THE INDIAN POND, IN THE INDIAN FIELD. ALONGSIDE MECHA- WANIENCK, THEANCIENT PATHWAY ATTHEBOUND- ARY BETWEEN GRAVESEND AND NEW UTRECHT (STATIQN 106. MAP VIII. C) Photograph by Adam Dove

THE CANARSEE

THE CANARSEE

VII--NATIVE PATHS IN THE BOROUGH OF QUEENS (Maps I, and VIII, B)

THE Borough of Queens, which is a part of the one-time county of that name, was added to the Metropolis in 1898. It is a very spacious tract, embracing within its area the old townships of Newtown, Flushing, Jamaica,and part of Hempstead, and the modern industrial district of Long Island City. It is divided from Kings county by a boundary-line drawn between the heads of Mespaetches or Newtown creek and the source of Spring creek, the Hohosboco of the natives. The borough includes the entire tract which was occupied by the Rockaway chieftaincy extending from East river to Jamaica bay. Part of the Matinecock territory is also embraced within the northeastern

It is a very spacious tract, embracing within its area the old townships of Newtown, Flushing, Jamaica,and part of Hempstead, and the modern industrial district of Long Island City. It is divided from Kings county by a boundary-line drawn between the heads of Mespaetches or Newtown creek and the source of Spring creek, the Hohosboco of the natives. The borough includes the entire tract which was occupied by the Rockaway chieftaincy extending from East river to Jamaica bay. Part of the Matinecock territory is also embraced within the northeastern

bounds of the borough, in the township of

AND MONOGRAPHS

BOROUGH OF QUEENS 173

traces occupancy at Flushing attest of the residence of the Matinecock. Within the Newtown district another subordinate chieftaincy, the Mispat, resided in the region around the extensive inlet of Newtown creek, known to the natives as Mespaetches. The name of the inlet according to Tooker ,

bears some reference to a bad water place or swampy locality, which well describes the character of the borders of the creek and of its branches. The native names of three Newtown creek have branches of been preserved. Canapaukah, which seems to indicate a shut-in water place, was later known as Dutch kills. This inlet extended in to the heart of Long Island City, its source being near the approach to the Queensboro bridge at Rapelye and Freeman avenues. Armbruster considers the name to indicate a bears' water place, and thinks that this was indication of Canarsee ownership. The southwest extension of the creek was known as Quandoequareous. Its tortuous course extends inland as far as Tohn-

Canapaukah, which seems to indicate a shut-in water place, was later known as Dutch kills. This inlet extended in to the heart of Long Island City, its source being near the approach to the Queensboro bridge at Rapelye and Freeman avenues. Armbruster considers the name to indicate a bears' water place, and thinks that this was indication of Canarsee ownership. The southwest extension of the creek was known as Quandoequareous. Its tortuous course extends inland as far as Tohn-

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BOROUGH OF QUEENS 175

City and its environs to Corona, a great tract of forest land extended to Flushing bay. This was known to the natives as Wandowenock, which Armbruster defines as "the fine land between the long streams" of East river and Flushing bay. The only known station within this broad region is at Ravenswood Park (111), on the bank of the east channel of East river, where a shellheap indicates native residence, and some native objects were discovered by W. L. Calver. It is not possible to suggest any particular line of trail connecting this place with Mispat. The path, if such there was, wound its way through the timber, which in later years was all cut off, through the narrow neck of dry land between the heads of the Sunwick and Canapaukah creeks, near the present entrance to the approach of the Queensboro bridge. The name of the "creek, called Sunwick," means "a stone house," according to Tooker, and is another illustration of the Indian practice of applying to contiguous waters the designation of abutting territory.

The path, if such there was, wound its way through the timber, which in later years was all cut off, through the narrow neck of dry land between the heads of the Sunwick and Canapaukah creeks, near the present entrance to the approach of the Queensboro bridge. The name of the "creek, called Sunwick," means "a stone house," according to Tooker, and is another illustration of the Indian practice of applying to contiguous waters the designation of abutting territory.

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BOROUGH OF QUEENS 177

called Sackhickneyah where Wessels mill stood." The creek extended inland with deep windings to the Trains meadow, a large tract of marsh-land which is still in great part existing in its original condition, filling the large basin of lowland now partly occupied by North Woodside, and extending as far north as the Flushing turnpike. On the east of this area the old Trains Meadow road made its crooked way between Maspeth and North Beach on Flushing bay. The name which was thus applied to the creek in the conveyance above mentioned, was probably that of the sea-shore path which followed its course, as pointed out by Tooker, 32 corresponding as it does

to the Delaware words shajahik, "seashore," and aney, "a path." Such a pathway, if extended through the Mispat village as it might have been, on the line of Trimble avenue, would have been an important means of access to the still waters of the Sound, from the regions around the bay of New York, avoiding

The name which was thus applied to the creek in the conveyance above mentioned, was probably that of the sea-shore path which followed its course, as pointed out by Tooker, 32 corresponding as it does

to the Delaware words shajahik, "seashore," and aney, "a path." Such a pathway, if extended through the Mispat village as it might have been, on the line of Trimble avenue, would have been an important means of access to the still waters of the Sound, from the regions around the bay of New York, avoiding

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178 INDIAN PATHS travel by canoe through the treacherous currents of Hell Gate. The natural line of communication between these places and the mainland north and west, was the Rockaway trail, which ran from the Brooklyn path along the base of the hilly ground known as the Green hills that form the central backbone of the island from Fort Hamilton to North Hempstead. This path followed the line of the old Bedford and Jamaica highway, which the present Atlantic avenue and Jamaica avenue succeed. The path was expanded into a King's highway in 1704, and for many years bore that name. It became known later as the Jamaica and Brooklyn plank road, and sometimes as the Old Ferry road. In the village of Bedford it crossed, at the Four Corners, the junction of the Clove road, which was an old lane that may still be traced in part in the line of Canarsie avenue from Montgomery street southward to its old junction with the Canarsie lane, now the south boundary of the Cemetery of the Holy Cross in Flatbush.

It became known later as the Jamaica and Brooklyn plank road, and sometimes as the Old Ferry road. In the village of Bedford it crossed, at the Four Corners, the junction of the Clove road, which was an old lane that may still be traced in part in the line of Canarsie avenue from Montgomery street southward to its old junction with the Canarsie lane, now the south boundary of the Cemetery of the Holy Cross in Flatbush.

INDIAN NOTES

BOROUGH OF QUEENS

BOROUGH OF QUEENS

BOROUGH OF QUEENS

BOROUGH OF QUEENS 185

each other across the waters of East river. Hell Gate offered an obstruction to free passage which led to the tradition among the natives of the region to the effect that at some remote period it had been possible for their predecessors to cross the dangerous rapid by stepping from one exposed rock to another. A folk-story of much the same imaginative character is related by Robert Bolton, regarding the Stepping Stones rocks off Pelham neck. That legend recorded the pursuit by the natives of "Manetto," the Evil Spirit, through Westchester county to the Sound shore, where, escaping to City island, he stepped across to a safe retreat on Long Island by the use of the Stepping Stones, leaving the imprint of one foot which may still be seen upon a bowlder near Eastchester. He is said to have landed from his leap over the Sound in Flushing bay, on great rocks which were splintered by the impact. Having thus comfortably rid the mainland of that undesirable alien, the story leaves Lhe burden on Long Island of proving whether his Satanic Majesty skipped back again, over

That legend recorded the pursuit by the natives of "Manetto," the Evil Spirit, through Westchester county to the Sound shore, where, escaping to City island, he stepped across to a safe retreat on Long Island by the use of the Stepping Stones, leaving the imprint of one foot which may still be seen upon a bowlder near Eastchester. He is said to have landed from his leap over the Sound in Flushing bay, on great rocks which were splintered by the impact. Having thus comfortably rid the mainland of that undesirable alien, the story leaves Lhe burden on Long Island of proving whether his Satanic Majesty skipped back again, over

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VIII-- RICHMOND PATHS (Map I) HE island known to the Indians as Aquehonga-Monacknong, our present Staten Island, was a favored place for native residence. Though its limited area offered relatively restricted facilities for wild animal life,

the range of rugged hills that extend from its northeast corner at St George, to the old county town of Richmond near its center, probably sheltered quantities of small game and birds that supplemented the fish and shell-fish which teemed in the shallow waters surrounding the island and provided the natives with their readiest means of subsistence. The eastern and western shore-lines were deeply indented with marshy tracts, some extending far inland. The area available for cultivation was thus considerably reduced by mountain, marsh, and sand-dunes,

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RICHMOND PATHS

RICHMOND PATHS

RICHMOND PATHS

RICHMOND PATHS

196 INDIAN PATHS (96) at which place, near the railroad station ,

the range of rugged hills that extend from its northeast corner at St George, to the old county town of Richmond near its center, probably sheltered quantities of small game and birds that supplemented the fish and shell-fish which teemed in the shallow waters surrounding the island and provided the natives with their readiest means of subsistence. The eastern and western shore-lines were deeply indented with marshy tracts, some extending far inland. The area available for cultivation was thus considerably reduced by mountain, marsh, and sand-dunes,

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RICHMOND PATHS

RICHMOND PATHS

RICHMOND PATHS

RICHMOND PATHS

196 INDIAN PATHS (96) at which place, near the railroad station ,

on Richmond avenue, there is an ancient site, probably one of the earliest on the

island. At Stapleton (97) there was a station. Such sites on this side of the island could have been reached only by branch paths extending from some inland route, such as the Richmond and Amboy roads. These are indicated in Map I on the lines of old roadways which suggest the most natural routes.

INDIAN NOTES

<v --

IX-- PATHS IN NEARBY NEW JERSEY (Maps I; VIII, A; X)

A STUDY of the system of Indian paths in the Metropolis would be incomplete without consideration of those traversing the contiguous territory on the west side of the waters of the bay and of the great estuary of the Hudson. Staten Island, which is substantially a part of that territory, has already been ^

considered, and is found to have had an extensive occupancy, composed of natives owing allegiance to several chieftaincies. The narrow waterway that divided the island from the mainland on the west and north formed no tribal boundary. We find that the natives of the island held title on the west to a large part of the area of the towns of Woodbridge, Linden, and Elizabeth, and that those on the north were in close communication with their fellow

considered, and is found to have had an extensive occupancy, composed of natives owing allegiance to several chieftaincies. The narrow waterway that divided the island from the mainland on the west and north formed no tribal boundary. We find that the natives of the island held title on the west to a large part of the area of the towns of Woodbridge, Linden, and Elizabeth, and that those on the north were in close communication with their fellow

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198 INDIAN PATHS tribesmen of the Hackensack who were resident on Bergen neck. That promontory, bearing a singular topographical resemblance to Manhattan, evidently had superior attractions as a place from which the pursuit of oystering and fishing could be carried on. A considerable settlement existed at Constable point (71), and there was a fishing station on the opposite side of the point, near the Central Railroad tracks on the shore of Newark bay. Constable point was practically an island separated from Bayonne by a wide tract of marsh with watercourses extending from Centerville to the Kill van Kull. At Gamoenepa (118), the modernized form of which name is Communipaw, a Hackensack station was continued up to Colonial times, situated upon the point of dry land which there extended into the waters of the Upper bay, directly opposite the extremity of Manhattan Island. Another station, whose existence is marked in our city's history by the black record of the indiscriminate slaughter of its occupants in 1643, was Aressick, or

INDIAN NOTES

Constable point was practically an island separated from Bayonne by a wide tract of marsh with watercourses extending from Centerville to the Kill van Kull. At Gamoenepa (118), the modernized form of which name is Communipaw, a Hackensack station was continued up to Colonial times, situated upon the point of dry land which there extended into the waters of the Upper bay, directly opposite the extremity of Manhattan Island. Another station, whose existence is marked in our city's history by the black record of the indiscriminate slaughter of its occupants in 1643, was Aressick, or

INDIAN NOTES

NEW JERSEY

202 INDIAN PATHS ton road, at the entrance of the pass through the Watchung mountains. From Pompton an old roadway, possibly the successor of a trail, followed the course of the Ramapo river along the base of the southern Ramapo mountains, by which route the traveler would have reached Suffern most conveniently.There two known Indian trails diverged, one leading into the narrow valley of the Ramapo river through the heart of the mountains to the Highlands, and the other turning eastwardly along Mahwah creek directly to Haverstraw. Through these mountain trails there doubtless flowed a great part of the traffic that brought the pelts and game of the wild forests Manhattan, and carried to back again over their steep and tortuous courses the coveted beads of wampum for which they had been exchanged. •

The Minisink path was an important native highway which connected the bay of New York and the sea coast with the mountain regions of upper New Jersey in which the Lenni Lenape made their home. This great pathway was so well known a

Through these mountain trails there doubtless flowed a great part of the traffic that brought the pelts and game of the wild forests Manhattan, and carried to back again over their steep and tortuous courses the coveted beads of wampum for which they had been exchanged. •

The Minisink path was an important native highway which connected the bay of New York and the sea coast with the mountain regions of upper New Jersey in which the Lenni Lenape made their home. This great pathway was so well known a

INDIAN NOTES

BOLTON-INDIAN PATHS IN THE GREAT METROPOLIS

--~ ~ h'l-TiiMi i---r-- *--r---T-

Original map of a portion of eastern Ne\ tiguous to Staten Island, showing a part of th 1750 as an exhibit in the Elizabeth boundary dj

MAP XI

embracing the native sales of territory conof the Minisink path. Drawn probably about Courtesy of the New York Historical Society.)

NEW JERSEY

204 INDIAN PATHS acquainted with the historical side of the subject, as it records not only the boundaries but the dates and even some of the native names of the tracts purchased from the natives dwelling in the territory between Raritan and Passaic rivers, and from Staten Island to the Cushetonk hiF.s. Oneof the most important boundary lines was the Minisink path, which traverses the region between the two rivers above mentioned, and was used as the western boundary of the earliest native conveyance, comprising that tract contiguous to Staten Island from Amboy to Elizabeth, which it states was "claimed by the Indians of Staten Island" and was sold by them in 1664. The point of its crossing of Raritan river was about two miles west of Perth Amboy, where a fordable depth was doubtless found at a place which is marked on the old survey as Kents neck, the native name of which was Matockshegan, indicating by its use of the words matta, "bad," tuck, "a creek," and perhaps oushachen, "slippery," the awkward and difficult

Oneof the most important boundary lines was the Minisink path, which traverses the region between the two rivers above mentioned, and was used as the western boundary of the earliest native conveyance, comprising that tract contiguous to Staten Island from Amboy to Elizabeth, which it states was "claimed by the Indians of Staten Island" and was sold by them in 1664. The point of its crossing of Raritan river was about two miles west of Perth Amboy, where a fordable depth was doubtless found at a place which is marked on the old survey as Kents neck, the native name of which was Matockshegan, indicating by its use of the words matta, "bad," tuck, "a creek," and perhaps oushachen, "slippery," the awkward and difficult

INDIAN NOTES

NEW JERSEY

NOTES 1. Valentine's Manual for 1865, pp. 572 and 652. 2. On the other hand, Mr M. R. Harrington, in a personal communication to the author, says of the name Werpoes or Worpus: "There seems to be nothing in recorded Delaware to help us here, but the Natick word waapu, 'raised up,' with the diminutive -5 added, would seem to indicate 'a slight elevation.' This would accord with the Kolch hill, the most conspicuous elevation of the neighborhood." 3. Doc. Hist.. State of N. Y., vol. ii, p. 1039. 4. Information by Mr M. R. Harrington, who says: "Taking into account the interchangeability of the letters / and r, the Delaware roots of these names, both of which are used, might belexau-taney-k, 'at the sandy town,' or lexau-tuk, 'sandy river.' 5. Minetta or Manetta. This brook was not sufficiently distinctive to deserve a title derived from the Manitto, the Great Spirit, nor could it have had any connection with meruit ey, an island. It is most probable that it is a corruption of the prosaic menantachk indicating the "wooded swamp" through which the upper part of the brook meandered. -- M.

Harrington, who says: "Taking into account the interchangeability of the letters / and r, the Delaware roots of these names, both of which are used, might belexau-taney-k, 'at the sandy town,' or lexau-tuk, 'sandy river.' 5. Minetta or Manetta. This brook was not sufficiently distinctive to deserve a title derived from the Manitto, the Great Spirit, nor could it have had any connection with meruit ey, an island. It is most probable that it is a corruption of the prosaic menantachk indicating the "wooded swamp" through which the upper part of the brook meandered. -- M. R. Harrington.

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208 INDIAN PATHS 6. Aspetong; Ashpetong. An elevation, scarcely sufficiently conspicuous to deserve the name of a hill, seems to be indicated by the Delaware aspi, "lifted up," and the locative-owg, "an elevated place, or as we should say, 'rising ground." Information by M. R Harrington. 7. Valentine's Manual for 1865, pp. 608 and 638. 8. Shepmoes. Though we might derive this from the Delaware word sipo, a river, plus the suffix -es, meaning little, there is a closer resemblance to the recorded Natick sepomoese, and it would seem more probable that it is a title descriptive of a local feature, "the little brook."--M. R. Harrington. 9. Valentine's Manual for 1864, p. 847. 10. Rechawanes, Rechewanis. Far from indicating a great space of sand, as has been suggested by Riker and others, the precise derivation appears to be the Delaware lexau-hannes-s or "sand-streamlittle," descriptive of the small creek that flowed between its sandy banks. Rechewas point thus appears as hxau-es or "little sand point."-- M. R. Harrington. 11. Conykeekst. The Delaware kwene-akies-k indicates the character of the tract as a long-place-little-at, or long narrow tract, perhaps wooded, bounded west by the marsh lands and east by the surging -- waters of the East river.

Far from indicating a great space of sand, as has been suggested by Riker and others, the precise derivation appears to be the Delaware lexau-hannes-s or "sand-streamlittle," descriptive of the small creek that flowed between its sandy banks. Rechewas point thus appears as hxau-es or "little sand point."-- M. R. Harrington. 11. Conykeekst. The Delaware kwene-akies-k indicates the character of the tract as a long-place-little-at, or long narrow tract, perhaps wooded, bounded west by the marsh lands and east by the surging -- waters of the East river. M. R. Harrington. 12. Riker, James, History of Harlem, p. 282.

INDIAN NOTES

NOTES 209

13. Skinner, Alanson, Archeological Investigations on Manhattan Island, Indian Notes and Monographs, vol. ii, no. 6, 1920. 14. Mosholu. A simple explanation of the name is offered by the Delaware Mosxo- X&eu, meaning clear (not turbid), which may well have been the character of the bright waters of the brook, bounding over the cascade in front of the villagesite. -- M. R. Harrington. 15. Nipxichsen. A more satisfactory definition of the name applied to this hilltop station than has been heretofore suggested, is found in the Delaware mbinishkeu, or as it appears in its Natick form, nip-nishkeneunque, signifying muddy or dirty water. This could be • very reasonably applied to the rain-water pond which in certain seasons filled the hollow space back of the site of the old -- Tippett dwelling. M. R. Harrington. 16. Bolton, R. P., A Pioneer Settler's Home, Quarterly Bulletin, N. Y. Historical Society, vol. v, no. 1, New York, 1921.

A more satisfactory definition of the name applied to this hilltop station than has been heretofore suggested, is found in the Delaware mbinishkeu, or as it appears in its Natick form, nip-nishkeneunque, signifying muddy or dirty water. This could be • very reasonably applied to the rain-water pond which in certain seasons filled the hollow space back of the site of the old -- Tippett dwelling. M. R. Harrington. 16. Bolton, R. P., A Pioneer Settler's Home, Quarterly Bulletin, N. Y. Historical Society, vol. v, no. 1, New York, 1921.

17. Raxachqua. The Ranach qua tract, which formed the apex of the great peninsula covered by Westchester county, was significantly described by its native name, evidently derived from the Delaware wunaXkwaloye, "the extreme end." M. R. Harrington. 18. Jenkins, Stephen, Story of the Bronx, p. 214.

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210 INDIAN PATHS 19. Skinner, Exploration of Aboriginal Sites at Throgs Neck and Clasons Point, New York City, Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. v. no. 4, pt. 1, New York, 1919. 20. Bolton, Robert, History of Weschester County, 3d ed., ii, p. 578. 21. Skinner, op. cit., vol. v, no. 4, pt. 2, New York, 1919. 22. Bolton, Robert, History of Weschester County, 3d ed., vol. i, p. 686. 23. Furman, Gabriel, Antiquities of Long Island. 24. RlNNEGACONCK, RlNNEGOCONCK. The Delaware lenniga-xunk, or Bark-house hill, is a satisfactory and distinctive description,according with the native settlement on the hill, the traces of which -- were above described. M. R. Harrington. 25. The patent of 1646 to Van Tienhoven describes Breukelen as "formerly called Marechkawick." The village plantinggrounds were in the vicinity, as described in the grant of land to Frederick Lubbersen in 1640. 26. Flint, M. B., Early Life on Long Island. 27. Stiles, H. R., History of Brooklyn, vol. i,

The Delaware lenniga-xunk, or Bark-house hill, is a satisfactory and distinctive description,according with the native settlement on the hill, the traces of which -- were above described. M. R. Harrington. 25. The patent of 1646 to Van Tienhoven describes Breukelen as "formerly called Marechkawick." The village plantinggrounds were in the vicinity, as described in the grant of land to Frederick Lubbersen in 1640. 26. Flint, M. B., Early Life on Long Island. 27. Stiles, H. R., History of Brooklyn, vol. i,

p. 52. 28. Stiles, ibid., vol. i, p. 49. 29. New York Colonial Documents, xiv, 39 30. Van Wvck, Frederick, Historical Guide of the City History Club, 1913. 31. Munsell, J., History of Kings County. 32. Tooker, W. W., Indian Place Names on Long Island.

INDIAN NOTES

NOTES 33' Skinner,A nthropological Papers of the A merican Museum of Natural History, 1909. 34. Heye, G. G., and Pepper, G. H., Exploration of a Munsee Cemetery near Montague, New Jersey, Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. ii, no. 1, New York. 1915.

AND MONOGRAPHS

BIBLIOGRAPHY Armbruster, Eugene L., History of Long Island, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Brooklyn, 1914 (The Eagle Library, No. 182.) •, The Ferry Road on Long Island, New York, 1919. Beauchamp, Wm. M., Aboriginal Occupation of New York, Bulletin 32, N. Y. State Museum, Albany, 1900. -, Indian Names of New York, Fayetteville, N. Y., 1893 Bolton, R. P.-, The Indians of Washington Heights, Anthropological Papers, American Museum of Natural History, vol. in, New York, 1909. , New York City in Indian Possession, Indian Notes and Monographs, Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. n, no. 7, New York, 1920. Bolton, Rev. Robert, The History of the County of Westchester, 1st ed,. New York, 1848, and 3d ed., New York, 1905. Boyd, S.

State Museum, Albany, 1900. -, Indian Names of New York, Fayetteville, N. Y., 1893 Bolton, R. P.-, The Indians of Washington Heights, Anthropological Papers, American Museum of Natural History, vol. in, New York, 1909. , New York City in Indian Possession, Indian Notes and Monographs, Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. n, no. 7, New York, 1920. Bolton, Rev. Robert, The History of the County of Westchester, 1st ed,. New York, 1848, and 3d ed., New York, 1905. Boyd, S. G., Indian Local Names with their Interpretations, York, Pa., 1885. City History Club, Historical Guide to the City of New York, 1913. Cook, Harry T., The Borough of the Bronx, 1639-1913, New York, 1913. Denton, Daniel, Description of New York, 1670, New York, 1845 (reprint). Flint, Martha B., Early Life on Long Island, New York, 1896. Ftjrman, Gabriel, Antiquities of Long Island. New York, 1875.

INDIAN NOTES

BIBLIOGRAPHY 213

Hall, Edward Hagaman, A Brief History of City Hall Park, American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, 15th Annual Report, p. 383, Albany, 1910. Handbook of American Indians, edited by Frederick W. Hodge, Bulletin 30, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1907-1910. Hanna, Charles A., The Wilderness Trail, New York, 1911. (Two vols., with 80 maps.) Heye, G. G., and Pepper, G. H., Exploration of a Munsee Cemetery near Montague, New Terse} Contributions from the Museum of the 7',

American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. ii, no. 1, New York, 1915. Higgins, Charles M., Brooklyn and Gowanus in History, Kings County Historical Society Magazine, August, 1916. (The) Indians of Greater New York, Anthropological Papers, American Museum of Natural History, vol. in, New York, 1909. Innes, J. H., Ancient Newtown, The Newtown Register, Elmhurst, L. I., 1898-1899. , New Amsterdam and its People, New York, 1902. Jameson, J. F., Narratives of New Netherland, New York, 1909.

American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. ii, no. 1, New York, 1915. Higgins, Charles M., Brooklyn and Gowanus in History, Kings County Historical Society Magazine, August, 1916. (The) Indians of Greater New York, Anthropological Papers, American Museum of Natural History, vol. in, New York, 1909. Innes, J. H., Ancient Newtown, The Newtown Register, Elmhurst, L. I., 1898-1899. , New Amsterdam and its People, New York, 1902. Jameson, J. F., Narratives of New Netherland, New York, 1909. Janviee, Thos. A., In Old New York, New York, 1900. Jenkins, Stephen, The Old Boston Post Road, New York, 1914. The Greatest Street in the World, New York, 1911. -, The Story of the Bronx, New York, 1912.

AND MONOGRAPHS

214 INDIAN PATHS Munsell, J., History of Queens County, New York, 1882. Nelson, Wm., The Indians of New Jersey, Paterson, N. J., 1894. New York. Colonial Documents of the State of New York, vol. xrv, Albany, 1883. New York City, Department of Finance, Colonial Highways of Greater New York, New York, 1907-1908. Onderdonk, Henry, Queens County in Olden -- Times, Jamaica, 1865. ,Revolutionary Incidents of Queens County, New York, 1846. Prime, Nathaniel S., History of Long Island, New York, 1845. Riker, James, Annals of Newtown, New York, 1852. Harlem, , its Origin and Annals, New York, 1881. Ruttenber, E. M., History of the Indian Tribes of the Hudson River, Albany, 1872. Indian Geographical Names, Proceedings ,

of New York State Historical Association, 1906. Schrabisch, Max, Indian Rock-shelters in Northern New Jersey and Southern New York, Anthropological Papers, American Museum of Natural History, vol. in, New York, 1909. Indian Habitations in Sussex County, New Jersey, Geological Survey of New Jersey, Bulletin 13, Union Hill, N. J., 1915. Skinner, Alanson, Exploration of Aboriginal Sites at Throgs Neck and Clasons Point, New York City, Contributions from the Museum of

Indian Geographical Names, Proceedings ,

of New York State Historical Association, 1906. Schrabisch, Max, Indian Rock-shelters in Northern New Jersey and Southern New York, Anthropological Papers, American Museum of Natural History, vol. in, New York, 1909. Indian Habitations in Sussex County, New Jersey, Geological Survey of New Jersey, Bulletin 13, Union Hill, N. J., 1915. Skinner, Alanson, Exploration of Aboriginal Sites at Throgs Neck and Clasons Point, New York City, Contributions from the Museum of

INDIAN NOTES

BIBLIOGRAPHY 215

the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. v, no. 4, New York, 1919. Skinner, Alanson, Archeological investigations on Manhattan Island, New York City, Indian Notes and Monographs, Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. n, no. 6, New York, 1920. Sluyter and Dankers, Journal, 1679. In Transactions ofthe Long Island Historical Society, vol. i, Brooklyn, 1867. Strong, Thos. M., History of Flatbush, New York, 1842. Thompson, B. F., History of Long Island, 2d ed., New York, 1843. Tooker, William Wallace, The Indian Place Names on Long Island, etc.. New York, 1911. Amerindian Names in Westchester County. In Shonnard, History of Westchester County, New York, 1900. Trumbull, James H., Indian Names in Connecticut, Hartford, 1881. Ulmann, Albert, A Landmark History of New York, New York, 1901. Valentine, David T., History of the City of New York, New York, 1853. Van der Donck, Beschryving van Nieuw Nederland, Coll. N. Y. Hist. Soc, 2d series, vol. i, 1841. Waller, H. D., History of the Town of Flushing, Flushing, 1899. Whitehead, William A., East Jersey under the Proprietary Governments, Newark, 1875. Wilson, R. R., Historical Long Island, New York, 1902.

Trumbull, James H., Indian Names in Connecticut, Hartford, 1881. Ulmann, Albert, A Landmark History of New York, New York, 1901. Valentine, David T., History of the City of New York, New York, 1853. Van der Donck, Beschryving van Nieuw Nederland, Coll. N. Y. Hist. Soc, 2d series, vol. i, 1841. Waller, H. D., History of the Town of Flushing, Flushing, 1899. Whitehead, William A., East Jersey under the Proprietary Governments, Newark, 1875. Wilson, R. R., Historical Long Island, New York, 1902.

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216 INDIAN PATHS Winfield, C. H., History of the Land Titles of Hudson County, New York, New York, 1872. , History of Hudson County, New York,

New York, 1874. Wood, Silas, Sketch of the First Settlement of Long Island, Brooklyn, 1865.

INDIAN NOTES

MAPS CONSULTED Atlas of 23d ward, City of New York. Atlas of 24th ward, City of New York. 2d edition. Survey by Robinson and Pidgeon, published by E. Robinson, N. Y;, 1887. Bergen Point, N. J. An original map of the point up to "Weehawk," made by an unknown person in 1767, having upon it a note of distances made by Robert Erskine in 1779. Shows old dwellings, farms, and roadways. In possession of the New York Historical Society. Brooklyn, Borough of. Rand & McNally, Chicago, 1903. Brooklyn, The City of. Old prints, in annual publication, 1856 to 1864. In possession of the American Geographical Society. Brooklyn, The City of. Watson, 1879. Brooklyn, The City of. M. D'ripps, 1853, 1871. Brooklyn, The City of. Alexander Martin, 1839. Elizabeth, N. J. An original map, apparently drawn about 1750, in possession of the New York Historical Society, showing the original purchases of lands from the Indian proprietors, and land in controversy at that time. (See our Map XI.) Also another survey of the same district, without the purchased lands.

In possession of the American Geographical Society. Brooklyn, The City of. Watson, 1879. Brooklyn, The City of. M. D'ripps, 1853, 1871. Brooklyn, The City of. Alexander Martin, 1839. Elizabeth, N. J. An original map, apparently drawn about 1750, in possession of the New York Historical Society, showing the original purchases of lands from the Indian proprietors, and land in controversy at that time. (See our Map XI.) Also another survey of the same district, without the purchased lands. Geological Survey. United States. Maps

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218 INDIAN PATHS covering the area of the greater city and of eastern New Jersey. Hudson River. Vingboom, 1639. In the Library of Congress. Hudson River, The, between New York and Albany. Goodrich, 1824. Hudson River, Topographical map of the. Lloyd, 1864. Hudson River Valley, The. Atlas. Watson, 1891. Indian Trails. Map in Charles A. Hanna's The Wilderness Trail, New York, 1911. Manhattan and Brooklyn, The Ratzer survey of. 1766. Valentine's Manual for 1854. Manhattan farm properties. Valentine's Manual for 1852. Manhattan Island, Map of the Commissioners of. 1807. Valentine's Manual for 1853, p. 260. Manhattan Island, 1664. The Nicolls map. Monmouth, N. J., An orig nal survey of part of Monmouth county, 18th century, showing old roadways. In possession of the New York Historical Society. Mount Vernon, N. Y., and environs. Survey by William Bracher. Goldthwaite, 1890. New Jersey, by Robert Hornor. New Jersey, The Province of, by William Faden. London, 1778. New Jersey, East. An original map "''by a Society of Gentlemen in America," covering the counties of Hunterdon, Sussex, Bergen, Essex, and part of Morris, etc., from actual survey. In possession of the New York Historical Society.

J., An orig nal survey of part of Monmouth county, 18th century, showing old roadways. In possession of the New York Historical Society. Mount Vernon, N. Y., and environs. Survey by William Bracher. Goldthwaite, 1890. New Jersey, by Robert Hornor. New Jersey, The Province of, by William Faden. London, 1778. New Jersey, East. An original map "''by a Society of Gentlemen in America," covering the counties of Hunterdon, Sussex, Bergen, Essex, and part of Morris, etc., from actual survey. In possession of the New York Historical Society.

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MAPS CONSULTED 219

New Jersey, East. In Tilden's Map of New York, 1863. New Jersey, State of, by J. Low. New York, 1796. New York and its Vicinity. Surveys by H. F. Walling. Published by S. D. Tilden, N. Y., 1863. New York City. Maps published in the Manual of the Common Council of the City of New York, by D. T. Valentine. Indexed in the volume for 1857, p. 565. New York City in 1742-1744, by D. G., drawn in 1813. Valentine's Manual for 1852. New York, Southern, including Long Island. William Damerum, 1815. Westchester county. Beer, 1872. Westchester county, Atlas of, by Jos. R. Bien. Published by Julius Bien, New York, 1893. Westchester county. Walling, 1863.

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INDEX OF STATIONS ON THE MAPS Note: The numbers applied to the stations are those adopted in "New York City in Indian Possession" up to No. 27 and from I os. 50-58, 65-83, 86-97, s * new numbers being applied to stations not described in that work from 98 onward. See Indian Notes and Mono graphs, vol. n, no. 7, 1920. 1. Kapsee (Map VIII, A). The extremity of the island of Manhattan; probably applied also to the rocks in the tideway. ("The Indian name for the extreme point of the upland was Kap-se" -- Benson.) (See Valentine's Manual, 1852, p. 462.) The Dutch name for the point extending south of Pearl street was Schreyers Hoek. 2.

INDEX OF STATIONS ON THE MAPS Note: The numbers applied to the stations are those adopted in "New York City in Indian Possession" up to No. 27 and from I os. 50-58, 65-83, 86-97, s * new numbers being applied to stations not described in that work from 98 onward. See Indian Notes and Mono graphs, vol. n, no. 7, 1920. 1. Kapsee (Map VIII, A). The extremity of the island of Manhattan; probably applied also to the rocks in the tideway. ("The Indian name for the extreme point of the upland was Kap-se" -- Benson.) (See Valentine's Manual, 1852, p. 462.) The Dutch name for the point extending south of Pearl street was Schreyers Hoek. 2. Werpoes (Maps II; III; VIII, A). A native village-site at the Kalch Hoek, a hill which overlooked the Kolch or Collect ponds. The village was probably situated on the line of Elm street, between Duane and Worth being cut by the line streets, the center of Pearl street, which, when graded, disclosed masses of shells. See 15th Annual Report American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society. 3. RECHTAUCKorRECHTANCK (Maps II; VIII, A). A village-site on Corlears hook, on Manhattan island. Natives who had

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INDEX TO STATIONS 221

taken refuge there were massacred by Dutch soldiery at the order of Governor William Kieft, 1643. The most natural position for such a station was near a fresh-water pond and brook at the present Jefferson, Henry, Clinton, and Madison streets, facing south on an open beach on East river. 4. Sapohanikan (Maps II; VIII, A). A station, but probably no more than a landing and trading place, utilized as the nearest convenient point of access to Hoboken, when peltries and goods were brought by the Hackensack for barter. It was situated on the shore of the slight indentation of the river-front between Bethune and Horatio streets, in what is now "Greenwich Village." 5.

The most natural position for such a station was near a fresh-water pond and brook at the present Jefferson, Henry, Clinton, and Madison streets, facing south on an open beach on East river. 4. Sapohanikan (Maps II; VIII, A). A station, but probably no more than a landing and trading place, utilized as the nearest convenient point of access to Hoboken, when peltries and goods were brought by the Hackensack for barter. It was situated on the shore of the slight indentation of the river-front between Bethune and Horatio streets, in what is now "Greenwich Village." 5. Rechewanis (Map IV). Rechewas point, Montagnes point, "Little Sand Stream." The tract of marsh and upland extending south of Harlem kill to 91st street as far west as Fifth avenue, to Hellgate bay, on East river. This was the home district of Rechewac, chief of the Reckgawawanc, and was occupied by him and his people until 1669. It probably included a native village known as Konaande Kongh. 6. Ranachqua (Map VII, C). The tract purchased of the sachem Rechewac and others by Jonas Bronck in 1639, and by him renamed "Emmaus." The name probably applied also to a native station of which traces have been found around

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222 INDIAN PATHS the site of the one-time Gouverneur Morris mansion at Cypress avenue and 131st street. Quinnahung (Maps VII, C, D). The Great Planting Neck, the modern Hunts point. Several sites around this favored locality are marked by native debris: (1) Around the site of the one-time house of the Richardson family, particularlyabout the spring nearby, near the old Hunt burial-ground. (2) On the Dickey estate on the Hunts Point road at Randall avenue. (3) On a mound surrounded by marsh-lands on the line of Eastern boulevard,' if extended. (4) At the extremity of the point, in front of the site of the one-time Hunt mansion.

Several sites around this favored locality are marked by native debris: (1) Around the site of the one-time house of the Richardson family, particularlyabout the spring nearby, near the old Hunt burial-ground. (2) On the Dickey estate on the Hunts Point road at Randall avenue. (3) On a mound surrounded by marsh-lands on the line of Eastern boulevard,' if extended. (4) At the extremity of the point, in front of the site of the one-time Hunt mansion. Snakapins (Map VII, D). A native village, the name of which was recorded, of extensive character, situated on a tract of sloping ground on the west side of the present Soundview avenue, where it is intersected b}^ Leland avenue. The site was covered by about sixty lodges. In the vicinity, south of the village, there was probably an extensive plantingground. Fishing stations were situated along the shore, and at Clasons point. t

The site was explored by Alanson Skinner for the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, in 1918. See Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. v, no. 4, part n, New York, 1919. Castle point or Castle hill (Map VII,

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INDEX TO STATIONS 223

D). An important native station, the name of which has not been recorded, consisting of a palisaded enclosure, or fort, on the high mound on the west bank of Westchester creek, which was the site of the Screven residence. A village probably extended on the south side of the hill, the site being marked by debris. On the extreme point is a large shellneap containing the discarded shells used in making wampum beads. The place was seen by Adrian Block on his voyage through the Sound in 1614. The hill, being about 60 feet in height, is quite conspicuous from the water. 10.

An important native station, the name of which has not been recorded, consisting of a palisaded enclosure, or fort, on the high mound on the west bank of Westchester creek, which was the site of the Screven residence. A village probably extended on the south side of the hill, the site being marked by debris. On the extreme point is a large shellneap containing the discarded shells used in making wampum beads. The place was seen by Adrian Block on his voyage through the Sound in 1614. The hill, being about 60 feet in height, is quite conspicuous from the water. 10. Burial point (Map VII, D). On Zeregas neck, or Old Ferry point. This place is said to have been the site of a buryingground to which the natives brought their dead from the interior country. There are deposits of shells and scattered native objects along the shores of the point, indicating native occupancy. The probable site of the burial place is a mound facing Morris cove on the border of the marsh at the foot of the Ferris estate. The place is in full sight of Castle hill (9). 11. Locust point (Map VII, D). Wrights island or neck on Throgs neck. Along the shore-line native objects indicate its former occupancy, probably as summer fishing places. Locust point, distinguished by a cluster of locust trees, is now under water at high-tide.

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224 . INDIAN PATHS 12. Weir creek (Map VII, D). On Throgs neck. An important native station situated on the shore at the mouth of the creek, on the Brown estate, near a small spring of fresh water. Its name is not recorded, but the site was in use by the Siwanoy after their contact with white men. It has been carefully explored by the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. 13.

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224 . INDIAN PATHS 12. Weir creek (Map VII, D). On Throgs neck. An important native station situated on the shore at the mouth of the creek, on the Brown estate, near a small spring of fresh water. Its name is not recorded, but the site was in use by the Siwanoy after their contact with white men. It has been carefully explored by the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. 13. Bear swamp (Map VII, C). The site of a native village at Downings brook, on the present Bear Swamp road. This village, the name of which is not recorded, was probably a principal station of the Siwanoy of the Bronx district, as they continued to occupy it until 1782. 14. Jeffreys hook (Map I). Manhattan Island, on the east bank of the Hudson, the modern Fort Washington point. A fishing station, evidenced by deposits of shells and charcoal, and by arrows found among the rocks on the beaches. Several rock-shelters and camp-sites also have been traced along the riverside as far south as 158th street. 15. Muscoota (Map V). The modern Dyckman tract, comprising all the lowlands draining into Sherman basin, and the marsh meadows along the shore of Harlem river, which was referred to as "the Kil Muscoota." These lands extended as far north as Marble hill. The name indicates a meadow or place

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INDEX TO STATIONS 225

where rushes grow. Around the tract evidences of native occupancy were found, at 196th to 201st streets, 208th and 209th streets, 213th street, and at 219th street. In the interior of the area a ceremonial site at 212 th street and sundry places marked by food-pits have been discovered. 16. Shorakapkok (Maps I, V). A name, fortunately preserved, applied to the locality under Inwood hill and to the western part of Spuyten Duyvil creek, on the bank of which, in the glen now called Cold Spring hollow, large deposits of debris, food-pits, and rock-shelters attest the long-continued native residence.

Around the tract evidences of native occupancy were found, at 196th to 201st streets, 208th and 209th streets, 213th street, and at 219th street. In the interior of the area a ceremonial site at 212 th street and sundry places marked by food-pits have been discovered. 16. Shorakapkok (Maps I, V). A name, fortunately preserved, applied to the locality under Inwood hill and to the western part of Spuyten Duyvil creek, on the bank of which, in the glen now called Cold Spring hollow, large deposits of debris, food-pits, and rock-shelters attest the long-continued native residence. The well-known Indian cave is one of the features of Shorakapkok. (See pi. n.) 17. Nipnichsen (Map I). Berrians neck, Spuyten Duyvil hill. The site of a palisaded station, the precise position of which is not known. The name denotes a muddy pond. Native debris was found on the summit overlooking the Hudson, but a more probable site has been recently discovered- near a small pond on the line of 231st street. 18. Paparinemin or Papirinemin (Maps V; VI; VII, C). Applied both to the island which became the site of the village of Kingsbridge, and to that part of Spuyten Duyvil creek contiguous thereto. A favorite resort of the Reckgawawanc, one of whose stations was on the line of 231st street overlooking the crossing of

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226 INDIAN PATHS the main path to the north and east countries. 19. Mosholu or Keskeskick (Maps VII, A, C). An important village-site on the west bank of Mosholu brook, near the Van Cortlandt mansion in Van Cortlandt park. The title Keskeskick applied to the range of hills forming part of Kingsbridge, Fordham, and University Heights, probably as far south as Washington bridge. The village-site was close to the Van Cortlandt mansion. It was destroyed by grading the playing field.

226 INDIAN PATHS the main path to the north and east countries. 19. Mosholu or Keskeskick (Maps VII, A, C). An important village-site on the west bank of Mosholu brook, near the Van Cortlandt mansion in Van Cortlandt park. The title Keskeskick applied to the range of hills forming part of Kingsbridge, Fordham, and University Heights, probably as far south as Washington bridge. The village-site was close to the Van Cortlandt mansion. It was destroyed by grading the playing field. See Skinner, Archeological Investigationson Manhattan Island, Indian Notes and Monographs, vol. n, no. 6, 1920 20. Nappeckamak (Map VII, A). The modern Yonkers. A principal station of the Reckgawawanc chieftaincy which was probably situated near the outlet of the Neperah river, not far from Getty square, being thus close to the line of the Hudson River trail. 21. Eastchester (Map VII, A). A native station at the junct.'on of the shore path and the path leading from the site of the town of Westchester. Said to have been a "castle." It probably occupied the high ground on the south side of the old Kingsbridge road, west of the New York, Westchester and Boston Railway tracks, where some traces of native occupancy are visible.

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22. The site of Ann Hutchinson's house, on the east side of Eastchester creek, near the Split Rock (Map VII, B). It was alongside the Indian path which is the present Split Rock road. Here Ann Hutchinson and her family were massacred in 1643. 23. Anns hook, possibly Asumsowis, the modern Pells point (Map VII, B), Pelham neck, or Rodmans neck. The site of a considerable station, explored by M. R. Harrington on the northeastern side of the neck, and evidenced by large masses of shells and charcoal, and several human burials.

The site of Ann Hutchinson's house, on the east side of Eastchester creek, near the Split Rock (Map VII, B). It was alongside the Indian path which is the present Split Rock road. Here Ann Hutchinson and her family were massacred in 1643. 23. Anns hook, possibly Asumsowis, the modern Pells point (Map VII, B), Pelham neck, or Rodmans neck. The site of a considerable station, explored by M. R. Harrington on the northeastern side of the neck, and evidenced by large masses of shells and charcoal, and several human burials. This may have been the place in Pelham known to the natives as Asumsowis, which Tooker (Amerindian Names in Westchester County) considers to have been a personal name. 24. Maninketsuck (Map VII, B). Roosevelts brook, close to the northern boundary of the City of New York. A site favorably situated along the north side of the brook, evidenced by quantities of shells and debris. Explored by Morgan H. Secor. 25. Mishow (Map VII, B). The present Hunter island, probably including the contiguousTwin islands, now part of Pelham Bay Park. At several favorable places there are traces of native occupancy and many arrowheads have been found on the sandy beaches. The place is supposed to have been a resort for

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228 INDIAN PATHS ceremonies with which the great rock of Mishow was connected. 26. Shippa (Map VII, B). Now Davenports neck. A large station of the Siwanoy. 27. Echo bay (Map VII, B). New Rochelle. At Echo bay and in Hudson Park remains indicate Indian occupancy. 50. Shanscomacocke (Map VIII, D). A large Indian village and burying-ground on the shore of the Strome kill, Gerritsen basin, or Ryders Pond, Flatlands. Explored by D. B. Austin. Many objects plowed up in the course of cultivation in the vicinity are in possession of Mr.

Shippa (Map VII, B). Now Davenports neck. A large station of the Siwanoy. 27. Echo bay (Map VII, B). New Rochelle. At Echo bay and in Hudson Park remains indicate Indian occupancy. 50. Shanscomacocke (Map VIII, D). A large Indian village and burying-ground on the shore of the Strome kill, Gerritsen basin, or Ryders Pond, Flatlands. Explored by D. B. Austin. Many objects plowed up in the course of cultivation in the vicinity are in possession of Mr. Ryder, resident nearby. 51. Canarsee (Map VIII, D). The principal station of the chieftaincy known by that name. This is supposed to have been situated at or near the present locality known as Canarsie; but there being no natural water supply, it is evident that the name was that of a locality, probably including the whole neck, on which were extensive plantinggrounds. The station, as indicated by native objects discovered, was in the vicinity of Canarsie Beach Park, east of the line of Avenue M. The tract to the north and west is marked on old city maps as the "Canarsee planting land." The real headquarters of the tribe appears to have been Keskaechquerem (104). 52. Winippague (Map VIII, D). The modern Bergen beach. Some native objects,

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INDEX TO STATIONS 229

which include grooved axes, indicate native occupancy of this favorable place. Its aboriginal name denotes "a fine water-place" (Tooker, Indian Place Names). Armbruster says there are immense shell-beds on this island. D. B. Austin states that these beds cover the area of the center of the island, and that they were probably debris from the manufacture of wampum. 53. Flushing (Map I) Site of a large village .

Some native objects,

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INDEX TO STATIONS 229

which include grooved axes, indicate native occupancy of this favorable place. Its aboriginal name denotes "a fine water-place" (Tooker, Indian Place Names). Armbruster says there are immense shell-beds on this island. D. B. Austin states that these beds cover the area of the center of the island, and that they were probably debris from the manufacture of wampum. 53. Flushing (Map I) Site of a large village .

of the Matinecock chieftaincy. Armbruster (Hist. L. I., its Early Days, etc., 1914) says eleven native burials were disturbed within the area of the Linnasan gardens in 1841, and in 1880 a burying ground, on which were stone artifacts, was disturbed on the Thomas P. Duryea farm, a mile from Flushing. 54. Hog island (Map I), situated in Brosewere bay, south of Hewlett. A station of the Rockaway chieftaincy, probably an appendage of the large village at Hewlett (55). 55. Hewlett (Map I). About two miles beyond the boundary of Queens county, south of Valley Stream, was a native station of considerable extent. At this site many objects were discovered by George H. Pepper in an exploration conducted for the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. 58. Cow bay (Map I). Site of a Matinecock village. This was explored in 1900 by M. R. Harrington, who found great

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230 INDIAN PATHS quantities of material in shell-pits, also many burials. The greater part of these objects is in the American Museum of Natural History, and one fine pointedbottom jar is in the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. 65. Mespaetches (Map VIII, B). The modern Maspeth. The name is applied to Newtown creek and the contiguous swampy area, and probably to the place of residence of some natives known as the Maspeth tribe.

230 INDIAN PATHS quantities of material in shell-pits, also many burials. The greater part of these objects is in the American Museum of Natural History, and one fine pointedbottom jar is in the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. 65. Mespaetches (Map VIII, B). The modern Maspeth. The name is applied to Newtown creek and the contiguous swampy area, and probably to the place of residence of some natives known as the Maspeth tribe. The name denotes "at the bad water place" (Tooker, Indian Place Names). 66. Rinnegaconck (Maps II; VIII, A). A native evidenced by debris, firesite, pits, and weapons, which existed on a hillock at Bridge street. This site is described and located by Gabriel Furman (Antiquities of Long Island, 1875). The name was applied to the vicinity of Wallabout bay, and probably included this occupied station. 67. Werpos, Worpus (Map VIII, A). A village in the 10th ward of old Brooklyn, bearing the same name as the Manhattan village (2). It was situated near Hoyt and Baltic streets, on the old farm of Fredrick Lubbersen, and was then a close neighbor of Marechkawick (117). 68. Nayack (Map VIII, C). The name denoting a point of land, probably applied to the whole neck which now includes Bay Ridge and Fort Hamilton. The position of the native village to which

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INDEX TO STATIONS 231

the of lower Manhattan inhabitants retired not known. It would have is been favorably situated at the southeast end of the United States reservation near the water supply in Dyker Heights Park. 69. Xarrioch (Map VIII, D). That part of Gravesend neck lying to the east of the town between Squam creek and Shellbank creek. It is probable that native sites may be discovered along the latter water-course. The tract seems to have been an appendage of the Shanscomacocke village (50). 70.

the of lower Manhattan inhabitants retired not known. It would have is been favorably situated at the southeast end of the United States reservation near the water supply in Dyker Heights Park. 69. Xarrioch (Map VIII, D). That part of Gravesend neck lying to the east of the town between Squam creek and Shellbank creek. It is probable that native sites may be discovered along the latter water-course. The tract seems to have been an appendage of the Shanscomacocke village (50). 70. Acquacanonck (Map I). The modern city of Passaic, a station, probably the principal headquarters, of the chieftaincy of the Acquacanonck. On the west bank of the Passaic river there was an Indian burying-place. The name, as usual, was applied to contiguous territory. 71. Constable point (Map I). An extensive village-site and native burial-place existed at this point, which is the southern extremity of Bergen neck. It was so isolated from the neck by swamps extend ng from Bayonne to the Kill van Kull that it must have been reached mainly by canoe. x\nother occupied station is evidenced by shell-deposits on the west side of Bergen neck, at the right-of-way of the Central Railroad of New Jersey. 72. Peltons cove (Map I). A village-site at the Upper cove, West Xew Brighton.

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232 INDIAN PATHS It is now completely covered by modern improvements. As far back as 1850, Indian burials were reported to have been disturbed there. In 1903 a few traces of native occupancy were found along the line of the Shore railroad. 73. Bowmans brook (Map I). An extensive village and burial place, of apparent Hackensack occupancy, situated along the brook, sometimes known as Newtons creek, or De Harts brook, discharging into the Kill van Kull. This was explored in 1903 by Alanson Skinner, who found more than a hundred frreand shell-pits, and a number of human interments, with much pottery, and bone, antler, and stone implements. 74.

In 1903 a few traces of native occupancy were found along the line of the Shore railroad. 73. Bowmans brook (Map I). An extensive village and burial place, of apparent Hackensack occupancy, situated along the brook, sometimes known as Newtons creek, or De Harts brook, discharging into the Kill van Kull. This was explored in 1903 by Alanson Skinner, who found more than a hundred frreand shell-pits, and a number of human interments, with much pottery, and bone, antler, and stone implements. 74. Mariners harbor (Map I). At Arlington station, a native village-site, with human interments, was discovered and explored in 1901, and further developed in 1918 by Alanson Skinner. 75. Tunissens neck (Map I), or Old Place. A native site which yielded pottery, bone, and stone objects, indicating village life.

76. Watchogue (Map I). A camping site on Big Hummock, at Bloomneld, the name denoting "hill land" (Tooker, Indian Place Names). Surface discoveries indicated seasonal occupancy. 77 and 77 A. Long neck (Map I). Now Linoleumville. A native site on the sand-dunes.

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INDEX TO STATIONS 233

78 Silver lake (Map I). A native camp-site on the shore of the lake, on which shellpits were found. 79 Fresh kill (Map I). At Lakes island, where there is now a garbage incinerating plant, there were many evidences of native occupancy, some having been observed by Thoreau and mentioned in his letters. 80 Rossville (Map I). A shellheap, with evidences of vary ancient existence, was explored by Alanson Skinner. 81 Sandy ground (Map I). At Bogardus Corners. A village-site was discovered by Alanson Skinner. S2 Woodrow (Map I). Along Sandy brook there are evidences of native occupancy spread over a considerable area, apparently forming an extension of the village at Bogardus Corners (81). 83. Ward point (Map I). Near Tottenville.

At Lakes island, where there is now a garbage incinerating plant, there were many evidences of native occupancy, some having been observed by Thoreau and mentioned in his letters. 80 Rossville (Map I). A shellheap, with evidences of vary ancient existence, was explored by Alanson Skinner. 81 Sandy ground (Map I). At Bogardus Corners. A village-site was discovered by Alanson Skinner. S2 Woodrow (Map I). Along Sandy brook there are evidences of native occupancy spread over a considerable area, apparently forming an extension of the village at Bogardus Corners (81). 83. Ward point (Map I). Near Tottenville. This very extensive native station is evidenced by masses of debris, accumulated to a considerable depth and spread irregularly over many acres. Part of the site was explored in 1898 by George H. Pepper, who discovered a number of burials,and many objects have since been unearthed through further exploration by M. R. Harrington for the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. 86 Harbor hill (Map I) . An Indian site at the Harbor hill, at the golf links, was

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234 INDIAN PATHS disclosed by the explorations of Alanson Skinner. 87. Chelsea (Map I). At the junction of the Bloomfi.eld road and Union avenue, a native station with a burying-ground existed. 89. New Spring ville (Map I). On Corsons brook. A site reported, but not explored. 90. Simonsons brook (Map I). On the north side of Richmond creek. At the Ketchum mill-pond there are evidences of an occupied station. 91. Green ridge (Map I). A site is noted by Skinner near the Richmond plank road, between Journeay avenue and Annadale road. 92. Princes bay, Princess bay (Map I). An unexplored site at the bay, and another site marked by a shell-pit arid scattered objects on the shore halfway to the lighthouse, all indicate native stations, probably for fishing purposes. 93.

On the north side of Richmond creek. At the Ketchum mill-pond there are evidences of an occupied station. 91. Green ridge (Map I). A site is noted by Skinner near the Richmond plank road, between Journeay avenue and Annadale road. 92. Princes bay, Princess bay (Map I). An unexplored site at the bay, and another site marked by a shell-pit arid scattered objects on the shore halfway to the lighthouse, all indicate native stations, probably for fishing purposes. 93. Segulne point (Map I). A camp-site, probably a fishing station. 94. Woods or Arden (Map I). On the shore, near the mouth of Great kills, there is a place which shows signs of native occupancy, but not of extensive character. 95. Shawcopshee, the modern Oakwood (Map I). The probable name of the Great kills, which may have been the refuge, for about 16 years, of the Nayack natives when they removed from Long Island. At the head of the kills there

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX TO STATIONS 235

are signs of occupancy, but they are not indicative of long-continued residence. 96. Arrochar (Map I). An ancient settlement is indicated. 97. Stapleton (Map I). A station is recorded, but its position is indefinite. 98. Conykeekst (Maps I, IV). The tract known by this queer title is now the modern Harlem, east side. A native fishing and oystering station evidently existed at 121st street, on the line of Pleasant avenue (or Avenue A), which probably bore the local name. 99. Shepmoes (Map VIII, A). At east 14th street, probably near Second avenue, there was a small station or plantation, which may have been named from some nearby brook. (Colonial Docs. N. Y., vol. xiv, p. 110.) 100. Tubby hook (Maps I, V). At this point, extending intothe Hudson river at Dyckman street, there was a very ancient station, the extensive deposits of debris being located on the shore of the "Little Sand bay," on the south side of Dyckman street.

At east 14th street, probably near Second avenue, there was a small station or plantation, which may have been named from some nearby brook. (Colonial Docs. N. Y., vol. xiv, p. 110.) 100. Tubby hook (Maps I, V). At this point, extending intothe Hudson river at Dyckman street, there was a very ancient station, the extensive deposits of debris being located on the shore of the "Little Sand bay," on the south side of Dyckman street. It was recently explored by Alanson Skinner for the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. 101. Jameco (Tooker) Chamakou (Armbruster) ,

(Map I). The modern Jamaica. A native settlement seems to have existed near the Beaver pond, whence the name of the locality was derived, "yemacah" denoting the beaver, according to

AND MONOGRAPHS

236 INDIAN PATHS Tooker. Armbruster considers the name to be that of a small tribe of survivors of original natives of Long Island, overcome by the Canarsee. "The beaver path" led from the native village to the pond. 102. Throgs neck (Map VII, D). A native site is indicated by burials which have been disturbed at St Raymond's cemetery on the Throgs Neck road. 103. Laaphawachking (Map VII, B). Pelham Bay park on the Bartow estate. A locality name probably applied to a quite important native site, close to the Shore road or Pelham Bridge road, within the Bartow property now owned by the City of New York. This site, which was discovered and explored by the Rev. W. R. Blackie, for the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, gives evidence of considerable size and length of occupancy. 104. Keskaechquerem or Keskaechqueren (Map VIII, D). Flatlands. There was a native village at this place, on the site afterward and still occupied by the Dutch church, on Flatbush avenue, near its junction with the King's Highway, old Flatlands Neck road, and the Mill road.

This site, which was discovered and explored by the Rev. W. R. Blackie, for the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, gives evidence of considerable size and length of occupancy. 104. Keskaechquerem or Keskaechqueren (Map VIII, D). Flatlands. There was a native village at this place, on the site afterward and still occupied by the Dutch church, on Flatbush avenue, near its junction with the King's Highway, old Flatlands Neck road, and the Mill road. There was also a burying-ground. The important position occupied by this station, at the junction of these and its situation in the locality trails, where the famous Council-place was known to exist, seem to indicate it as

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX TO STATIONS 237

the gathering place known by the native name which denotes a place where public meetings took place. (See Colonial Docs. N. Y., vol. xrv. pp. 14, 36.) 105. Massabarkem or Gravesend (Map VIII, C). The village established by Lady Deborah Moody and her associated refugees. The acquisition of land conveyed a tract misspelled as above, but ind eating "land by the great water," and probably applied to whatever native settlement existed in the vicinity, such as the planting-grounds at the Indian pond (106). (See Munsell, Hist. Kings Co., p. 18.) 106. The Indian pond (Map VIII, C). A pond of fresh water, situated at the locality now known as Marlboro, around which the natives had a cultivated tract. The pond has long retained its name, appearing on modern maps. 107. New Utrecht (Map VIII, C). Probable site ofa nat ve station, perhaps the home of Chippahig, who had sold lands which on their eastern bounds touched the western line of Gravesend at the Indian pond. There was a native path extending from the main path through the site of New Utrecht, which ran to the beach at Gravesend bay.

A pond of fresh water, situated at the locality now known as Marlboro, around which the natives had a cultivated tract. The pond has long retained its name, appearing on modern maps. 107. New Utrecht (Map VIII, C). Probable site ofa nat ve station, perhaps the home of Chippahig, who had sold lands which on their eastern bounds touched the western line of Gravesend at the Indian pond. There was a native path extending from the main path through the site of New Utrecht, which ran to the beach at Gravesend bay. It indicates the probability of a native settlement at its junction with the ancient pathway. 108. Muskyttehool (Map VIII, D). A locality at the Paardegat or Bedford creek, where it is crossed by the Flatlands

AND MONOGRAPHS

238 INDIAN PATHS Neck road. It was used as a boundarymark. 109. Sunset park (Map VIII, C). Bennywater pond, in Sunset park, west of Greenwood, was an Indian site located by Adam Dove, of Gowanus. Nearby, at 37th street near Sixth avenue, objects were disturbed, indicating the existence of a station, near an Indian path which was known and used as a boundary in 1696. 110. Gowanus bay (Map VIII, _C). At the De Hart Bergen house-site there is record of Indian occupancy and immense oyster-shell beds, etc., in the Journal of Sluyter and Dankers. This may have been the home of the chief Gouwane. Its position is in the vicinity of Third avenue at 37th street. 111. Sun wick, Sunwicks, Suns wicks (Map VIII, B). A native station, indicated by shell-deposits and a few objects, on the shore of East river, at Ravenswood Park, near the creek which is recorded as bearing this name. 112. Minnahanonck (Map VIII, B). Blackwells island. The island was owned and perhaps occupied by natives of the Marechkawick or Brooklyn chieftaincy. 113.

This may have been the home of the chief Gouwane. Its position is in the vicinity of Third avenue at 37th street. 111. Sun wick, Sunwicks, Suns wicks (Map VIII, B). A native station, indicated by shell-deposits and a few objects, on the shore of East river, at Ravenswood Park, near the creek which is recorded as bearing this name. 112. Minnahanonck (Map VIII, B). Blackwells island. The island was owned and perhaps occupied by natives of the Marechkawick or Brooklyn chieftaincy. 113. Pagganck (Maps II; VIII, A). Nutten island, Nut island, now Governors island. Owned and probably occupied by natives of the Marechkawick chieftaincy. 114. Aressick, or Paulus hook (Maps II; VIII, A). A native village was

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX TO STATIONS 239

situated on this favorable promontory, which was acquired from the occupants by Director Kieft in 1638. It has a dramatic interest as the scene of the bloody massacre of its unfortunate inhabitants by the Dutch soldiery in 1643. 115. Harsimus, or Ahasimus (Maps II; VIII, A). Site of a native village on the Jersey side of Hudson river, between Paulus hook (114) and Hoboken (116). Probably the name was H 'ashim-muck, that is, "the place where there is a spring of drinking water." The place is indicated on Ratzer's survey on the north side of the cove formed by the hook, about the present 5th street and Henderson street. 116. HOBOKAN, Or HOBOKAN-HACKINGH (Maps II; VIII, A). A native station of importance, situated near Hudson and 2d streets, at Castle point. It was evidently a trading place, whence goods were transported across the Hudson to Sapohanikan (4), and by its position on the Bergen peninsula was best situated to foot travel toward the mountain regions north and west. 117. Marechkawick or Mareyckawick( Map VIII, A). The headquarters of the chieftaincy of that name, probably situated on the main trail from the ferry (Fulton street) at or near Gallatin place and Elm place.

A native station of importance, situated near Hudson and 2d streets, at Castle point. It was evidently a trading place, whence goods were transported across the Hudson to Sapohanikan (4), and by its position on the Bergen peninsula was best situated to foot travel toward the mountain regions north and west. 117. Marechkawick or Mareyckawick( Map VIII, A). The headquarters of the chieftaincy of that name, probably situated on the main trail from the ferry (Fulton street) at or near Gallatin place and Elm place. The name was probably applied to its vicinity, including nearby

AND MONOGRAPHS

240 INDIAN PATHS planting-grounds (Colonial Hist. N. Y., vol. xrv, p. 5). The village cornfields covered the space between Atlantic avenue and Baltic street, east of Court street. 118. Gamoenepa, or Communipaw (Map I). The name, denoting "where the water remained," was applied at times to the whole of Bergen neck. Near the shoreline there was some dry gound situated in the midst of a wide area of marsh, which may have been occupied as the village-site, but the precise position of the Indian village is not recorded. 119. Acqueegenom (Map VII, C). A native name indicating the situation of the crossing over the Aquehung or Bronx river, at or near Pelham parkway, of the path to Westchester. The nearest known station of the natives was that on the east side of the river (13). 120. Cowangongh (Map VII, A). A name applied to the place where the shore path, "Sachkerah," crossed the Bronx river at Williamsbridge, on the line of the Gunhill road. The name indicates it as a sort of boundary place where the territory of the Weckquaesgeek and Siwanoy met. 121. Seton falls (Map VII, A). Near the bend of Rattlesnake creek, on the Seton estate, there is a cave, near a small cataract, and some embankments, said to have been constructed by natives.

A name applied to the place where the shore path, "Sachkerah," crossed the Bronx river at Williamsbridge, on the line of the Gunhill road. The name indicates it as a sort of boundary place where the territory of the Weckquaesgeek and Siwanoy met. 121. Seton falls (Map VII, A). Near the bend of Rattlesnake creek, on the Seton estate, there is a cave, near a small cataract, and some embankments, said to have been constructed by natives. This is a reputed Indian resort in dense.

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX TO STATIONS 241

woodlands, well suited to the purpose of a hiding place, and about midway between the Shore path and the Westchester-Eastchester path. 122.Little Neck, or Douglaston (Map I). A favorite locality for native occupancy, evidenced by abundant shell-deposits, and the signs of a village and burialground, probably of the Matinecock. 122a.PuDDLNG rock (Map VII, C). A glacial bowlder, stated to have been used by natives as a resort, situated at the Boston road, south of East 166th street, Borough of the Bronx (Historical Guide to the City of New York, City History Club, p. 212, 1913\ It is not near any water supply, and is therefore unlikely to have been a permanent station. (Inadvertently omitted from the map.)

AND MONOGRAPHS

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES Academy street, 85 Achterveldt, 148 Acquacanonck, Acqueanounck, 34, 120, 122, 201, 231. See Hutchinson river Acqueegenom, 100, 104, 111, 240 Adees point, 113 Ahasimus, 239. See Harsimus Albany avenue, 92 Albany crescent, 102 Albany Post-road, 19, 79, 91 Albany trail, 98 Amboy (N. J.), 38, 204 Amboy road, 190, 193 American Museum of Natural History, 230 Amersfoort, 157, 169. See Nieuw Amersfoort Ancient One, The. See Mechowodt Ancient Pathway, the, 155, 157. See Mechawanienck Annadale road, 193, 234 Anns hook, 123, 227 Aqueduct avenue, 107 Aquehonga, 194 Aquehonga-Monacknong, 187 Aquehung, 104, 105, 240.

See Hutchinson river Acqueegenom, 100, 104, 111, 240 Adees point, 113 Ahasimus, 239. See Harsimus Albany avenue, 92 Albany crescent, 102 Albany Post-road, 19, 79, 91 Albany trail, 98 Amboy (N. J.), 38, 204 Amboy road, 190, 193 American Museum of Natural History, 230 Amersfoort, 157, 169. See Nieuw Amersfoort Ancient One, The. See Mechowodt Ancient Pathway, the, 155, 157. See Mechawanienck Annadale road, 193, 234 Anns hook, 123, 227 Aqueduct avenue, 107 Aquehonga, 194 Aquehonga-Monacknong, 187 Aquehung, 104, 105, 240. See Bronx river Archer, John, 99 Areola, 201 Aressick, 198, 199, 238. See Paulus Hook Arlington Station, 191, 192, 232

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX 243

Armbruster, Eugene L., 45, 130, 172, 173, 175, 183,229,235,236 Arrochar, 190, 195, 235 Arthur kill, 190 Aspetong, see Ispetong Astor place, 58, 59, 60, 64, 65 Asumsowis, 227 Atlantic avenue, 138, 142, 145, 147, 178, 240 Atlantic Highlands, N. J., 38 Audubon lane, 78 Austin, D. B., 130, 150, 158, 160, 228, 229 Avenue A, 74, 235. See Pleasant avenue Avenue C, or Castle Point road, 1 14 Avenue G (Kings), 153 Avenue K (Kings), 152 Avenue L (Kings), 152 Avenue M (Kings), 228 Avenue O (Kings), 163 Avenue P (Kings), 162 Avenue Q (Kings), 162, 166 Avenue R (Kings), 166 Avenue T (Kings), 154, 160 Avenue U (Kings), 155, 158 Avenue V (Kings), 161 Bailey avenue, 102 Baltic street (Kings), 138, 139, 230 Barren island (Equendito), 161 Barrett creek, 115 Barrier Gate, 67 Bartow creek, 127 Bartow estate, 124, 236 Battery, the, 38 Battle pass, Prospect Park, 143, 147 Bay Forty-fifth street, 166 Bayonne, N. J., 198, 231

See Pleasant avenue Avenue C, or Castle Point road, 1 14 Avenue G (Kings), 153 Avenue K (Kings), 152 Avenue L (Kings), 152 Avenue M (Kings), 228 Avenue O (Kings), 163 Avenue P (Kings), 162 Avenue Q (Kings), 162, 166 Avenue R (Kings), 166 Avenue T (Kings), 154, 160 Avenue U (Kings), 155, 158 Avenue V (Kings), 161 Bailey avenue, 102 Baltic street (Kings), 138, 139, 230 Barren island (Equendito), 161 Barrett creek, 115 Barrier Gate, 67 Bartow creek, 127 Bartow estate, 124, 236 Battery, the, 38 Battle pass, Prospect Park, 143, 147 Bay Forty-fifth street, 166 Bayonne, N. J., 198, 231

AND MONOGRAPHS

244 INDIAN PATHS Bay Ridge, 143, 169, 230 Bayside, 172 Beach lane (Kings), 162, 166 Beach Park (Kings), 148, 150 Bear Swamp, 110, 111, 114, 224 Bear Swamp road, 224 Beaver Path, the, 236 Beaver pond, 180, 182, 235 Beaver street, 52 Bedford (Kings), 145, 178 Bedford avenue, 145 Bedford corners, 179 Bedford creek, 148, 237 Bedford Four-corners. 145 Bedford highway, 178 Bennett lane (Kings), 169 Bennywater pond, 238 Bensonhurst, 168 Bergen beach, 148-149, 151, 154, 228. See Winippague Bergen Beach road, 154 Bergen, De Hart, 238 Bergen, Hon. Teunis G., 138 Bergen island, 132 Bergen neck, 198, 199, 200, 231, 240 Bergen peninsula, 239 Berrians neck, 96, 225. See Konstabelsche hook Bestavaer brook, 60, Bestevaars kill (Kings), 157. See Paardegat basin Bethune street, 58, 221 Betts, William, a farmer, 101 Bevors, Maritie, 139, 141 Big Hummock, 232

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX 245

Blackie, Rev. William R., 124, 236 •Blackwells island, 67, 169, 176, 238 Block, Adrian, 223 Bloomfield, 191, 232 Bloomfield road, 234 Bloomingdale crossroad, 63 Bogardus Corners, 233 Bolton, Rev. Robert, 128, 185 Bolton road, 84 Borden avenue (Queens), 174 Borough of Bronx, 25, 30, 47, 90, 98, 102, 104, 107, 109, 110, 176, 224, 241 Borough of Brooklyn, 25, 39, 50, 51, 55, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 137, 140, 143, 145, 170, 172, 174, 186, 230, 238 Borough of Queens, 145, 171, 174, 179, 180 Boscobel avenue, 107 Boston & Westchester Railway.

William R., 124, 236 •Blackwells island, 67, 169, 176, 238 Block, Adrian, 223 Bloomfield, 191, 232 Bloomfield road, 234 Bloomingdale crossroad, 63 Bogardus Corners, 233 Bolton, Rev. Robert, 128, 185 Bolton road, 84 Borden avenue (Queens), 174 Borough of Bronx, 25, 30, 47, 90, 98, 102, 104, 107, 109, 110, 176, 224, 241 Borough of Brooklyn, 25, 39, 50, 51, 55, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 137, 140, 143, 145, 170, 172, 174, 186, 230, 238 Borough of Queens, 145, 171, 174, 179, 180 Boscobel avenue, 107 Boston & Westchester Railway. See New York, Westchester and Boston Railway Boston avenue, 116 Boston Post-road, 30, 31, 99, 101, 109, 116, 117, 121, 122, 123 * Boston Road, 63, 241. See Post Road, the Bound brook, 105 Bowery, the, 42, 49, 50, 55, 57, 58 Bowmans brook, 191, 192, 232. See Newtons creek Breakneck hill, 76, 77 Bridge street, 133, 230 Broad street, 52 Broadway, 19, 45, 47, 49, 52, 53, 63, 76, 79, 80, 85, 86, 87, 91, 94 Broadway (Queens), 179, 182, 183, 184 Bronck, Jonas, 104-105, 106, 108, 221

AND MONOGRAPHS

246 INDIAN PATHS Broncks river, Broncks Ryver, 101. See Bronx river Bronx borough, see Borough of Bronx Bronx kills, 105-106 Bronx Park, 104,110,111 Bronx river, 99, 100, 104, 105, 109,. Ill, 113, 118, 240 Brookland, 139 Brooklyn, see Borough of Brooklyn Brooklyn Bridge, 134 Brooklyn Heights, 136 Brooklyn path, 178 Brooklyn plank-road, see Jamaica and Brooklyn plank road. Brosewere bay, 229 Brower's mill, 139 Brown estate, 224 Brown's lane, see De Bruyn's lane Bungay creek, 105, 106 Burial point, 113, 223 Burial ridge (S. I.), 194. See Tottenville Burr's corners, 66 Bushwick, 145, 146, 153, 174 Bushwick inlet, 146 Bushwick place, 146 Bushwick Railroad station (L. I. R. R.), 146 Bushwick road, 146 Bussing avenue, 119

Ill, 113, 118, 240 Brookland, 139 Brooklyn, see Borough of Brooklyn Brooklyn Bridge, 134 Brooklyn Heights, 136 Brooklyn path, 178 Brooklyn plank-road, see Jamaica and Brooklyn plank road. Brosewere bay, 229 Brower's mill, 139 Brown estate, 224 Brown's lane, see De Bruyn's lane Bungay creek, 105, 106 Burial point, 113, 223 Burial ridge (S. I.), 194. See Tottenville Burr's corners, 66 Bushwick, 145, 146, 153, 174 Bushwick inlet, 146 Bushwick place, 146 Bushwick Railroad station (L. I. R. R.), 146 Bushwick road, 146 Bussing avenue, 119

Calver, W. L., 86, 91, 92, 97, 106, 108, 175 Canapaukah, 173 Canapaukah creek, 175 Canarissen, 149 Canarsee Indians, 40, 43, 131, 132, 147, 148, 149, 170, 173, 228, 236 Canarsee Planting Land, 150, 228

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX 247

Canarsie, 132, 140, 148, 149, 150, 153, 179, 228 Canarsie avenue, 178 Canarsie beach, 149 Canarsie Beach Park, 157, 228 Canarsie lane, 148, 178 Canarsie neck. 150, 151, 157 Castle Hill, 222, 223. See Castle Point (Bronx) Castle Point (Bronx), 114, 222 Castle Point (N. J.), 199, 239 Castle Point road (Bronx), 114 Castle ton avenue, 192 Castuteeuw, or Kes-asketu, 156 Catiernut hill, 54 Cave, Indian, see Indian Cave, the Cedar street (S. I.), 191 Cemetery of the Holy Cross, Flatbush, 178 Center street, 42 Centerville, 198 Central Park, 62, 68, 69, 71 Central Railroad of New Jersey, 198, 231 Chamakou, see Jamaica, Jameco Chatham square, 55 Chatham street, 55 Chelsea (S. I.), 193, 234 Cherry street, 50, 55 Chippahig, 237 Church of the Ascension (S. I.), 191 City Hall Park, 42, 49, 54 City Island, 185 City Island road, 127 Clarendon Road (Kings), 151 Clasons Point, 48, 115, 222 Clinton street, 56, 221 Clove of the Kill, 76 Clove road (S. I.), 178, 179, 190

I.), 191 Cemetery of the Holy Cross, Flatbush, 178 Center street, 42 Centerville, 198 Central Park, 62, 68, 69, 71 Central Railroad of New Jersey, 198, 231 Chamakou, see Jamaica, Jameco Chatham square, 55 Chatham street, 55 Chelsea (S. I.), 193, 234 Cherry street, 50, 55 Chippahig, 237 Church of the Ascension (S. I.), 191 City Hall Park, 42, 49, 54 City Island, 185 City Island road, 127 Clarendon Road (Kings), 151 Clasons Point, 48, 115, 222 Clinton street, 56, 221 Clove of the Kill, 76 Clove road (S. I.), 178, 179, 190

AND MONOGRAPHS

248 INDIAN PATHS Cold Spring Hollow, 84, 225 Collect pond, see Kolch pond College Point, 172 Columbus avenue Mt. Vernon, 120 Communipaw (N. J.), 198, 240. See Gamoenepa Concourse, see Grand Concourse Coney Island, 157, 162, 165 Coney Island creek, 165 Coney Island Jockey Club, 164 Connecticut, 121 Constable point, 198, 231 Continental Village, 92 Conykeekst, 72,-73, 74, 235 Cool, Cornells, 144 Cooper street, 86 Corlears hook, 56, 67, 134, 220 Cornells creek, 113, 115 Corona (Queens), 175, 184 Corsa lane, 122 Corsons brook, 234 Cortelyou lane, 168 Cortelyou road, 148 Council-place, the (Kings), 236 Court street, 138, 140, 141, 240 Cowangongh, 100, 118, 240 Cow bay, 229 Cripplebush road, 145 Cromwells creek, 105, 108 Cropsey avenue, 167 Cross road, 66 Croton, 92 Croton aqueduct, 117 Croton reservoir, 66, 71 Cushetonk hills, 204 Cypress avenue, 106, 222

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX 249

Dankers, see Sluyter and Dankers Dash's lane, 95 Davenports neck, 127, 228 De Bruyn's lane, 167 Degraw street, 141 De Hart Bergen, see Bergen, De Hart De Harts brook, see Newtons creek De la Montagne, 68, 75 Delaware, state o f 38,

See Gamoenepa Concourse, see Grand Concourse Coney Island, 157, 162, 165 Coney Island creek, 165 Coney Island Jockey Club, 164 Connecticut, 121 Constable point, 198, 231 Continental Village, 92 Conykeekst, 72,-73, 74, 235 Cool, Cornells, 144 Cooper street, 86 Corlears hook, 56, 67, 134, 220 Cornells creek, 113, 115 Corona (Queens), 175, 184 Corsa lane, 122 Corsons brook, 234 Cortelyou lane, 168 Cortelyou road, 148 Council-place, the (Kings), 236 Court street, 138, 140, 141, 240 Cowangongh, 100, 118, 240 Cow bay, 229 Cripplebush road, 145 Cromwells creek, 105, 108 Cropsey avenue, 167 Cross road, 66 Croton, 92 Croton aqueduct, 117 Croton reservoir, 66, 71 Cushetonk hills, 204 Cypress avenue, 106, 222

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX 249

Dankers, see Sluyter and Dankers Dash's lane, 95 Davenports neck, 127, 228 De Bruyn's lane, 167 Degraw street, 141 De Hart Bergen, see Bergen, De Hart De Harts brook, see Newtons creek De la Montagne, 68, 75 Delaware, state o f 38,

Delaware Indians, 69, 82, 99, 135, 177, 205, 206. See Lenni Lenape Delaware river, 22, 205 Depot lane, 79 Devoes point, 108 Dickey estate, 222 Division street, 55 Dobbs Ferry, 92 Dongan Patent of 1685, 153 Dongan street, 191 Dosoris, 183 Doughty, Elias, 99, 101 Douglaston, 241. See Little Neck Dove, Adam, 130, 142, 238 Dover street, 50, 55 Downings brook, 111, 224 Drake Park, 110 Duane street, 47, 49, 53, 220 Dunham avenue, 120 Duryea, Thomas P., 182, 229 Dutch Church (Kings), 136, 236 Dutch kills, 173 Dutch Reformed Church (Bronx), 103, 107 Dutch, the, 132, 135, 149, 153, 167, 220, 221, Dutch West India Company, 93 Dyckman street, 62, 80, 84, 85, 235

See Lenni Lenape Delaware river, 22, 205 Depot lane, 79 Devoes point, 108 Dickey estate, 222 Division street, 55 Dobbs Ferry, 92 Dongan Patent of 1685, 153 Dongan street, 191 Dosoris, 183 Doughty, Elias, 99, 101 Douglaston, 241. See Little Neck Dove, Adam, 130, 142, 238 Dover street, 50, 55 Downings brook, 111, 224 Drake Park, 110 Duane street, 47, 49, 53, 220 Dunham avenue, 120 Duryea, Thomas P., 182, 229 Dutch Church (Kings), 136, 236 Dutch kills, 173 Dutch Reformed Church (Bronx), 103, 107 Dutch, the, 132, 135, 149, 153, 167, 220, 221, Dutch West India Company, 93 Dyckman street, 62, 80, 84, 85, 235

AND MONOGRAPHS

250 INDIAN PATHS Dyckman tract, 85, 86, 96, 224 Dyker Heights Park, 168, 231 Dykman, Jan, 78

Eastchester, 30, 99, 119, 121, 122, 123, 185, Eastchester creek, 227 Eastchester road, 121, 122 Eastchester, Ten Farms of, 121 Eastern Boulevard, 110, 112, 113, 222 Eastern Parkway, 147 Eastern Post-road, 64, 66, 67 East Jersey, see New Jersey East New York, 154, 179 East Pelham road, 127. See Pelham road East River, 21, 41, 44, 45, 49-50, 54, 55, 57, 60, 66, 68, 69, 121-122, 131, 134, 137, 140, 151, 171, 175, 184, 185, 221, 238 East Sixth street, Mt. Vernon, 120. See Old Boston Post Road Echo bay, 228 Eighth Regiment Armory, 103 Eighth street, west (Kings), 166 Eighteenth avenue (Kings), 167 Eighty-first street, 66 Eighty-first street (Kings),. 167 Eighty-second street, 66 Eighty-third street, 66 Eighty-third street (Kings), 156 Eighty-fourth street (Kings), 156, 168 Eighty-fifth street, 66 Eighty-sixth street (Kings), 144 Eighty-eighth street, 68, 71 Elderts lane, 179 Elizabeth (N. J.), 197, 203, 204 Elm place (Kings), 136, 239

See Pelham road East River, 21, 41, 44, 45, 49-50, 54, 55, 57, 60, 66, 68, 69, 121-122, 131, 134, 137, 140, 151, 171, 175, 184, 185, 221, 238 East Sixth street, Mt. Vernon, 120. See Old Boston Post Road Echo bay, 228 Eighth Regiment Armory, 103 Eighth street, west (Kings), 166 Eighteenth avenue (Kings), 167 Eighty-first street, 66 Eighty-first street (Kings),. 167 Eighty-second street, 66 Eighty-third street, 66 Eighty-third street (Kings), 156 Eighty-fourth street (Kings), 156, 168 Eighty-fifth street, 66 Eighty-sixth street (Kings), 144 Eighty-eighth street, 68, 71 Elderts lane, 179 Elizabeth (N. J.), 197, 203, 204 Elm place (Kings), 136, 239

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX 255

Harbor HiU golf-links, 192 Harlem, 31, 63, 75, 106, 235 Harlem commons, 66 Harlem creek, 69, 75, 76 Harlem kill, 68, 221 Harlem lane, 74, 75 Harlem river, 74, 77, 81, 85, 108, 224 Harrington, M. R., 69, 82, 83, 128, 194, 227. 229, 233 Harsen's crossroad, 66 Harsimus (N. J.), 199, 239. See Ahasimus Harway basin, 162 H'ashim-muck, 239 Haverstraw, 202 Hawthorne (N. J.), 201 Heath avenue, 102 Heermans, Augustine 43 ;

Hellegat, 70 Hell Gate, 36, 69, 70, 71, 178, 184, 185, 186 Hellgate bay, 221 Hempstead, 171, 180 Hempstead bay, 181 Henderson street, Hoboken, 199, 239 Henry street, 56, 221 Hewlett, 172, 180, 181, 229 Hicks neck, 181 Highbridge, 107, 108 Highlands, 92, 202 High sandy banks, see Aquehonga Hills of Jochem Pieter, 76 Hobokan, 59, 239 Hobokan Hackingh, 199, 239 Hoboken, 39, 199, 221, 239 Hobson lane, 150 Hog island, 181, 229 Hohosboco, 171

Hellegat, 70 Hell Gate, 36, 69, 70, 71, 178, 184, 185, 186 Hellgate bay, 221 Hempstead, 171, 180 Hempstead bay, 181 Henderson street, Hoboken, 199, 239 Henry street, 56, 221 Hewlett, 172, 180, 181, 229 Hicks neck, 181 Highbridge, 107, 108 Highlands, 92, 202 High sandy banks, see Aquehonga Hills of Jochem Pieter, 76 Hobokan, 59, 239 Hobokan Hackingh, 199, 239 Hoboken, 39, 199, 221, 239 Hobson lane, 150 Hog island, 181, 229 Hohosboco, 171

AND MONOGRAPHS

256 INDIAN PATHS Hollis, 180 Holy Cross Cemetery, Flatbush. See Cemetery of the Holy Cross Homecrest avenue, 164 Hooker creek, 181 Hoopaninak, 159 Horatio street, 58, 221 Howard avenue, 153 Howlands hook, 191 Hoyt street, 136, 137, 139, 230 Hudson, Hendrik, 50 Hudson Park, 228 Hudson river, 19, 21, 31, 40, 41, 44, 45, 53, 58, 62. 63, 76, 91, 97, 101, 197, 200, 206, 224, 225, 226, 235, 239 Hudson street (N. J.), 239 Huguenot street, 121 Hunt burial-ground, 222 Hunt mansion, 110, 222 Hunter estate, 125 Hunter island, 125, 227 Hunterfly road, 151, 153 Hunters Point, 176 Hunts Point, 105, 109, 110, 222 Hunts Point road, 109, 222 Hutchings, John, 46 Hutchinson, Mrs. Ann, 123, 124, 227 Hutchinson river, 30, 111, 119, 120, 121, 123. See Acqueanounck Hyatt tavern, 86

Indian cave, 84, 225 Indian pond, 166, 237 Indian trail, 72 Institute Park, 147 Intervale avenue, 105

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX 257

Inwood, 80, 81, 95 Inwood hill, 83, 84, 225 Iroquois, 91 Isham estate 84 Isham street, 86 Island of Manhattan, see Manhattan Island of Paparinemin, see Paparinemin Ispetong, 60

J.), 239 Huguenot street, 121 Hunt burial-ground, 222 Hunt mansion, 110, 222 Hunter estate, 125 Hunter island, 125, 227 Hunterfly road, 151, 153 Hunters Point, 176 Hunts Point, 105, 109, 110, 222 Hunts Point road, 109, 222 Hutchings, John, 46 Hutchinson, Mrs. Ann, 123, 124, 227 Hutchinson river, 30, 111, 119, 120, 121, 123. See Acqueanounck Hyatt tavern, 86

Indian cave, 84, 225 Indian pond, 166, 237 Indian trail, 72 Institute Park, 147 Intervale avenue, 105

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX 257

Inwood, 80, 81, 95 Inwood hill, 83, 84, 225 Iroquois, 91 Isham estate 84 Isham street, 86 Island of Manhattan, see Manhattan Island of Paparinemin, see Paparinemin Ispetong, 60

Jackson avenue, 184 Jamaica, 171, 172, 179, 180, 181, 184, 235 Jamaica and Brooklyn Plank Road, 178 Jamaica avenue, 178, 179, 181 Jamaica bay, 36, 148, 152, 157, 171, 172, 181 Jamaica highway, 178 Jameco, 235. See Jamaica James, J. B., 93, 94 Jansen, Anthony, 167 Jay street (Kings), 135 Jefferson street, 56, 221 Jeffreys hook, 224 Jenkins, Stephen, 53, 87, 109, 122 Jericho, 180 Jericho road, 180. See Middle Post-road Jerome avenue, 103, 105, 107, 117 Jerome reservoir, 117 Jersey City, 199 Johnson avenue, 173-174 Johnson Foundry, 83 Journeay avenue, 193, 234 Jumel, Madame, 78

Ka, a sachem, 144 Kakapetteyno, a sachem, 152 Kalch Hoek, 42, 43, 137, 220 Kamingh, Zemo, or Kaus Hansen, 143

AND MONOGRAPHS

258 INDIAN PATHS Kappock street, 97 Kapsee, Kap-se, 33, 51, 220 Kaus Hansen, see Hansen, Kaus Kearney (N. J.), 200 Kenrom, an Indian, 143 Kents neck (N. J,), 204 Kes-asketu or Castuteeuw, 156 Keskaechquerem, Keskaechqueren, 150, 152, 154, 156, 228, 236 Keskeskick, 91, 93, 94, 102, 105, 226 Kestateuw, 157 Ketchum mill-pond, 193, 234 Kieft, Gov. William, 94, 144, 149, 221, 239 Kill Muscoota, 224 Kill van Kull, 191, 198, 231, 232 Kills path, 179 Kingsbridge, 31, 39, 73, 82, 87, 90, 92, 116, 225, 226 Kingsbridge avenue, 87 Kingsbridge road, 67, 102, 103, 107, 226 Kingsbridge Road station (B. & W.

J,), 204 Kes-asketu or Castuteeuw, 156 Keskaechquerem, Keskaechqueren, 150, 152, 154, 156, 228, 236 Keskeskick, 91, 93, 94, 102, 105, 226 Kestateuw, 157 Ketchum mill-pond, 193, 234 Kieft, Gov. William, 94, 144, 149, 221, 239 Kill Muscoota, 224 Kill van Kull, 191, 198, 231, 232 Kills path, 179 Kingsbridge, 31, 39, 73, 82, 87, 90, 92, 116, 225, 226 Kingsbridge avenue, 87 Kingsbridge road, 67, 102, 103, 107, 226 Kingsbridge Road station (B. & W. Ry.), Kings county, 43, 129, 130, 132, 171 Kings highway, 34, 130, 140, 143, 144, 154, 156, 157, 163, 166, 167, 178, 236 Kings Oaks, 156 Kingsway, 25. See Post-road Kips bay, 66, 67 Kissing Bridge, 66 Knoll, The, 80 Kolch hill, 44, 45, 47 Kolch pond, 44, 53, 54, 220 Konaande Kongh, Konaandekong, 63, 68, 70, 71, 221 Konstabelsche hook, 96. See Berrians neck Kreischerville, 194

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX 259

Laaphawachking, 124, 236 Labadist monks. See Sluyter and Dankers Lafayette avenue, 192 Lafayette street, 47 Lake lane, 162, 166 Lakes island, 194, 233 Larchmont, 38 Laurel hill, 174 Lawrence street, 135 Leland avenue, 115, 222 Lenni Lenape, 39, 195, 202, See Delaware Indians Lenox avenue, 72, 74 Leonard street, 47 Lexington avenue, 65, 68 Linden (N. J.), 197 Linden hill, 174, 179 Linnaean gardens, 182, 229 Linoleumville, 190, 193, 232 Little Ferry, 200 Little Kolch, 44. See Kolch pond Little Neck, 172, 183, 241. See Douglaston Little Sand bay, 80, 235 Little Sand stream, 221 Livingston (N. J.), 205 Locust point, 113, 223 Long Hill, 143 Long Island, 38, 39, 40, 41, 50, 129, 131, 132, 137, 145, 149, 182, 183, 184, 185, 206, 234, Long Island City, 171, 173, 174-175, 179 Long Island Railroad, 146 Long Island Sound, 21, 36, 121, 125, 177, 181, 185, 223 Long Neck, 193, 232 Lower bay, 36

See Kolch pond Little Neck, 172, 183, 241. See Douglaston Little Sand bay, 80, 235 Little Sand stream, 221 Livingston (N. J.), 205 Locust point, 113, 223 Long Hill, 143 Long Island, 38, 39, 40, 41, 50, 129, 131, 132, 137, 145, 149, 182, 183, 184, 185, 206, 234, Long Island City, 171, 173, 174-175, 179 Long Island Railroad, 146 Long Island Sound, 21, 36, 121, 125, 177, 181, 185, 223 Long Neck, 193, 232 Lower bay, 36

AND MONOGRAPHS

260 INDIAN PATHS Lower path, 102, 107, 109 Lubbersen, Lubbertse, Lubbertsen, Frederick, 137-138, 139, 230 Ludovics brook, 176. See Wessels brook Luna Park, Coney Island, 165

Macomb's Dam Park, 108 McGown's (McGowan's) pass, 31, 61, 67, 72, 75 Macutteris, 159, 161 Madison avenue, 65, 68, 70 Madison Square, 65 Madison street, 56, 221 Maganwetinnemin, a sachem, 170 Mahican, 17 Mahwah creek, 202 Main street, 122 Makeopaca, 156, 161, 162 Malbone street, 147 Mamaroneck, 121 Maminipoe, 124 Manetto, 185 Manhasset, 183 Manhattan, 19, 25, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 47, 50, 51, 52, 57, 61, 62, 68, 74, 87, 88, 91, 96, 98, 100, 101, 102, 106, 131, 132, 134, 137, 140, 145, 151, 168, 170, 184, 186, 188, 198, 199, 202, 206, 220, 224, 230, 231 Manhattan street, 76 Manhattans, the, 170 Manhattanville, 69 Maninketsuck, 126, 227 Mannahanning, 162, 165. See Coney Island Marble Hill, 81, 82, 85, 86, 100, 224

INDIAN NOTES

262 INDIAN PATHS Middletown (N. J.), 203 Middle town Point (N. J.), 203 Midwood street, 147 Milford (N. J.), 205 Mill brook, 103, 105, 106, 109, 117 Mill island, 161 Mill road, 150, 154, 236 Mill road (S. I.), 193 Milliken Brothers' Steel Works, 192 Minetta, 60 Minisink, 203 Minisink, island of, 205 Minisink path, 21, 39, 195, 202, 204 Minnahanonck, 176, 238.

See Coney Island Marble Hill, 81, 82, 85, 86, 100, 224

INDIAN NOTES

262 INDIAN PATHS Middletown (N. J.), 203 Middle town Point (N. J.), 203 Midwood street, 147 Milford (N. J.), 205 Mill brook, 103, 105, 106, 109, 117 Mill island, 161 Mill road, 150, 154, 236 Mill road (S. I.), 193 Milliken Brothers' Steel Works, 192 Minetta, 60 Minisink, 203 Minisink, island of, 205 Minisink path, 21, 39, 195, 202, 204 Minnahanonck, 176, 238. See Blackwells island Minsi, 201 Minuit, Peter, 43, 50, 168 Mishow, 125, 227, 228. See Hunter island Mispat, 173-175, 177 Mitchel square, 78 Moeung, 162 Mohawk, 19, 40, 57, 92, 96 Montagne family, 68, 75 Montagne's Flat, 69 Montagnes point, 221 Montgomery, W. R., 123 Montgomery street; 178 Monument lane, 59 Moody, Lady Deborah, 164, 166, 237 Morrisania, 73, 104, 108. See Ranachqua Morris county (N. J.), 205 Morris cove, 113, 223 Morris, Gouverneur, 106, 222 Morris, Roger, 78 Morris street, 53 Mosholu, 90, 93, 226 Mosholu avenue, 94

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX 263

Mosholu brook, 92, 95, 226 Mosholu Parkway, 117 Moskituash, 161. See Macutteris Mott avenue, 108 Mount Pleasant, 203 Mount Vernon, City of, 119 Municipal Building, 50 Municipal Building (Kings), 141 Muschenheim, William C, 97 Muscoota, 72, 81, 82, 101, 102, 224 Museum of the /American Indian, Heye Foundation, 81, 84, 112, 116, 124, 126, 158, 194, 222, 224, 229, 230, 233, 235, 236 Muskyttehool, 153, 237

Nagel homestead, 85 Naghtongh, 57. See Nechtank Nappeckamak, 226 Narrioch, 164, 165, 231 Narrioch neck, 162 Narrows lane (Kings), 144 Narrows, The, 33, 39, 166 Nassau street, 53, 54 Navasink, 166, 203 Navasink river, 203 Navy Yard, 134 Nayack, 50, 131, 132, 144, 145, 166, 168, 169, 170, 188, 230, 234 Near Rockaway, 172, 180. See Far Rockaway, Rechquakie, Rockaway, Rockaway Beach, Rockaway Point Nechtank, 57.

See Macutteris Mott avenue, 108 Mount Pleasant, 203 Mount Vernon, City of, 119 Municipal Building, 50 Municipal Building (Kings), 141 Muschenheim, William C, 97 Muscoota, 72, 81, 82, 101, 102, 224 Museum of the /American Indian, Heye Foundation, 81, 84, 112, 116, 124, 126, 158, 194, 222, 224, 229, 230, 233, 235, 236 Muskyttehool, 153, 237

Nagel homestead, 85 Naghtongh, 57. See Nechtank Nappeckamak, 226 Narrioch, 164, 165, 231 Narrioch neck, 162 Narrows lane (Kings), 144 Narrows, The, 33, 39, 166 Nassau street, 53, 54 Navasink, 166, 203 Navasink river, 203 Navy Yard, 134 Nayack, 50, 131, 132, 144, 145, 166, 168, 169, 170, 188, 230, 234 Near Rockaway, 172, 180. See Far Rockaway, Rechquakie, Rockaway, Rockaway Beach, Rockaway Point Nechtank, 57. See Naghtongh Negro Fort, 117 Neperah river, 226 Nevins street, 141 New Amsterdam, 32, 36, 37, 61, 75, 76

AND MONOGRAPHS

264 INDIAN PATHS Newark (N. J.), 203 Newark bay, 198, 200 New Boston Post Road, 123. See Boston Post Road New Bridge (N. J.), 201 New Brighton, 190 Newcastle (Del.), 38 New England, 20, 21, 99, 110, 127 New Haerlem, 61, 72 New Haven Railroad, 108, 111, 124 New Jersey, 22, 39, 41, 59, 166, 197, 202, 203. 205, 206, 239 New Lots, 153 New Netherland, 21 New Rochelle, 121, 127, 228 New Springville, 193, 234 Newton avenue, 94 Newtons creek (S. I.), 192, 232. See Bowmans brook, De Harts brook Newtown (Queens), 132, 171, 173 Newtown creek, 171, 173, 230 Newtown inlet, 60 Newtown road, 145, 179 New Utrecht, 140, 148, 151, 156, 166, 167, 168, 169, 237 New York and Harlem Railroad, 118 New York Bay, 166, 177, 197, 202 New York Catholic Protectory, 115 New York Central Railroad, 86 New York commons, 66 New York Historical Society, 203 New York, Westchester and Boston Railway, 119, 226 Nichols, Governor, 121 Nieuw Amersfoort, 149, 151, 152.

See Bowmans brook, De Harts brook Newtown (Queens), 132, 171, 173 Newtown creek, 171, 173, 230 Newtown inlet, 60 Newtown road, 145, 179 New Utrecht, 140, 148, 151, 156, 166, 167, 168, 169, 237 New York and Harlem Railroad, 118 New York Bay, 166, 177, 197, 202 New York Catholic Protectory, 115 New York Central Railroad, 86 New York commons, 66 New York Historical Society, 203 New York, Westchester and Boston Railway, 119, 226 Nichols, Governor, 121 Nieuw Amersfoort, 149, 151, 152. See Flatlands

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX 265

Ninetieth street, 66 Ninety-first street, 221 Ninety-second street 67, 70 Ninety-fourth street, 63 Ninety-fifth street, 68 Ninety-sixth street, 62, 63, 68 Ninety-seventh street, 71 Ninety-eighth street, 68, 71 Nipnichsen, 95, 96, 98, 225 North Beach, 176, 177 North Bergen (N J.), 199 Northfield (N. J.), 205 North Hempstead, 178 North river, see Hudson river North shore, 183, 184 .

North Woodside, 177 Nuasin, 108. See Macomb's Dam Park Nut island, 238. See Governors island Nutten island Nutten island, 238. See Governors island. Nut island

Oakwood, 195, 234 Observatory place, 66 Ocean parkway, 163 Oestdorp, 122. See Westchester Old Boston Post-road, 120 See Boston Postroad, Boston Road Old Ferry point, 113, 223 Old Ferry road, 178 .

Old Place, 191, 192, 232 Old Point Comfort tavern, 122 Old Wreck brook, 55 One Hundredth street, 68, 70 One Hundred Third street, 69 One Hundred Fourth street, 72

AND MONOGRAPHS

266 INDIAN PATHS One Hundred Fifth street, 67, 68 One Hundred Seventh street, 67, 69 One Hundred Eighth street, 73 One Hundred Tenth street, 72, 74 One Hundred Eleventh street, 72, 74 One Hundred Fourteenth street, 74 One Hundred Fifteenth street, 75 One Hundred Twentieth street, 72 One Hundred Twenty-first street, 72, 235 One Hundred Twenty-third street, 73, 74 One Hundred Twenty-fourth street, 76 One Hundred Twenty- fifth street, 72, 76 One Hundred Thirtieth street, 76, 105 One Hundred Thirty-first street, 222 One Hundred Thirty-second street, 106 One Hundred Thirty-eighth street, 108 One Hundred Forty-first street, 77 One Hundred Forty-third street, 77 One Hundred Forty-seventh street, 77 One Hundred Fifty-third street, 78, 108 One Hundred Fifty eighth street, 78, 224 One Hundred Sixtieth street, 78 One Hundred Sixty-sixth street, 241 One Hundred Sixty-eighth street, 78 One Hundred Sixty-ninth street, 107, 108 One Hundred Seventy- third street, 79 One Hundred Seventy-sixth street, 79 One Hundred Seventy-seventh street, 79, 109 One Hundred Seventy-ninth street, 79 One Hundred Eightieth street, 79 One Hundred Eighty-first street, 79, 109 One Hundred Eighty-second street, 109 One Hundred Ninety-fifth street, 80 One Hundred Ninety-sixth street, 225 Oneroad, Amos, 81, 116 Oranges, the, 38

266 INDIAN PATHS One Hundred Fifth street, 67, 68 One Hundred Seventh street, 67, 69 One Hundred Eighth street, 73 One Hundred Tenth street, 72, 74 One Hundred Eleventh street, 72, 74 One Hundred Fourteenth street, 74 One Hundred Fifteenth street, 75 One Hundred Twentieth street, 72 One Hundred Twenty-first street, 72, 235 One Hundred Twenty-third street, 73, 74 One Hundred Twenty-fourth street, 76 One Hundred Twenty- fifth street, 72, 76 One Hundred Thirtieth street, 76, 105 One Hundred Thirty-first street, 222 One Hundred Thirty-second street, 106 One Hundred Thirty-eighth street, 108 One Hundred Forty-first street, 77 One Hundred Forty-third street, 77 One Hundred Forty-seventh street, 77 One Hundred Fifty-third street, 78, 108 One Hundred Fifty eighth street, 78, 224 One Hundred Sixtieth street, 78 One Hundred Sixty-sixth street, 241 One Hundred Sixty-eighth street, 78 One Hundred Sixty-ninth street, 107, 108 One Hundred Seventy- third street, 79 One Hundred Seventy-sixth street, 79 One Hundred Seventy-seventh street, 79, 109 One Hundred Seventy-ninth street, 79 One Hundred Eightieth street, 79 One Hundred Eighty-first street, 79, 109 One Hundred Eighty-second street, 109 One Hundred Ninety-fifth street, 80 One Hundred Ninety-sixth street, 225 Oneroad, Amos, 81, 116 Oranges, the, 38

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX 267

Ossining, 92 Out Ward, 42, 57 Overpeck creek, 200 Overton place, 165

Paardegat, 153, 237 Paardegat basin 157 Paardegat creek, 151, 157 Paardegat inlet, 148 Pacific street, 138, 141 Pagganck, 238 Palisade region, 199 Paparinemin, Papirinemin, Papparinamin, 32 82, 88, 89, 90, 225 Park avenue, 71 Park drive, 71 Park Row, 47, 49, 53, 54, 55 Pascal avenue, 94 Passaic (N. J.), 201, 231 Passaic river, 21, 201, 204, 205, 231 Passaic valley, 201 Paterson (N. J.), 38, 201 Paulus hook, 199, 238, 239. See Aressick Paulus, Mr., 169 Pearl street, 45, 47, 51, 54, 55, 220 Peekskill, 92 Pelham, 30, 99, 126, 128, 227 Pelham avenue, 103 Pelham Bay, 125, 127 Pelham Bay Park, 227, 236 Pelham-Bay-Yiew Park, 122 Pelham Bridge road, 236 Pelham Heath Inn, 122 Pelham Manor, 121, 123, 125, 127 Pelham neck, 123, 185, 227 Pelham Parkway, 104, 111, 122. 240

J.), 201, 231 Passaic river, 21, 201, 204, 205, 231 Passaic valley, 201 Paterson (N. J.), 38, 201 Paulus hook, 199, 238, 239. See Aressick Paulus, Mr., 169 Pearl street, 45, 47, 51, 54, 55, 220 Peekskill, 92 Pelham, 30, 99, 126, 128, 227 Pelham avenue, 103 Pelham Bay, 125, 127 Pelham Bay Park, 227, 236 Pelham-Bay-Yiew Park, 122 Pelham Bridge road, 236 Pelham Heath Inn, 122 Pelham Manor, 121, 123, 125, 127 Pelham neck, 123, 185, 227 Pelham Parkway, 104, 111, 122. 240

AND MONOGRAPHS

268 INDIAN PATHS Pelham Road, 127 Thomas, 123, 124 Pell, Pells point, 227 Peltons cove, 191, 231 Penadnic, 76 Pennoyer, Robert, 167 Pepper, George H., 229, 233 Pequot, 20, 40 Perth Amboy (N. J.), 195, 203, 204 Petersen, Jan, 144 Pewichaus, 153 Pidgeon Hill (N. J.), 203 Pieter Tuynier's fall, see Tuynier, Pieter Plaza, the, 147 Pleasant avenue, 74, 235. See Avenue A Plumb island, 161 Poe, Edgar Allan, home of, 103 Poe Park, 103 Point of Rocks, 76 Point Rechewanis, 69. See Rechewanis Pompton (N. J.), 202 Pompton Plain (N. J.), 201 Pompton road, 201-202 Portland point, 203 Port Washington, 38, 183 Post Road, 25, 63. See Boston Road, Kingsway Potters hill, 54 Pratt, F B , 158 Preakness valley, 201 Preble street, 110 Prescott avenue, 84 Princes bay, Princess bay, 195, 234 Prospect avenue (Kings), 147 Prospect Hill road, 123 Prospect Park, 141, 143, 147 Prospect reservoir, 147

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX 269

Prospect street (Kings), 141 Public School No. 1, 120, 121 Public School No. 24, 97 Pudding rock, 241 Pugsley creek, 115

J.), 201 Pompton road, 201-202 Portland point, 203 Port Washington, 38, 183 Post Road, 25, 63. See Boston Road, Kingsway Potters hill, 54 Pratt, F B , 158 Preakness valley, 201 Preble street, 110 Prescott avenue, 84 Princes bay, Princess bay, 195, 234 Prospect avenue (Kings), 147 Prospect Hill road, 123 Prospect Park, 141, 143, 147 Prospect reservoir, 147

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX 269

Prospect street (Kings), 141 Public School No. 1, 120, 121 Public School No. 24, 97 Pudding rock, 241 Pugsley creek, 115

Quandoequareous, 173 Queens, see Borough of Queens Queensboro bridge 173, 175 ,

Queens county, 172, 179, 229 Quiet Vale, 75. See Vredendal Quinnahung, 105, 109, 110, 176 Quinnikeek, 73

Rahway river, 205 Ramapo mountains, 202, 205 Ramapo river, 202 Ranachqua, 73, 104, 105, 106, 109, 221. See Morrisania Randall avenue, 222 Randel, John, 66 Rapelye avenue, 173 Raritan, 166, 188 Raritan bay, 194 Raritan river, 21, 203, 204 Rattlesnake creek, 240 Ratzer, Lieut. B., 46, 52, 134, 239 Raunt, the, 172 Ravenswood Park, 175, 238 Rechewac, Reckgawack, chief of the Reckgawawanc, 68, 70, 93, 221 Rechewanis, 68, 69, 73, 221 Rechewas point, 68, 221 Rechquakie, 172. See Far Rockaway, Near Rockaway, Rockaway, Rockaway Beach, Rockaway Point

AND MONOGRAPHS

270 INDIAN PATHS Rechtauck, Rechtanck, 56, 57, 134, 220 Reckgawack. See Rechewac Reckgawawanc, 34, 63, 68, 71, 73, 78, 92 94, 107, 221, 225, 226 Red Hook, 137, 140, 141 Red Hook lane, 138, 139, 141 Revolution, the, 107, 117, 147 Richardson house, 110, 222 Richmond, 39, 187, 190, 193 Richmond avenue, 196 Richmond creek, 234 Richmond Hill, 179 Richmond Plank road, 234 Richmond road" 190 Richmond turnpike, 190 Riker, James, 32, 72, 75 Rikers island, 176 Rinnegaconck, 134, 141, 153, 230 Riverdale, 95 Riverside Drive, 80 Riverside Park, 63 Rochambeau street, 117 Rochelle, 128 Rockaway, 37 Rockaway (chieftaincy), 132, 171, 172, 181 Rockaway Beach, 172, 181 Rockaway neck, 180, 181 Rockaway path, 131, 145, 151, 154, 178, 179 Rockaway Point, 172 Rockaway Road, 182 Rockville Center, 172 Rodmans neck, 227 Roosevelt street, 44, 54, 55 Roosevelts brook, 125, 126, 227

See Rechewac Reckgawawanc, 34, 63, 68, 71, 73, 78, 92 94, 107, 221, 225, 226 Red Hook, 137, 140, 141 Red Hook lane, 138, 139, 141 Revolution, the, 107, 117, 147 Richardson house, 110, 222 Richmond, 39, 187, 190, 193 Richmond avenue, 196 Richmond creek, 234 Richmond Hill, 179 Richmond Plank road, 234 Richmond road" 190 Richmond turnpike, 190 Riker, James, 32, 72, 75 Rikers island, 176 Rinnegaconck, 134, 141, 153, 230 Riverdale, 95 Riverside Drive, 80 Riverside Park, 63 Rochambeau street, 117 Rochelle, 128 Rockaway, 37 Rockaway (chieftaincy), 132, 171, 172, 181 Rockaway Beach, 172, 181 Rockaway neck, 180, 181 Rockaway path, 131, 145, 151, 154, 178, 179 Rockaway Point, 172 Rockaway Road, 182 Rockville Center, 172 Rodmans neck, 227 Roosevelt street, 44, 54, 55 Roosevelts brook, 125, 126, 227

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX 271

Rossville, 194, 233 Run, The, 80 Rutgers, Anthony, 44 Ryder, Charles, 228 Ryders lane, 158 Ryders pond 157, 228

Sachkerah, Sackerath, 33, 99, 101, 102, 240 Sackhickneyah, 177, 184 Sackwrahung, 105, 106 Saddle river (N. J.), 201 St. George, 187, 190, 192 St. John's College (now Fordham University). St. Nicholas avenue. 74, 77 St. Paul's Church, 120 St. Raymond's cemetery, 112, 113, 236 Sandberg, 60 Sand hill, see Sandberg Sandy brook, 194, 233 Sandy Ground, 233 Saperewack, 82, 86, 100. See Marble Hill Sapohanikan, Sappokanikke, 58, 59, 63, 221, Sassian's maize-land, 138 Sawmill river, 95 Schenck, Captain John, 161 Schoolcraft, H. R., 57, 60 Schreyers hoek, Schryers hook, 51, 165, 220 Screven residence, 114, 223 Screvens point, 113. See Castle point Seabrey creek, 111 Seaman avenue, 83, 84, 87 Second avenue, 64, 65, 66, 70, 74, 235 Second street (Kings), 140 Second street, Hoboken, 239

Raymond's cemetery, 112, 113, 236 Sandberg, 60 Sand hill, see Sandberg Sandy brook, 194, 233 Sandy Ground, 233 Saperewack, 82, 86, 100. See Marble Hill Sapohanikan, Sappokanikke, 58, 59, 63, 221, Sassian's maize-land, 138 Sawmill river, 95 Schenck, Captain John, 161 Schoolcraft, H. R., 57, 60 Schreyers hoek, Schryers hook, 51, 165, 220 Screven residence, 114, 223 Screvens point, 113. See Castle point Seabrey creek, 111 Seaman avenue, 83, 84, 87 Second avenue, 64, 65, 66, 70, 74, 235 Second street (Kings), 140 Second street, Hoboken, 239

AND MONOGRAPHS

272 INDIAN PATHS Secor, Morgan H., 227 Sedgwick avenue, 102, 103, 116 Seguine point, 195, 234 Seisen, 169 Seton estate, 240 Seton falls, 240 Seventh avenue, 75 Seventh avenue (Kings), 142, 143 Seventeenth street, 65 Seventy-first street, 66 Seventy-seventh street, 66 Seventy-eighth street (Kings), 169 Seventy-ninth street, 62 Seventy-ninth street (Kings), 156, 169 Seyseys, a sachem, 170 Shanscomacocke, 159, 160, 161, 228, 231 Shawcopshee, 234 Shawestcout, 1 76 Sheepshead Bay, 163-164 Shell road, 165 Shellbank creek, 161, 164, 231 Shepmoes, 64, 235 Sherman basin, 224 Sherman creek, 80 Shippa, 228 Shorakapkok, 81, 83, 84, 87, 96, 225 Shore driveway, 127 Shore Line railroad, 142, 232 Shore path, 100, 101, 102, 116, 118, 121, 122 123, 241 Shore road, 30, 31, 33, 99, 124, 236 Shore road (S. I.), 191, 192 Short Hills (N. J.), 201, 205 Shrewsbury river, 22 Silver Lake, 190, 192, 233 Silver street, 111, 122

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX 273

Simonsons brook, 193, 234 Sint Sinck, 176 Siwanoy, 34, 40, 99, 101, 104, 107, 110, 112. 113, 114, 116, 119, 122, 123, 128, 224, 228; Sixth avenue, 67 Sixth avenue (Kings), 142, 143, 238 Sixty-second street, 66 Sixty-second street, east (Kings), 161 Sixty-third street, 66 Sixty-sixth street, 66 Sixty-eighth street, 66 Sixty-ninth street, east (Kings), 154 Skinner, Alanson, 79, 81, 115, 191, 195, 222. 226, 232, 233, 234, 235 Skupash, 180 Sluyter and Dankers, 63, 142, 238 Smith's tavern, 66 Snakapins, 48, 115, 176, 222 Sound shore, 21, 30, 40, 99, 185 Soundview avenue, 115, 222 South Amboy (N.

Simonsons brook, 193, 234 Sint Sinck, 176 Siwanoy, 34, 40, 99, 101, 104, 107, 110, 112. 113, 114, 116, 119, 122, 123, 128, 224, 228; Sixth avenue, 67 Sixth avenue (Kings), 142, 143, 238 Sixty-second street, 66 Sixty-second street, east (Kings), 161 Sixty-third street, 66 Sixty-sixth street, 66 Sixty-eighth street, 66 Sixty-ninth street, east (Kings), 154 Skinner, Alanson, 79, 81, 115, 191, 195, 222. 226, 232, 233, 234, 235 Skupash, 180 Sluyter and Dankers, 63, 142, 238 Smith's tavern, 66 Snakapins, 48, 115, 176, 222 Sound shore, 21, 30, 40, 99, 185 Soundview avenue, 115, 222 South Amboy (N. J.), 203 South avenue (S. I.), 192 South Bensonhurst, 156, 166. See Bensonhurst South Country road, 180 South Flatbush, 151. See Flatbush South Post-road, 180. See South Country road South river, see East River South street (Queens), 182 South Seventh street, Mt. Vernon, 119 South Twelfth avenue, Mt. Vernon, 119 South Williamsburg, 146 Southern boulevard, 104, 109 Split Rock, 123-124, 127, 227

AND MONOGRAPHS

274 INDIAN PATHS Spring Creek, 171 Springfield (N. J.), 205 Spuyten Duyvil, 32, 75, 83, 95, 96, 225 Spuyten Duyvil creek, 82, 83, 90, 102, 225 Squam creek, 231 Stapleton, 196, 235 i1"?l TP ^TT"PPf~ il

Staten Island, 50, 166, 187, 191, 197, 204 Stepping Stones rocks, 185 Strawn beach, see Strome beach Strikers bay, 62, 63. See Ninety-sixth street Strome beach, 159, 160, 164 Strome kill, 158, 159, 161, 162, 228 Stuyvesant, Governor, 60 Stuyvesant street, 60 Suffern, 202 Sunset Park, 142, 238 Sunwick, Sunwicks, Sunswicks, 238 Sunwick creek, 175 Sussex county (N. J.), 205 Sutter avenue, 153 Suwiran, a sachem, 153 Swamp, The, 44

J.), 205 Spuyten Duyvil, 32, 75, 83, 95, 96, 225 Spuyten Duyvil creek, 82, 83, 90, 102, 225 Squam creek, 231 Stapleton, 196, 235 i1"?l TP ^TT"PPf~ il

Staten Island, 50, 166, 187, 191, 197, 204 Stepping Stones rocks, 185 Strawn beach, see Strome beach Strikers bay, 62, 63. See Ninety-sixth street Strome beach, 159, 160, 164 Strome kill, 158, 159, 161, 162, 228 Stuyvesant, Governor, 60 Stuyvesant street, 60 Suffern, 202 Sunset Park, 142, 238 Sunwick, Sunwicks, Sunswicks, 238 Sunwick creek, 175 Sussex county (N. J.), 205 Sutter avenue, 153 Suwiran, a sachem, 153 Swamp, The, 44

Tackapoosa, son of Mechowodt, 182 Tappan, 188 Taquemack, 93 Tarry town, 92 Ten Farms of Eastchester, 121 Tenth avenue, 86 Tenth street, west (Kings), 163 Tenth ward (Kings), 137, 230 Tetard's hill, 91, 92 Teunissen, Tobias, 94-95 Third avenue,. 65, 66, 70, 103, 109 Third avenue (Kings), 142, 169, 238

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX 275

Third street (Kings), 140 Thirtieth street, 65 Thirty-first street, east (Kings), 148 Thirty-second street, 66 Thirty-fifth street (Kings), 144 Thirty-seventh street, 65 Thirty-seventh street (Kings), 142, 143 238 Thirty-eighth street, 66 Thirty-eighth street (Kings), 238 Thirty-ninth street, 65 Thoreau, 194, 233 Throgs Neck, 112, 223, 224, 236 Throgs Neck road, 112, 236 Tiebout farm, 64 Tippett family, 97-98, 101 Tippett's brook, 90 Titus Mill-pond, 127 Tooker, W. W., 43, 126, 135, 173, 175, 177, 227 229. 230, 232, 235, 236 Tottenville, 190, 194, 233 Town Dock road, 112 Trains Meadow, 177 Trains Meadow road, 177 Transverse road, 71. See Ninety-seventh street Travisville, 193 Trimble avenue, 177 Tubby hook, 80, 235 Tunissens neck, 192, 232 Turner, Claude L., 116 Turtle Bay, 66, 67 Tuynier, Pieter, 85 Twelfth street, east, 60 Twelfth street, east (Kings), 164 Twentieth avenue (Kings), 167 Twentieth street (Kings), 167

W., 43, 126, 135, 173, 175, 177, 227 229. 230, 232, 235, 236 Tottenville, 190, 194, 233 Town Dock road, 112 Trains Meadow, 177 Trains Meadow road, 177 Transverse road, 71. See Ninety-seventh street Travisville, 193 Trimble avenue, 177 Tubby hook, 80, 235 Tunissens neck, 192, 232 Turner, Claude L., 116 Turtle Bay, 66, 67 Tuynier, Pieter, 85 Twelfth street, east, 60 Twelfth street, east (Kings), 164 Twentieth avenue (Kings), 167 Twentieth street (Kings), 167

AND MONOGRAPHS

276 INDIAN PATHS Twenty-first avenue (Kings), 156 Twenty-third street, 65 Twenty-fifth street, east (Kings), 158 Twenty-sixth street, 65 Twenty-sixth street, east (Kings), 147 Twenty-eighth street, 65 Twenty-ninth street, 66 Twin islands, 125, 227 Two Hundred First street, 225 Two Hundred Fourth street, 84, 87 Two Hundred Seventh street, 84, 86 Two Hundred Eighth street, 225 Two Hundred Ninth street, 85, 225 Two Hundred Twelfth street, 85, 225 Two Hundred Thirteenth street, 225 Two Hundred Seventeenth street, 119 Two Hundred Eighteenth street, 86 Two Hundred Nineteenth street, 225 Two Hundred Twenty-fifth street, 82, 86, 102 Two Hundred Twenty-eighth street, 119 Two Hundred Thirty-first street, 90, 91, 98, Two Hundred Thirty-second street, 97 Two Hundred Thirty-third street, 119 Two Hundred Thirty-fourth street, 92 Two Hundred Thirty-fifth street, 97 Two Hundred Thirty-eighth street, 92, 96 Two Hundred Forty-second street, 92 Two Hundred Forty-fourth street, 94 Two Hundred Forty-fifth street, 97 Two Hundred Forty-seventh street, 94 Two Hundred Sixtieth street, 94 Unami Dela wares, 188 Underhill, Captain John, 152 Union avenue, 192, 234

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX 277

276 INDIAN PATHS Twenty-first avenue (Kings), 156 Twenty-third street, 65 Twenty-fifth street, east (Kings), 158 Twenty-sixth street, 65 Twenty-sixth street, east (Kings), 147 Twenty-eighth street, 65 Twenty-ninth street, 66 Twin islands, 125, 227 Two Hundred First street, 225 Two Hundred Fourth street, 84, 87 Two Hundred Seventh street, 84, 86 Two Hundred Eighth street, 225 Two Hundred Ninth street, 85, 225 Two Hundred Twelfth street, 85, 225 Two Hundred Thirteenth street, 225 Two Hundred Seventeenth street, 119 Two Hundred Eighteenth street, 86 Two Hundred Nineteenth street, 225 Two Hundred Twenty-fifth street, 82, 86, 102 Two Hundred Twenty-eighth street, 119 Two Hundred Thirty-first street, 90, 91, 98, Two Hundred Thirty-second street, 97 Two Hundred Thirty-third street, 119 Two Hundred Thirty-fourth street, 92 Two Hundred Thirty-fifth street, 97 Two Hundred Thirty-eighth street, 92, 96 Two Hundred Forty-second street, 92 Two Hundred Forty-fourth street, 94 Two Hundred Forty-fifth street, 97 Two Hundred Forty-seventh street, 94 Two Hundred Sixtieth street, 94 Unami Dela wares, 188 Underhill, Captain John, 152 Union avenue, 192, 234

INDIAN NOTES

INDEX 277

Unionport, 113 Unionport road, 114, 115 United States reservation, 231 United States Ship Canal, 86 University avenue, 103 University Heights, 226 Upper bay, 198 Upper cove, 231. See Peltons cove Utrecht. 163. See New Utrecht

Valentine avenue, 103 Valentine-Briggs farmhouse, 103 Valeyen, 70 Valley grove, 147 Valley Stream, 38, 229 Valley Stream road, 180 Van Brunt lane, 169 Van Corlaer, Jacobus, 156 Van Cortlandt, Frederick, 93, 94, 226 Van Cortlandt avenue, 117 Van Cortlandt Park, 92, 226 Vanderbeeck, Paulus, 143 Vanderbilt avenue (Kings), 147 Van der Donck, 101 Vandeveer Park, 151 Van Werckhoven, Cornelis, 168, 169 Van Wyck, Frederick, 152 Varian homestead, 117 Varkens Hook road, 150 Verrazano, 33 Vredendal, or "Quiet Vale", 75

Valentine avenue, 103 Valentine-Briggs farmhouse, 103 Valeyen, 70 Valley grove, 147 Valley Stream, 38, 229 Valley Stream road, 180 Van Brunt lane, 169 Van Corlaer, Jacobus, 156 Van Cortlandt, Frederick, 93, 94, 226 Van Cortlandt avenue, 117 Van Cortlandt Park, 92, 226 Vanderbeeck, Paulus, 143 Vanderbilt avenue (Kings), 147 Van der Donck, 101 Vandeveer Park, 151 Van Werckhoven, Cornelis, 168, 169 Van Wyck, Frederick, 152 Varian homestead, 117 Varkens Hook road, 150 Verrazano, 33 Vredendal, or "Quiet Vale", 75

Wading place, 31, 39, 86, 87, 88, 90 Wakefield, 119 Wallabout, 133, 134, 136, 153 Wallabout bay, 134, 135, 230

AND MONOGRAPHS

INDEX 279

Westchester-Eastchester path, 241 Western avenue, 192 West Farms, 106 West Farms road, 109, 111 Westminster Heights Park, 151 West New Brighton, 191, 231 White, A. T., 158 Whitehall street, 51, 52 Whitehead, W. A., 205 White Plains road, 111, 118 Whitestone, 172 Wickquaskeek, Wickguaskeek, 32, 76 Williamsbridge, 30, 100, 101, 118, 240 Williamsbridge reservoir, 117 Williamsbridge road, 103 Williamsburg, 145-146 Willis avenue, 108 Willow avenue, 174 Winippague, 151, 152, 154, 228. See Bergen beach Winthrop, 37 Wolf's lane, 123 Woodbridge (N. J.), 197 Woodhaven, 179 Woodhull, 180 Woodlawn cemetery, 118 Wood Point road, 146 Woodrow, 194, 233 Wood, Silas, 129 Woods of Arden, 195, 234 Wort farm, 194 Worth street, 49, 220

AND MONOGRAPHS

INDIAN NOTES

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