[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] of the Westchester path over Bronx river 104 X. Weir creek Indian village-site, Throgs neck 112 XI. Foreshore of Weir creek Indian village-site, Throgs neck 114 XII. Van Cortlandt avenue, once the Indian Shore path 116 INDIAN NOTES ILLUSTRATIONS 7 XIII. Acqueanounck, the Hutchinson river, where the Shore path

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] survey, and study. So it becomes an interesting and instruc-tive thought, as we travel along the re-graded thoroughfare, or race over its sur-face in a roaring train of cars, that beneath its hard, asphalted surface, below the re-mains of its macadamized predecessor, perhaps under the corduroy logs of an earlier cartway, there may yet be traces of the beaten surface…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Manhattan was accessible by water, and the lower part of the island stood at the parting of the waterways. We may assume, however, that canoes were rare possessions, objects constructed only by long-continued labor and the ex-ercise of unusual skill with the crude stone tools available. We are perhaps afforded an idea of the number of such vessels in the region of t…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] of local conditions, influenced by the strong tides, floating ice, rough water, and the carriage of goods in bulk. In particular their use in fishing required strength enough to carry loads of shell-fish, and heavy sea-going fish such as sturgeon. They were often of great size and admirable workmanship, says Winthrop, and sometimes "so great as one will carry eight …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] INDIAN NOTES MANHATTAN 39 ward the short ferriage over to the lower end of Manhattan, while the traffic of northeastern Jersey concentrated, through Hoboken, at the Greenwich landing, and the Richmond paths apparently led from the Minisink path, the highway of the Lenni Lenape, in the direction of the Narrows toward Manhattan. The Manhattan pathways therefore be-cam…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The trade which thus passed through or across Manhattan was probably fostered, AND MONOGRAPHS 40 INDIAN PATHS as it has been in modern times, by the control of money. The native medium for the exchange of values, the coveted and laboriously produced shell bead or wampum, was largely a Long Island product. The shallow waters around the island teemed with the quahaug …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] From Astor place we now follow the path INDIAN NOTES MANHATTAN 61 on its way northward as it was developed into the earliest roadway through the island, the old road which was existing when a cartway was ordered to be opened in 1670 to connect New Amsterdam with the town-ship of New Haerlem. There is no histori-cal record of this old road having been an Indian path,…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] INDIAN PATHS In a statement made by John Randel,9 the surveyor, he describes the course of this old post-road, as it lay in 1808-10, in some detail: "It crossed the 4th avenue at the Middle Road near 29th street, and passed through the Village of Kips bay from 32nd to 38th street west of 3rd avenue. It thence passed the Cross road to Burr's corners (on the Middle ro…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] near 98th street. These flowed together in a level space, which lay between two ridges on the line of Park avenue, and as the lodges there commanded a full view of the waters of Hellgate bay, the village-site would agree with the description of Konaande Kongh as "the hill near which they fish with nets." This was the old haunt of the Reckgawa-wanc, to which they clu…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] access to a supply of water, the nearest brook being about five hundred feet to the south, and the upper branch of Harlem creek extending on the east about an equal distance from the house-site. Riker12 says: "Harlem Lane, as we have reason to believe, was at first an Indian trail. Such forest paths, conveniently marked out by savage instinct, were often adopted by …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] AND MONOGRAPHS 92 INDIAN PATHS important path was the main line of com-munication between the Reckgawawanc and their relatives at Yonkers. It passed through the principal stations of neighbor-ing chieftaincies, at Dobbs Ferry, Tarry-town, Ossining, Croton, and Peekskill, crossed the Highlands at Continental Village, and entered the lands of the Wap-pinger, extending…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Here the trail connected with a consid-erable village-site (19) which covered a space of several acres on the level land west of the lake. On this area, when the regrad-ing of the present playing-field was under-taken in 1890, J. B. James found many fire-pits, a number of native human inter-ments, and several dog-burials. The name of this village is not recorded: it…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Beyond Mosholu avenue the old line of the highway is now abandoned, but its course may still be traced by the trees and stone fences that once lined it on both sides, as far as about 260th street, where it fell in line with Broad-way of today and so arrived at the north boundary of the City of New York. It was over this trail that the party of Dutch militia despatch…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] now known as Castle point, there existed an Indian fortified position or "castle" (9), from which the local name is derived, situated on an elevation of about 60 feet above tide-water. Below this eminence spreads a tract of about eight acres of rich farm-land, abundantly furnished with oyster-shells and yielding from time to time fine specimens of native weapons and…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] CT w 3 b3 THE BRONX 117 Here it diverged sharply to the east, passing through the northern part of the present Jerome reservoir, and it crossed the line of the old Croton aqueduct atVanCortlandt avenue, following the course of the latter to Jerome avenue. These parts of the path are now, of course, lost in the reservoir. Making a bend like a flattened S, and crossin…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] beeck to be *'a certain tree or stump on the Long Hill on the one side, and on the AND MONOGRAPHS 144 INDIAN PATHS other the end of the Indian footpath, and that it extends to the creek of the third meadow, which land was previously sold by chief or sachem Ka."28 That there were two paths in the Gowanus district is evidenced in a grant of April 5, 1642, by Kieft to …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] THE CANARSEE 149 beach and Canarsie beach may have utilized it to avoid a tramp of four miles. The modern Canarsie, which was part of the township of Flatlands, or Nieuw Amersfoort, was an extensive station of the Canarsee (51). It is first mentioned (Jan. 21, 1647) in a grant by Governor Kieft to settlers of "a certaine tract of land situate on the south side of Lo…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The most important native station, how-ever, was that known as Keskaechquerem or Keskaechqueren (104), a name which indicates a place of meeting for some public purpose. The importance of Kes-kaechquerem as a meeting place for the natives coming from all directions would indicate its situation at some point where the main lines of travel converge. The station on Can…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] of the early sales of lands. Its sachems in 1638 were Kakapetteyno, Menquaeruan, INDIAN NOTES... TH E C AN ARSEE 153 and Suwiran. With Pewichaus, the local owner, the first-named sachem agreed to the sale in 1637 of Governors island, and the Rinnegaconck tract at Wallabout. The three chiefs entered into the deed for the sale in the following year of the great tract …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] BOLTON -INDIAN PATHS IN THE GREAT METROPOLIS THE INDIAN VILLAGE-SITE AT GERRITSEN BASIN, FROM A SURVEY AND OBSERVATIONS BY D. B. AUSTIN. THE CANARSEE 155 the important manufacture of wampum was carried on. The position of native resi-dence might be expected to have been on the northern part of the island, near Avenue U and the Grand esplanade, because that part was …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The eastern part of Gravesend neck was the native Narrioch (69), naiag, "a neck," auke, "land," or "a point of land." Upon this tract is the Coney Island Jockey Club's racing ground. It was bounded on the east by Shellbank creek, a name strongly indicative of native residence. The neck was probably an appurtenance of the natives of the Gerritsen Basin station, and i…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] AND MONOGRAPHS 170 INDIAN PATHS That the Nayack natives who were the original owners of lower Manhattan were related to the Marechkawick Indians, is made evident not only by their removal to this territory, but by the joint action of their chiefs in this sale, and by the appearance, nineteen years later, of the sachem, Magan-wetinnemin, as the representative "for th…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] as a horticultural establishment, which was known as the Linnsean gardens. Within this area skeletons were uncovered indi-cating its use as a burying-ground. Prob-ably it was a station, and its planting-grounds were extended over the same tract that afterward formed the garden. A mile to the east, on the Duryea farm, objects of native manufacture evidenced the prese…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] RICHMOND PATHS 195 around it, and the tidal waters that surge round the point swarming with fish, the station was admirably suited to native life; while across the river, by a short ferriage, the great Minisink path came down through Perth Amboy, on which the traders of the Lenni Lenape made their way to the sea-coast with the products of their mountain homes. Along…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] through the Watchung mountains. From Pompton an old roadway, possibly the successor of a trail, followed the course of the Ramapo river along the base of the southern Ramapo mountains, by which route the traveler would have reached Suffern most conveniently. There two known Indian trails diverged, one leading into the narrow valley of the Ramapo river through the he…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Long Island. INDIAN NOTES NOTES 211 33' Skinner, A nthropological Papers of the A meri-can Museum of Natural History, 1909. 34. Heye, G. G., and Pepper, G. H., Explora-tion of a Munsee Cemetery near Mon-tague, New Jersey, Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. ii, no. 1, New York. 1915. AND MONOGRAPHS 212 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] City Hall Park, American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, 15th Annual Report, p. 383, Albany, 1910. Handbook of American Indians, edited by Frederick W. Hodge, Bulletin 30, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1907-1910. Hanna, Charles A., The Wilderness Trail, New York, 1911. (Two vols., with 80 maps.) Heye, G. G., and Pepper, G. H., Exploration of a …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Manhattan island. Natives who had INDIAN NOTES INDEX TO STATIONS 221 taken refuge there were massacred by Dutch soldiery at the order of Governor William Kieft, 1643. The most natural position for such a station was near a fresh-water pond and brook at the present Jefferson, Henry, Clinton, and Madison streets, facing south on an open beach on East river. 4. Sapohan…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The tract of marsh and upland extend-ing south of Harlem kill to 91st street as far west as Fifth avenue, to Hellgate bay, on East river. This was the home district of Rechewac, chief of the Reck-gawawanc, and was occupied by him and his people until 1669. It probably in-cluded a native village known as Ko-naande Kongh. 6. Ranachqua (Map VII, C). The tract purchased…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] D). An important native station, the name of which has not been recorded, consisting of a palisaded enclosure, or fort, on the high mound on the west bank of Westchester creek, which was the site of the Screven residence. A village probably extended on the south side of the hill, the site being marked by debris. On the extreme point is a large shell-heap containing …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] AND MONOGRAPHS 226 INDIAN PATHS the main path to the north and east countries. 19. Mosholu or Keskeskick (Maps VII, A, C). An important village-site on the west bank of" Mosholu brook, near the Van Cortlandt mansion in Van Cort-landt park. The title Keskeskick ap-plied to the range of hills forming part of Kingsbridge, Fordham, and Univer-sity Heights, probably as f…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] 229 which include grooved axes, indicate native occupancy of this favorable place. Its aboriginal name denotes "a fine water-place" (Tooker, Indian Place Names). Armbruster says there are immense shell-beds on this island. D. B. Austin states that these beds cover the area of the center of the island, and that they were probably debris from the manufacture of wampum…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] II; VIII, A). A native village was INDIAN NOTES INDEX TO STATIONS 239 situated on this favorable promontory, which was acquired from the occupants by Director Kieft in 1638. It has a dramatic interest as the scene of the bloody massacre of its unfortunate inhabitants by the Dutch soldiery in. 1643. 115. Harsimus, or Ahasimus (Maps II; VIII, A). Site of a native vill…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Corsa lane, 122 Corsons brook, 234 Cortelyou lane, 168 Cortelyou road; 148 Council-place, the (Kings), 236 Court street, 138, 140, 141, 240 Cowangongh, 100, 118, 240 Cow bay, 229 Cripplebush road, 145 Cromwells creek, 105, 108 Cropsey avenue, 167 Cross road, 66 Croton, 92 Croton aqueduct, 117 Croton reservoir, 66, 71 Cushetonk hills, 204 Cypress avenue, 106, 222 IND…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Begraw street, 141 Be Hart Bergen, see Bergen, Be Hart Be Harts brook, see Newtons creek Be la Montagne, 68, 75 Belaware, state of, 38 Belaware Indians, 69, 82, 99, 135, 177, 205, 206. See Lenni Lenape Belaware river, 22, 205 Bepot lane, 79 Bevoes point, 108 Bickey estate, 222 Bivision street, 55 Bobbs Ferry, 92 Bongan Patent of 1685, 153 Bongan street, 191 Bosoris,…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Greenwich Village, 221 Greenwood, 238 Greenwood cemetery, 143 Green Wood point, 146 Grenen Hont Punt, see Greenpoint Gunhill Road, 117, 240 Guttaquoh, a sachem, 164 Gysbert's eylandt, 165 Hackensack, 50, 198, 199, 200 Hackensack (chieftaincy), 188, 190, 221, 232 Hackensack river, 198, 200, 201, 205 Hainesville (N. J.), 205 Hall, Dr. Edward Hagaman, 86, 97

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Harlem lane, 74, 75 Harlem river, 74, 77, 81, 85, 108, 224 Harrington, M. R., 69, 82, 83, 128, 194, 227 229, 233 Harsen's crossroad, 66 Harsimus (N. J.), 199, 239. See Ahasimus Harway basin, 162 H'ashim-muck, 239 Haverstraw, 202 Hawthorne (N. J.), 201 Heath avenue, 102 Heermans, Augustine^ 43 Hellegat, 70 Hell Gate, 36, 69, 70, 71, 178, 184, 185, 186 Hellgate bay, 2…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Jerome reservoir, 117 Jersey City, 199 Johnson avenue, 173-174 Johnson Foundry, 83 Journeay avenue, 193, 234 Jumel, Madame, 78 Ka, a sachem, 144 Kakapetteyno, a sachem, 152 Kalch Hoek, 42, 43, 137, 220 Kamingh, Zemo, or Kaus Hansen, 143 AND MONOGRAPHS 258 INDIAN PATHS

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Kes-asketu or Castuteeuw, 156 Keskaechquerem, Keskaechqueren, 150, 152, 154, 156, 228, 236 Keskeskick, 91, 93, 94, 102, 105, 226 Kestateuw, 157 Ketchum mill-pond, 193, 234 Kieft, Gov. WiUiam, 94, 144, 149, 221, 239 Kill Muscoota, 224 Kill van Kull, 191, 198, 231, 232 Kills path, 179 Kingsbridge, 31, 39, 73, 82, 87, 90, 92, 116, 225, 226 Kingsbridge avenue, 87

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Lake lane, 162, 166 Lakes island, 194, 233 Larchmont, 38 Laurel hill, 174 Lawrence street, 135 Leland avenue, 115, 222 Lenni Lenape, 39, 195, 202. See Delaware In-dians Lenox avenue, 72, 74 Leonard street, 47 Lexington avenue, 65, 68 Linden (N. J.), 197 Linden hill, 174, 179

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] McGown's. (McGowan's) pass, 31, 61, 67, 72, 75 Macutteris, 159, 161 Madison avenue, 65, 68, 70 Madison Square, 65 Madison street, 56, 221 Maganwetinnemin, a sachem, 170 Mahican, 17 Mahwah creek, 202 Main street, 122 Makeopaca, 156, 161, 162 Malbone street, 147 Mamaroneck, 121 Maminipoe, 124

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Meadow lane, 157 Meadows, the, 70 Mechawanienck, 144, 155, 156, 163, 164, 166, 169 Mechowodt, the Ancient One, 183. See Tac-kapoosa Meijeterma, 169, 170 Menquaeruan, a sachem, 152 Mentipathe, 105 Mere, The, 72 Mespaetches, 171, 173, 176, 230 Metropolitan avenue, 146 Michaux Rocks, 126. See Mishow Middle Path, the, 115

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Nayack, 50, 131, 132, 144, 145, 166, 168, 169, 170, 188, 230, 234 Near Rockaway, 172, 180. See Far Rockaway, Rechquakie, Rockaway, Rockaway Beach, Rockaway Point Nechtank, 57. See Naghtongh Negro Fort, 117 Neperah river, 226 Nevins street, 141 New Amsterdam, 32, 36, 37, 61, 75, 76 AND MONOGRAPHS A 264 INDIAN PATHS

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] New England, 20, 21, 99, 110, 127 New Haerlem, 61, 72 New Haven Railroad, 108, 111, 124 New Jersey, 22, 39, 41, 59, 166, 197, 202, 203. 205, 206, 239 New Lots, 153 New Netherland, 21 New Rochelle, 121, 127, 228 New Springville, 193, 234 Newton avenue, 94 Newtons creek (S. I.), 192, 232. See Bowmans brook, De Harts brook Newtown (Queens), 132, 171, 173

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Oneroad, Amos, 81, 116 Oranges, the, 38 INDIAN NOTES INDEX 267 Ossining, 92 Out Ward, 42, 57 Overpeck creek, 200 Overton place, 165 Paardegat, 153, 237 Paardegat basin 157 Paardegat creek, 151, 157 Paardegat inlet, 148

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Park drive, 71 Park Row, 47, 49, 53, 54, 55 Pascal avenue, 94 Passaic (N. JO, 201, 231 Passaic river, 21, 201, 204, 205, 231 Passaic valley, 201 Paterson (N. J.), 38, 201 Paulus hook, 199, 238, 239. See Aressick Paulus, Mr., 169 Pearl street, 45, 47, 51, 54, 55, 220 Peekskill, 92 Pelham, 30, 99, 126, 128, 227 Pelham avenue, 103 Pelham Bay, 125, 127 Pelham Bay Park, …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Seventeenth street, 65 Seventy-first street, 66 Seventy-seventh street, 66 Seventy-eighth street (Kings), 169 Seventy-ninth street, 62 Seventy-ninth street (Kings), 156, 169 Seyseys, a sachem, 170 Shanscomacocke, 159, 160, 161, 228, 231 Shawcopshee, 234 Shawestcout, 176 Sheepshead Bay, 163-164 Shell road, 165 Shellbank creek, 161, 164, 231

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Suffern, 202 Sunset Park, 142, 238 Sunwick, Sunwicks, Sunswicks, 238 Sunwick creek, 175 Sussex county (N. J.), 205 Sutter avenue, 153 Suwiran, a sachem, 153 Swamp, The, 44 Tackapoosa, son of Mechowodt, 182 Tappan, 188 Taquemack, 93 Tarrytown, 92 Ten Farms of Eastchester, 121

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Valeyen, 70 Valley grove, 147 Valley Stream, 38, 229 Valley Stream road, 180 Van Brunt lane, 169 Van Corlaer, Jacobus, 156 Van Cortlandt, Frederick; 93, 94, 226 Van Cortlandt avenue, 117 Van Cortlandt Park, 92, 226 Vanderbeeck, Paulus, 143 Vanderbilt avenue (Kings), 147 Van der Donck, 101 Vandeveer Park, 151 Van Werckhoven, Cornells, 168, 169 Van Wyck, Frederick, 15…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Wallboght, 135 Wall street, 52 Walton avenue, 108 Wampage, 124 Wandowenock, 175 Wappinger, 40, 92 Ward point, 194, 195, 233 Warren street (Kings), 137, 139 Washington bridge, 107, 226 Washington Heights, 75, 77 Washington square, 60 Washington street, 58