[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] had huts for temporary occupancy; but in the winter they were found in their castles which were rarely, if ever, left altogether. * Their weapons of war were the spear, the bow and arrows, the war club and the stone hatchet, and in combat they pro tected themselves with a square shield made of tough leather. A snake's skin tied around the head, from the centre of which projected the tail of a bear or a wolf, and a face not recognizable from the variety of colors in which it was painted, was their 26 THE INDIAN TRIBES uniform. Their domestic implements were of very rude construc tion. Fire answered them many purposes and gained for them the name of Fireworkers. By it they not only cleared lands, but shaped their log canoes and made their wooden bowls. Some of their arrows were of elegant construction and tipped with copper, and when shot with power would pass through the body of a deer as certainly as the bullet from the rifle. The more common arrows were tipped with flint, as well as their spears, and required no little patience and skill in their construction. When they came to obtain guns from the Dutch they were remarkably expert with them. Their money consisted of white and black zewant (wampum),1 which was " nothing more nor less than the inside little pillars of the conch shells " which the sea cast up twice a year. These pillars they polished smooth, drilled a hole through the centre, reduced them to a certain size, and strung them on threads.