[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] NEWBURGH, N. Y. CHAPTER I. HUDSON IN THE MAHICANITUK — His INTERCOURSE WITH THE INDIANS — THEIR TRADITIONS CONCERNING HIS VISIT. AILING under the auspices of the Dutch West India Company, HENRY HUDSON, an intrepid Eng lish navigator, moored his vessel, the Half Moon, on the morning of September 3d, 1609, in the waters of the river which now bears his name. Lingeri…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] His return voyage began on the 2$d; on the 25th, 8 HISTORT OF THE INDIAN he anchored in Newburgh bay; reached Stony point on the ist of October; on the 4th, Sandy Hook, and sailed from thence Newburgh Bay. to Europe, bearing with him the information which he had col lected, not the least of which in importance was that in relation to the native lords whom he had m…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] when they saw that their chief had recovered from his debauch they were glad. They returned to their castle and " brought tobacco and beads " and gave them to Hudson, " and made an oration, and showed him all the country roundabout." u Then they sent one of their company on land again, who presently returned and brought a great platter full of venison, dressed by …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Very sorrowfully the old man, who had made the request in behalf of himself and his people, left the ship, although com forted with presents and with the assurance that his new friends would come again. Passing down through the Highlands, the Half Moon was becalmed off Stony point, and " the people of the mountains " came on board and wondered at the " ship and we…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] They were not suf fered to enter the vessel, and falling behind it, discharged their arrows at it; "in recompense whereof " six muskets replied "and killed two or three of them." The Indians retreated, and from a point of land renewed the attack; but " a falcon shot " killed two of them, and " the rest fled into the woods; " "yet they manned off another canoe, wit…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Their traditions repeat that almost with the appearance of Hudson in the lower bay, they began to collect on the shores and headlands, gazing in ' astonishment on the strange sight; that when they first saw the Half Moon they " did not know what to make of it, and could not comprehend whether it came down from heaven or from the devil." Some of them " even imagine…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] them; that this would please him; but to return what he had given to them might provoke him, and be the cause of their being destroyed by him. And that since he believed it for the good of the nation that the contents offered them should be drank, and as no one else was willing to drink it, he would, let the consequence be what it might j that it was better for on…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] and North river, the latter to distinguish it from the Connecticut or East river, and from the Delaware or South river, it has since been known. Henry Hudson. 16 THE INDIAN TRIBES CHAPTER II. ORIGIN, MANNERS AND CUSTOMS, ETC. HE origin of the North American Indians, is a sub ject which has engrossed the attention of learned men for over two hundred years, and yet …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] mounds, finds them composed of different strata of earth, arranged horizontally to the very edge, and ascribes their creation to the power that shaped the globe into vales and hillocks.1 The mounds, it is true, may have been selected by the aborigines as the site of their dwellings, fortifications, or burial places; but the mouldering bones, from hillocks which ar…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] exceed us," their complexion tawny, inclining to white, their faces sharp, their hair long and black, their eyes black and sharp, their expression mild and pleasant," " greatly resembling the antique." The women, he says, were " of the same form and beauty, very graceful, of fine countenances and pleasing appear ance in manners and modesty." They wore no clothing …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] and paintings of the Catholic saints," and, he adds, " when a young Indian is dressed in this manner he would not say plum for a bushel of plums. But this decoration is seldom worn unless they have a young woman in view." The dress of an Indian belle was more attractive than any which civilized life has produced. Says the writer last quoted, " The women wear a clo…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] They also wear hand bands or bracelets, curiously wrought, and inter woven with wampum. Their breasts appear about half covered with an elegantly wrought dress. They wear beautiful girdles, ornamented with their favorite wampum, and costly ornaments in their ears. Here and there they lay upon their faces black spots of paint. Elk hide moccasins they wore before th…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] was placed in a sitting posture, and beside it were placed a pot, kettle, platter, spoon, money and provisions for use in the other world. Wood was then placed around the body, and,.the whole covered with earth and stones, outside of which palisades were erected, fastened in such a manner that the tomb re sembled a little house.1 To these tombs great respect was p…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] had huts for temporary occupancy; but in the winter they were found in their castles which were rarely, if ever, left altogether. * Their weapons of war were the spear, the bow and arrows, the war club and the stone hatchet, and in combat they pro tected themselves with a square shield made of tough leather. A snake's skin tied around the head, from the centre of …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Gold, silver or copper coins they had none. Their standards of value were the hand or fathom of wampum, and the denotas or bags which they made themselves for measuring and pre serving corn. Such was their currency and such their only commercial transactions. To obtain wampum they made war and took captives for whom they demanded ransom, or made the weaker tribes …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The article was highly prized After the discovery, the Dutch introduced as an ornament, and as such constituted an the lathe in its manufacture, polished and object of traffic between the sea coast and perforated it with exactness, and soon had the interior tribes. It was worn around the the monopoly of the trade. The princi-neck; also as an edging for certain pie…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] seasons." Their women were the most experienced star-gazeVs, scarce one of whom could not name them all, give the time of their rising and setting, their position, etc., in language of their own. Taurus they described as the horned head of a big wild animal inhabiting the distant country, but not theirs; that when it rose in a certain part of the heavens, then it …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] hunting. When taken prisoners and belt and fifteen bloody sticks sent by the about to suffer torture, they asked permis-Missiosagaes, the like is very common, sion to dance the kintc-kaye. The and the Indians use sticks as well to ex-first dance witnessed by the Europeans press the alliance of castles as the number was by the savages assembled on the point of indi…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Some respect was paid to the rights of property, and whenever it was stolen, it was ordered returned.1 Although tne reputation attaches that they were a " thieving

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] other nations, yet they have high and low proportion to the number of troops under families; inferior and superior chiefs, his command. The rank of captain is whose authority remains hereditary in the neither elective nor hereditary. The houses. The military officers are dis-first occasion to this appointment is gene-posed of only according to the valorous rally a…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] If the belt was accepted, nothing more was said, that act being considered a solemn promise to lend every assistance; but if neither the hatchet was lifted up nor the belt accepted, it was understood that the tribe would remain neutral. The consideration of the matter was usually circumspect and slow, and the decision regarded with no little reverence. The lives o…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] O thou Great Spirit above Take pity on me and preserve my life, Take pity on my children And I will make thee a sacrifice." And on my wife !. OF HUDSON'S RIVER. 33 his hand. A murderer was seldom killed after the first twenty-four hours were passed, but he was obliged to remain concealed; meantime his friends endeavored to reconcile the parties, and offered a bloo…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] More sinned against than sinning, they left behind them evidences of great wrongs suffered, their enemies being the witnesses. 34 THE INDIAN TRIBES CHAPTER III. * NATIONAL AND TRIBAL ORGANIZATIONS, TOTEMIC CLASSI FICATIONS, POLITICAL RELATIONS, ETC. HE names and location of the Indian tribes were not ascertained with clearness by the early Dutch writers. Wassenaar…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 1 The appellation, Iroquois, was first a Co/den's History of the Six Nations; applied to them by the French, because Schooler affs Notes on the Iroquois; Dun-they usually began and finished their dis-lap's Hist. Neiv York • fates & Monitor? s courses or palaver with the word hiro, History New York; O'Callaghan's Neiv which means either "I say," or "I have Netherla…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] heard, and instantly all eyes were turned upward, where a com pact mass of cloudy darkness appeared, which gathered size and velocity as it approached, and appeared to be directed inevitably to fall in the midst of the assembly. Every one fled but Hiawatha and his daughter, who calmly awaited the issue. The force of the descending body was like that of a sudden st…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 1 Schoolcraffs Notes, 278, etc. pelled to join it. Those two tribes were "* Schooler affs Notes, 1 1 8, 1 20, etc. the younger, and the three others the older "The time when the confederacy was members of the confederacy." — Galla-formed is not known, but it was presumed tin. "The Oneidas^ and Cayugas are to be of a recent date, and the Oneidas their children." — …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] wards, for many years among them, people than the rest of the Indians, came The Dutch called them Mahikanders; down out of the inland parts of the con-the French knew them as the Mouri-tinent, and by force seized upon the gans and Manhingans 5 the English as goodliest places near the sea, and became the Mohiccons, Mohegans, Muhheeck-a terror to all their neighbors…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] number. As they were coming from the west they found many great waters, but none of them flowing and ebbing like Muh heakunnuk until they came to Hudson's river; then they said one to another, this is like Muhheakunnuk our nativity. And when they found grain was very plenty in that country, they agreed to kindle a fire there and hang a kettle, whereof they and the…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The sachem, or more properly king, remained at all times with his tribe and consulted their welfare; he had charge of the mnoti, or bag of peace, which contained the belts and strings used to establish peace and friendship with different nations, and concluded all treaties on behalf of his people. The counselors were elected, and were called chiefs. Their business…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Uncas, it will be remembered, was a Pequot chief, and as such occupied a district of country between the Thames and the Connecticut, called Mohegoneak.2 After an unsuccessful conflict with the tribe to which he belonged, he fled, with some fifty of his

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] name of their ancient river was changed to Thames, and their territory was to be con-sidered the property of the English. — Rhode Island Historical Society Collections, m, 177. 2 "And the identity of name between the Makicans of the Hudson and the Mobegans of East Connecticut, induces the belief that all those tribes belonged to the same stock." — Gallatin, n, 34.…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] differed from them in their dialect, in the territory which they occupied, and in their alliances; having in the latter re spect a nominal representation with the authorities of New York and a positive one with Massachusetts. The Mohegans of Connecticut were one of the very few tribes whose organization and subsequent history is a matter of record 5 the Ma-bicans …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] e., halts of one year at a place), they reached the Namaesl Sipee (Mississippi), where they fell in with another nation, the Mengwe, or Iroquois, who had also emigrated from a distant country for the same purpose. The region east of the Mississippi was occupied by the Allegewi (Alleghany), a powerful and partially civilized people, having numerous large towns defe…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] that it shall never be taken up again." In the controversy in reference to the Hardenbergh tract, in 1769, one Dr. Shuckburgh stated that he was present at a conference in 1734, in which the chiefs of Schoharie, Seth and Hance, " told the Esopus or Delawares that if they ever attempted to sell lands west of the Kats-kill hills, they would kill them." An Oneida Ind…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The result of this treachery was a long and bloody war between the Lenape and their allies the Mengwe, on the one side, and the Allegewi on the other. The latter, after protracted contest, rinding them selves unable to make head against the formidable alliance, and that their very existence, as a distinct tribe, was threatened, abandoned their ancient seats and fl…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] and constituted-the head or king. For this reason, while he must be a member of that tribe, the selection of his successor, in case of his death, was made by the ruling chiefs of the other 1 The tribes acknowledging this relation appellation of Noochivissak or my grand-addressed the Lenni Lenapes with the children. — Yates and Moulton. title of Mochomes, that is t…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] the most impressive dignity. " No stranger could visit their councils without a sensation of respecxt." Law and justice, as civilized nations understand those terms, were to them unknown, yet both they had in a degree suited to their necessities. Assaults, murders, and other acts regarded as criminal offenses by all nations, were so regarded by them, but the execu…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Their chiefs were poor and without revenue, yet the treasury of the nation was never exhausted. A more perfect democracy will never exist among the nations of the earth, and in this respect it was distinguished from the government of the Iroquois, the latter more nearly resembling a republic from the greater number of tribes represented in national councils, but i…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The Mohawks were represented by the totem of the Bear.1 The Lenni Lenapes had three totemic tribes : the Turtle, or 1 The Mohawk sachems who presented bear you know never yields while one their condolence at Albany, in 1690, on drop of blood is left. We must all be the taking of Schenectady, said : " We bears." — Schoolcraft. are all of the race of the bear, and t…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Below the Mohicans from Roeloff Jansen's kill to the sea, the Wolf again appeared as the totem of the Wappingers; while the Montauks bore the emblem of the Turtle.4 The prevailing totem of all the Hudson river cantons was the Wolf, borne alike by Minsis, Wappingers and Mahicans^ leading the French to call them all Loups or wolves, and affording Mr. Schoolcraft the…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] the great rivers Susquehanna and Dela-2 "The Bear tribe was considered the ware, and their southern.boundaries that leading totem and entitled to the office ridge of hills known in New Jersey by of chief sachem." — Mahican Tradition, the name of Muskanecum, and in Penn-They appear to have been in occupation sylvania, by those of Lehigh, Coghnewago, in the vicinity…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] In regard to the former, the affidavit of King Nim-ham is on record, under date of October 13, 1730, in which it is stated that the deponent was "a River Indian of the tribe of the Wappinots, which tribe was the ancient inhabitants of the eastern shore of Hudson's river, from the city of New York to about the middle of Beekman's patent," in the northern part of th…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] In the Mohegan, as spoken at wolf, or a wolf of supernatural power, the present time by their lineal descend-This was the badge of arms of the tribe, ants, the Stockbridges of Wisconsin, rather than the name of the tribe it-Maihtshoiv is the name of the common self." — Schooler aft. Compare with the wolf. It is called, in the cognate dialects statement of Capt. He…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] This fact appears more clearly in connection with contempo raneous events. The settlement of Canada was commenced in 1604, under a patent granted by Henry IV to Pierre du Gast. In 1609, the year in which Hudson ascended the Mahicanituck, Champlain discovered the lake which now bears his name. At this time the Mohawks were at war with the northern tribes, and by th…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Champlain pearance of the Frenchmen, and the with four of his men, and accompanied peculiarity of their arms, produced extreme by some aoo Hurons, were engaged in astonishment in the Mohawk ranks; but exploring Lake Champlain, when a party what was their dismay when the first of hostile Mohawks appeared. As the In-. report of the arquebuses fell upon their dian pr…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] might come and have constant free trade with them, which was concluded upon." 2 It is not to be presumed that the nations named were present at one time, for they were not at peace with each other; there is no mention made by the Dutch histo rians of any acknowledgment of subjugation by any of the tribes, so minutely described in one of the early histories of New …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 1 Note 3, ante p. 35. Raffeix, the Brodhcad, n, 193. The wars of the five French missionary, writes, in 1672: nations against their own kindred, as in " God preserve the Andastcs, who have the case of the Andastes, Eriesy etc., are only three hundred warriors, and bless one of the unexplained passages in their their arms to humiliate the Iroquois and history, pres…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] and English writers, that, subsequently to the peace of 1673, they were repeatedly, indeed uniformly, employed as auxiliaries in the wars of the Five Nations and the British against the French."2 This conclusion is not only abundantly sustained by the records referred to, but by an analysis of the testimony which has been relied upon as indicating an opposite resu…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The former writer states that in the war of 1626, the Mohawks were successful and that the Mabicans fled and left their lands unoccupied; x the latter affirms that " war broke out " again in 1628, " between the Maikens, near Fort Orange, and the Mak-waes" and that the former were beaten and driven off.2 Ad mitting that both writers refer to the same occurrence, an…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] the Hudson embraced in the Saratoga Champlain," (/£., 795), or with the very (Schuylerville) tract; yet from the John-plain statement by Talon : " Two Indian son Manuscripts it appears that they tribes, one called the Loups (Mahicans) claimed them in 1767, to "the prejudice," and the other the Socoquis, inhabit the as Johnson says, "of Mohawk rights." — country ad…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] were is not stated, and can only be inferred from the subsequent treatment of the tribes who were parties to it, who are described as being " linked together in interest," and who were uniformly treated as equals even in the selection of representative chiefs to visit England. At no stage of their history are they repre sented as the dependents of the Five Nations…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] front, and from an ambush, attacked maiker, sagamore of Tappan, in behalf them and a great fight ensued. The of themselves and Neversincks, having Mohawks were finally put to flight by understood that peace had been made the extraordinary bravery and prowess of between the Maquas and Mahikanders, Chekatabut and his captains; but victory asked permission to visit, …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Mahicans with the French Indians in n, 56, 115, 130; Memorials Moravian the war of 1704. ** The inhabitants of Church, i, etc. this Province who lived on the west side 8 The Pennacooks, Schoolcraft says, of that river followed all their occupa-" occupied the Coos country, extending tions in husbandry as in times of peace, from Haverhill to the sources of the while…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] efforts to secure their removal to the Brodheatfs New York, 11, 294. Hudson river after their disastrous defeat 2 The Indians began to have a value in the war under King Philip. At the in the hands of the French as well as the time of the discovery they were a powerful English. To both parties they were the tribe. — Schoolcraffs Ind. Nat., v, 222, etc. most effect…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Their tradition that they were " the head of the Algonquin x nations,2 and held the Mengwe in subjection," is not without confirmation. The precise time at which the latter condition was reversed, cannot be stated; but the causes leading thereto are now pretty cor rectly ascertained. Their long house was invaded alike by the Europeans and the Ir&quois, with specia…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] It was heard from the Bay of our grandfather had a long house, with a Gaspe to the valley of the Des Moines, door at each end, which doors were always from Cape Fear, and, it may be, from open to all the nations united with them.

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] selves in the power of the Iroquois. From that time they were the cousins of the Iroquois, and these were their uncle.1 While this tradition bears the impress of theory upon a sub ject in regard to which little was known, and while it is much water, unfortunately landed at each end powerful, assisted the common enemy, of this long house of our grandfathers, the Ma…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The proposition, however, is that both of the results stated were in accordance with the terms of the peace which the English government negotiated, and not of prior Iroquois diplomacy.

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] powder and lead in proportion." The record continues : " Four hundred armed men knew how to make use of their advantage, especially against their enemies, dwelling along the river of Canada, against whom they have now achieved many profitable forays where before they had but little advantage. This caused them also to be respected by the surrounding Indians even as…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Smith's assertion that it was prior to European occupation, is generally denied j while Brodhead's assumption that it was in 1617,' is without foundation in contemporaneous or subsequent facts. Nor could subjugation have been as early as 1643 or 1645, when Kieft made his treaty with the Mohawks and Mahicans, for the Swedes were then supplying the Minsis with arms.…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] cas solicited the aid of the Mohawks^ and with them continued the struggle. The transition of the province from the Dutch to the English found the contest undecided, and not only so but the Mohawks expressly asking the English to make peace " for the Indian princes with the nations down the river," 2 as they had pleaded with the governor of Canada for protection a…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] But whatever the date, the Minnisinks, a north-western family of the Minsis, as well as the Tappans, were under the obligations of subjugation in 1680, for Paxinosa or Paxowan as he was sometimes called, sachem of the former, was required to furnish forty men to join the Mohawks in an expedition against the French.1 In 1693-4, these tribes paid tribute to the Sene…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 2 Colonial History, iv, 98. Esopus in 1 660. The treaty which was 3 The terms Minquas, Minsis, Monseys, concluded by the one was concluded by and Munsies are convertible. The Min-the other. -quas who sold lands on the Delaware 70 THE INDIAN TRIBES natchet in my hand but a pestle or a hominy pounder." But through the thick gloom which shrouds the history of their s…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] a crescent, called KockVreach. Next is Hoge-reach; and then comes Vossen-reach, which extends to Klinkersberg. This is succeeded by Fisher's-reach, where on the east side of the river, dwell a nation of savages named Pachami. This reach extends to another narrow pass, where on the west, is a 1 The first title given to Butter Hill. of the Matteawan creek. 2 The ben…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] On the south side of Wappinger's kill he locates three villages under the general name of Waoranecks, and |ibove them and occupying both sides of the river south of the " Groote Esopus R.," he places the Wappingers. On the west side he locates the Neve-Sincks opposite Staten Island, then the Raritans; opposite Manhattan Island, Haverstroo; below Verdrietigehoeck, …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 1 Dans-Kammer point. water, etc., which were and still are 2 "There being no previous survey to the known to very few Christians. Some-grants, their boundaries are expressed with times the grant is of the land that be-much uncertainty, by the Indian names longed to such an Indian by name, or is of brooks, rivulets, hills, ponds, falls of bounded by such an Indian'…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The Merrlcks, Merokes, or Merikokes, as they have been denominated, who claimed all the territory south of the middle of the island, from Near Rockaway to the west line of Oyster bay. Their principal village was the site of the present village of Mer'ick. Their sachem in 1647, was Wantagh. 4th. The Marsapequas or Marsapeagues, who had their settle ment at a place …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] any particular Indian, I believe is beyond hundreds of old surveys the hills, streams, human skill, so as to make it evident to • etc., by which the tracts were bounded any indifferent man." — Golden, Document-are as clear as the marks of modern sur-ary History, i, 383, 384. Nevertheless veyors. many such localities have been and can 1 (fCallaghan, n, 482. 74 THE …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Warrawakin sachem, 1655; Gil, in 1675. 8th. The Corchattgs owned the remainder of the territory from Wading river to Oyster ponds, and were spread upon the north shore of Peconic bay, and upon the necks adjoining the sound. From the many local advantages which their situa tion afforded, there is reason to suppose that they were, as re gards numbers and military po…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The bounds of their tract were from Connectquut river on the east to the line of Oyster bay on the west, and from the South bay to the middle of the island. They were so much reduced by wars and disease that when settlements were made among thdfci their lands were compara tively deserted. Winnequaheagh was sachem in 1683. nth. The Patchogues^ or Onchechaugs. Their…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] At the time of the discovery they were a part of or under tribute to the Mahlcans. Wyandance, their sachem, was also the grand sachem of Paumanacke, or Sewan-hackey, as the island was called. Nearly all the deeds for lands were confirmed by him. His younger brothers, Nowedonah and Poygratasuck, were respectively sachems of the Sbinecocks and the Mankassets. His re…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] In the winter of 1658, the small pox destroyed more than half the clan, while Wyandance lost his life by poison secretly adminis tered. The remainder, both to escape the fatal malady, and the danger of invasion in their weakened state, fled in a body to their white neighbors, who received and entertained them for a considerable period. Wycombone succeeded his fath…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Long Island ' Drake's that was heated by building fires on it, Book of the Indiana and walked several times over it singing Lion Gardiner, in his Notes on East his death song, but his feet being burned Hampton, relates, that the Block Island to the bones, he fell and they finished the Indians, acting as the allies of the Narra-tragical scene as is usual for savage…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] not on Manhattan Island, but, as appears by the statements of the Long Island Indians, this care and protection was in the territory and on the island of the latter. Under this explanation there is no contradiction in the statements of Hudson, De Laet and other writers, as compared with the Albany Records, that the name Manhattan, is *' from or after the tribe of …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Their chiefs were Rechgawac, after whom they appear to have been called, Fecquesmeck, and Peckauniens. Their first sachem known to the Dutch, was Tackarew, in 1639. In 1682, the names of Goharis, Teattanqueer and Wearaquaeghier appear as the grantors of lands to Frederick Phillipse. Tackarew's descendants are said to have been resi dents of Yonkers as late as 1701…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] we discharged six muskets, and killed with their muskets, killed three or four two or three of them. Then above an more of them. So they went their hundred of them came to a point of land way." — Hudson's Journal. to shoot at us. There I shot a falcon at 1 This name appears to be local, al-them, and killed two of them; where-though there is some reason for regardi…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Another village was located between the Sing-Sing creek and the Kitchawonck, or Croton river, and was called Kestaubuinck. Their lands are described in a deed to Frederick Phillipse, August 24, 1685, and were included in his manor. The grantors were Weskenane, Crawman, Wap-pus, Mamaunare and Weremenhore, who may or may not have been chiefs. 4th. The Kitchawongs^ o…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Their lands were 80 THE INDIAN TRIBES principally included in the manor of Cortlandt, from which was subsequently erected the towns of Cortlandt, Yorktown, Somers, North Salem and Lewisborough. 5th. The Tankitekes^ The lands occupied by this chieftaincy are now embraced in the towns of Darien, Stamford, and New Canaan, in Connecticut, and Poundridge, Bedford, and …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The residence of Canopus is said to have been on a hill in the south-east part of 1 Brodhead locates this chieftaincy at a Wassenaar locates here the Pachany j Haverstraw, but his authorities are not at and Brodhead, on authorities which ap-all clear. For example, it is said that an pear to him sufficient, follows him under offending member of the Hackinsacks, the…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 81 the town of Putnam Valley, and was included in the deeds for the manor of Cortlandt. The remainder of their lands passed into the hands of Adolph Phillipse, under a title which was the subject of controversy for years, and in reference to which a delegation of chiefs visited England accompanied by king Nim-ham. Those who have regarded these chieftaincies as " i…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] present name from the fact that a large it has no official record. The story is body of Indians were there surprised and mythical. cut to pieces by the Huguenots of New 82 THE INDUN TRIBES Chester they had a castle upon what is still known as Castle Hill neck, and a village about Bear swamp, of which they remained in possession as late as 1689. Their ruling sachem…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The occurrence served to convince the Dutch that in offending against the chiefs in their immediate vicinity, they were also offending those of whose existence they had no previous knowledge.2 Shanasock-

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] enlarged family of Wappingers, perhaps the original head of the tribe from whence its conquests were pushed over the southern part of the peninsula.4 9th. The Wappingers. North of the Highlands was the chieftaincy historically known as the Wappingersf and acknow ledged as the head of the chieftaincies of the tribal organization of that name occupying the territory…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] doubt concerning what is meant by the Highland Indians amongst us. The Wappingers and TVickeskeck, etc., have always been reckoned so." It is entirely possible that the tribal name was Weque-hachke, or Wickeskeck, or PPeckquaesgeek, and tkat Wappingcrs is local. In all their official relations, however, and in the recognition of Nimham, they were known as the Wapp…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Of their possessions on the Hudson there is but one perfect transfer title on record, that being for the lands which were included in the Rombout patent, in which u Sackeraghkigh, for himself and in the name of Megriesken, sachem of the Wappinger Indians," and other Indians therein named as grantors, conveyed the tract beginning on the south side of the Matteawan …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The totem of the Wappingers as well as that of the Esopus clans, was the Wolf, as already stated, while below the Highlands came the Turkey of the 1 " Daniel Nimham, a native Indian have always had a sachem or king whom and acknowledged sachem or king of a they have acknowledged to be the head certain tribe of Indians known and called of the tribe, and that, by a …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] general divisions are indicated by the terms : I. The Mahicans, as applied to that portion occupying the valley of the Hudson and the Housatonic; 2. The Soquatucks, as applied to those east of the Green Mountains; 3. The Pennacooks, as applied to those occupying the territory u from Haverhill to the sources of the Connecticut; " 4. The Horikans, who occupied the L…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] name of Wayaughtanock." In the pro-2 The name is local, and is applied, in ceedings of a convention held at Albany a petition by William Caldwell and others in 1689, the name is applied to the in 1702, to a " tract of unappropriated Indians who are called the Wawyachteioks lands in ye hands of ye Indians, lying or Wawijachtenocks. in Dutchess county to ye westward…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] belonging to the Indian grantors, and, with his previous pur chases, became the proprietor of a tract of country twenty-four miles long, and forty-eight miles broad, containing, by estima tion, over seven hundred Thousand acres, now comprising the counties of Albany, Rensselaer, and part of Columbia.1 Deeds of a later period for lands in the same vicinity are re c…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Sales east of the Taghkanick mountains, in the state of Connecticut, are recorded, and among others that of a tract to Johannes Diksman and Lawrence Knickerbacker, now in the town of Salisbury, the grantors being Konaguin, Sakow-anahook and others " all of the nation of Mohokandas." Al most touching the shore of the southern extremity of Lake Champlain, " Mahican …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] OF HUDSON'S RIVER. 89 with the new chief." In 1751, he writes at Gnadenhutten, in Pennsylvania : " Two deputies were likewise sent to the great council of the Mahikan nation at Westenhuck, with which they appeared much pleased, and as a proof of their satisfac tion made Abraham, an assistant at Gnadenhutten, a captain."1 Again : u The unbelieving Indians at Westen…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Tl\e fact that Westenhuck was the point selected for missionary labor, by the Societyfor the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, is additional proof of its importance, though the extremities of the nation withered under the adverse influences by which they were surrounded, the heart remained in vigor long after that of its rivals had been consumed. IV. The…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] for knives, beads and articles of clothing. It was at their hands, also, that John Coleman, one of Hudson's crew, lost his life 1 Abraham, whose Indian name was Pennsylvania, from whence he returned Schabash, was one of the chiefs of She-as stated. He subsequently became the komeko. He was converted by the head of the Mahicans of Pennsylvania. — Moravians and remo…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] the one from the other. This district Indians" named in the text were, but it was abandoned by the natives for two is not an improbable supposition that they reasons; the first and principal is, that were Shawanoes. finding themselves unable to resist the O.P HUDSON'S RWER. 91 events of 1643-44, but subsequently appear only as mediators in the person of their sach…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Their territory extended from the vicinity of Hackinsack river to the Highlands.4 De Vries pur chased lands from them in 1640, which he describes as "a beautiful valley under the mountains, of about five hundred acres, within an hour's walk of Gamoenapa," the principal village of the Hackinsacks. On some of the early maps their village is located some miles back f…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 12 92 THE INDIAN TRIBES evidence that his sachemship had much earlier date. Their name survives in Tappan bay, which probably bounded their possessions on the Hudson. 6th. The Haverstraw s. North of the Tappans and inhabiting a territory, the westward boundaries of which are not clearly defined, were the Haverstraws, so called by the Dutch,1 but whose aboriginal n…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] By deed to Stephen Van Cort-landt in 1683, it would appear that they had either moved fur ther north or had more northern territory, the tract conveyed being described as lying opposite Anthony's nose, from the u south side of a creek called Senkapogh, west to the head thereof, then northerly along the high hills as the river runneth to another creek called Assina…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Van der Donck places them in the Highlands on the east side of the river and south of Matteawan creek, and De Laet on the west side as occupants of the Esopus country.1 Wassenaar agrees with De Laet in locating them in the Fisher's hook.2 The territory which was inhabited by them on the Hudson may be regarded as described with sufficient accuracy in what is known …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Were not De Laet's location sufficiently clear, there are other reasons for assuming that the " Murderer's 1 " This reach (the Fisher's) extends and the subsequent signatures classed as to another narrow pass, where, on the " inferior owners." Thus in the Haver-west side of the river, there is a point of straw purchase, Sa'ckagkemeck appears land that juts out cov…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] name by which they were last designated was that of the creek now called " Murderer's; " their first name disappears from the early records almost simultaneously with the appearance of the latter,1 and with the general classification of " Eso-pus Indians," while the territory assigned to them had no other known occupants, rich though it was in all the ele ments of…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 4 " A little beyond, on the west side, Maringoman's Castle. 1This creek is first called Murderer's on Van der Donck's map, 1656, and was so called doubtless from events occurring during the first Esopus war. 3 Esopus is supposed to be derived from Seepus, a river. Reichel says : " A Sopus Indian, or a lonvlander" 8 Maringoman's " castle" and Maringo man's " wigwam…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The district inhabited by the Mame-kotings was west of the Shawangunk mountains and is still known as the Mamakating valley. Their history is so intimately blended with that of the Esopus Indians that identification is impossible further than by title. They were evidently one of the " five tribes," and may be designated as the third. 4th. The W aw ar sinks* The fo…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] head of the waters falling into the Hud-Mohaiuks, but their more considerable son, all the land on which belonged to emigration was to Pennsylvania. * 96 THE INDUN'TRIBES pie, as may be inferred from Kregier's account of them.1 Their chief, in 1663, was known as Long Jacob. Mahak Niminaw sachem in i682.2 Above the Katskills came the Mechkento-woons of the Mahicans…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] here ? She answered that some Katskill rounded by tomahawks, arrow-heads, Indians lay on the other side near the etc. In one grave was found a sheet iron Sager's kill, but they would not fight tobacco box containing a hankerchief against the Dutch." — Documentary His-covered with devices, employed doubtless /cry, jv, 48. to preserve the record of its owner's ser-2…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 2d. The Qneldfls, etc. The Oneidas had, in 1677, one town, " the old Oneida castle," as it was called, containing one 1 Colonial History, in, 250; Brodhead's seven Mohawk villages, but they New York, 11, 129. Pierron, the Jesuit located, missionary, it is said, visited every week 2 Colonial History, vi, 850. are not 98 THE INDIAN TRIBES hundred houses; the Onondag…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] ade fifty-eight feet square, and the whole way, Albany, and called Fort Orange, surrounded by a moat eighteen feet wide, by which name, and that of Beaverwyck, Its armament consisted of two large guns the small settlement which gathered and eleven swivels, and the garrison of around it, it was known until 1664. ten or twelve men. The location proved 3 Ante^ p. 54.…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The sale of fire-arms to the Mahlcans and Mohawks at Fort Orange and the refusal to sell to the chieftaincies in the vicinity of Fort Am sterdam 4 was a constant irritation, to allay which the Dutch traders treated the Indians at the latter place with great fami liarity, invited them to their houses, admitted them to their

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] cattle, without sparing even the horses." In 1626, a Weck-quaesgeek Indian, accompanied by his nephew, who was a " small boy," and another savage, while on their way to the fort to trade, were met and robbed by men in the employ of Minuit, the Dutch director, and in the melee the Weckquaes-geek was killed. The act was unknown to the Dutch at the time, but the boy …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Some pigs were stolen from De Vries's plantation on Staten island, as it subsequently appeared " by the servants of the company, then (1640) going to the South river to trade, and who landed on the island to take in wood and water; " but, as Kieft professed to believe, by the Indians. He accused the Raritans of the offense, and, on the sixteenth of July, commissio…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Meanwhile the Weckquaesgeek boy had grown to manhood, and determined to exact his long meditated atonement for the death of his uncle. Taking with him some beaver skins to barter, he stopped at the house of one Claes Smit, " a harm less Dutchman," and while he was stooping over a chest in which he kept his goods, the savage seized an axe and killed him by a blow o…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] thought the director should " lead the van," while the commu nity should " follow his steps and obey his commands." They advised, however, as an offset to this quiet bit of sarcasm, that before anything else was done the director should send up a shallop to the Weckquaesgeeks to demand of them " once, twic e, yea for OF HUDSON'S RIVER. 103 a third time," the surre…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Fortunately the guide missed his way, and the expedition was compelled to' return to Fort Amsterdam " in all the mortification of failure." The re sult, however, was that the Indians, on discovering the trail of Kieft's men, and detecting his intention, became alarmed and asked that peace might be maintained. Kieft consented on condition that the murderer of Smit …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] From a whispered suspicion it grew to public clamor, that the embassy had no less an object than to secure the union of all the Indians in a " general war against both the English and the Dutch." The story spread to New England, where its falsity was demon-104 THE INDIAN TRIBES strated; x but in the meanwhile the inhabitants at New Amster dam saw the hand of hosti…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] While visiting this settlement a Hackinsack warrior became in toxicated, and was robbed of his beaver-skin coat. When the stupor passed off and he became conscious of the imposition which had been practiced upon him, he vowed he would go home for his bow and arrows and shoot the " roguish Swanne-kin " (as the Dutch were called), who had taken his things, and faith…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The a tract of about five hundred acres in head quarters of the settlement were April, 1 640; made settlement thereon about five or six hundred paces from the the subsequent year, and gave to it the principal village of the Hackinsacks. name of Vriesendael. OF HUDSON'S RWER. 105 the murdered man as the price of peace. Persuaded by De Vries, who became answerable f…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] In February of that year a party of eighty Mahicans, " each with a musket on his shoulder," made a descent on some of the old Manhattan chieftaincies, for the purpose of collecting tribute which had been withheld.1 Surprised, and wholly unable from inferiority in arms to cope with their adver saries, the assailed Indians fled to Fort Amsterdam for protec tion, lea…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] that the " old Manhattans " had neglected *' The Mahicanders dwelling below Fort to pay them the tribute due from con-Orange, who slew," etc. — Ibld.^ 184. quered tribes. That no other chieftaincies " The Indians, the Mayekandcrs, who than those of the Weckquaesgeek district came from Fort Orange " — De Vries. were visited, is additional proof that it The conclusi…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] OF HUDSON'S RWER. 107 The plan was executed on the night of the 25th of February. The Indians had gathered behind Pauw's settlement at Pavonia, unsuspicious of attack from those to whose shelter they had fled, and were sleeping in conscious security when the work of death commenced. Loud shrieks first announced to DeVries, who was watching at Fort Amsterdam, that …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 1 " I am told for a fact that a certain lyn, towards morning the poor child, skipper, Isaac Abrahamsen, having saved overcome with cold and hunger, made a boy, and hidden him under the sails, in some noise, and was heard by the soldiers, order to give him to one Cornelius Me-eighteen Dutch tigers dragged (him) from 14 108 THE INDIAN TRIBES this deed; it is the wor…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] In retaliation, the Montauk and the Hackimack and Tappan chieftaincies made common cause with the Weckquaesgeeks* who had suffered i-n the February attack, and who had learned fully that the Dutch, and not the Mahicans, had been the principals in the massacre of their kindred, and the toma hawk, the scalping knife and the firebrand executed the work of vengeance. …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] destroyed the cattle; they would let the little brewery of their Dutch friends stand, although they longed for the copper kettle to make barbs for their arrows.1 The Dutch were thrown into great consternation and fled to Fort Amsterdam for protection, with bitter upbraidings on their lips against the director. He met them defiantly at first, and professed to have …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The Long Island Indians, although previously rejecting the overtures made by the director for peace, and denouncing him as a " corn thief," became more tractable when the planting season came on, and sent from the wigwams of Penhawitz, " their great chief," three delegates to Fort Amsterdam, desiring that nego tiations might be opened. De Vries and Alferton were a…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] After some days spent in negotiation a treaty was concluded on the 25th, and the chiefs dismissed with presents and solicited to bring to the fort the chiefs of the river families " who had lost so many " of their number. The Long Island sachem accordingly went to Hack-insack and Tappan, but weeks elapsed before negotiations were concluded. Oritany, sachem of the …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] OF HUDSON'S RIVER. ' HI " All injustices committed by the said natives against the Netherlander, or by the Netherlanders against said natives, shall be forgiven and forgotten forever, reciprocally promising, one the other, to cause no trouble, the one to the other; but whenever the savages understand that any nation not mentioned in this treaty, may be plotting mi…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] With the renewal of difficulties in New England, in Septem ber (1643), war again broke out at New Amsterdam. " Pachem, a crafty man, ran through all the villages, urging the Indians to a general massacre." The first aggressive act was by the Wappingersf who seized a boat coming from Fort Orange, killed two men and took four hundred beaver skins. Others followed th…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] " The other Indians," con tinues the narrative, " so soon as their maize was ripe, followed this example, and through semblance of selling beavers, killed an old man and woman, leaving another man with five wounds, who, however, fled in a boat with a little child on his arm, who, in the first outbreak had lost father and mother, and now grand father and grandmothe…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] ing the Wappingers of the Connecticut river, under the lead of Mayane, with whom the Dutch claimed they had never had any difficulty, but who then learned " for the first time that he and his Indians had done" them " much injury."2 The position of the Dutch was perilous in the extreme. The Indians literally hung upon their necks with " fire and sword."3 Had they k…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] land wars, he spared neither the aged nor * Documentary History, iv, 14. the young. " He could justify putting 3 Colonial History, i, 182. the weak and defenceless to death, for 4 " They rove in parties continually says he, ' the Scripture declareth women around day and night on the island of and children must perish with their pa-Manhattans, slaying our folks not…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] demeaned themselves as soldiers and deployed in small bands, 1 " The first of these savages having the fort, and the soldiers bringing him to received a frightful wound, desired them the beaver's path (he dancing the kinte-to permit him to dance what is called kaye all the time), threw him down, cut the kinte-kaye, a religious use observed off his partes genitales…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] In a brief space of time there were counted one hun dred and eighty dead outside the houses. Presently none durst come forth, keeping within the houses, discharging arrows through the holes. The general (Montagne) remarked that nothing else was to be done, and resolved, with Sergeant Major Underbill, to set the huts on fire, whereupon the Indians tried every means…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] humane and Christian Underhill and the equally pious Mon-tagne, the expedition returned to Stamford bearing with them fifteen wounded. Two days after, the force reached Fort Amsterdam, where joy bells rang their welcome.1 The Indians now solicited peace, and a treaty was brought about through the intervention of Underhill. Mamaranack, chief of the Sint-Sings^ Mong…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] White-neymen, sachem of the Matinecocks, with forty-seven of his warriors, was secured and dispatched with a commission to do all in his power " to beat and destroy the hostile tribes." The sachem's diplomacy, however, was better than his commission, and he returned to Fort Amsterdam in a few days empowered by the Long Island chiefs to negotiate a treaty of peace,…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] This day, being the 3Oth August, appeared at Fort Amsterdam before the director and council in the presence of the whole commonalty, the sachems in their own behalf, and for sachems in their own neighborhood, viz : Ora-tany, chief of Ackkinkeshacky, Sesekennick and Willem, chiefs of Tappaans and Reckgawawank, Pokam and Pennekeck, who were here yesterday, and did g…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] OF HUDSON'S RIVER. 119 * of the Maquas ambassadors, who were solicited to assist in this negotiation, as arbitrators, and Cornelius Anthonisson, their in terpreter and arbitrator with them in this solemn affair. Done as above." The original was signed with the mark of Sisindogo, the mark of Claes Norman, the mark of Oratany, the mark of Auronge, the mark of Sesech…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] |CARCELY had the peace of 1645 been concluded before the Dutch resumed their former intercourse with the Indians, as well as their former modes of promoting trade. The town of New Amsterdam was largely given up to the sale of brandy, tobacco and beer, and Indians were daily seen u running about drunk," through the streets. Every advantage was taken by the Dutch. T…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] vantage of the country and its people," had not attempted to enforce redress.1 Granting that the offenses recited had been committed, they only prove that they were in retaliation for outrages inflicted on the Indians, for the testimony in all simi lar cases is that the latter were not wanton murderers.2 The wrongs which they suffered found no fitting record at th…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] They offered no personal violence, however, and their sachems readily attended a conference, called by the authorities, and promised to take their departure in the evening. But they failed to do so. The object for which they came was not ac

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 2 The Indians promptly confessed their 3 Brodhead says the Indians were sup-wrong in the first of the cases recited, posed to number nineteen hundred men, and sent a deputation to the director to of whom from five to eight hundred were solicit forgiveness and renew their cove-armed. The text of the Dutch manu-nant of peace. They wished to live in script, however, …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] three days the carnage continued, and at its close " full fifty" of the Dutch had been " murdered and put to death; over one hundred, mostly women and children," were in captivity; " twenty bouweries and a number of plantations" had been burned with " full twelve to fifteen hundred "skepels of grain," and five or six hundred head of cattle either killed or driven …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The settlers at Esopus abandoned their farms, lest they should be cut off. Even New Amsterdam was not secure; bands of Indians wandered over the island, destroying all who came in their way. Ten Frenchmen were enrolled to guard the house and family of the absent director, while the Dutch themselves kept within the fort. In the midst of the terror which prevailed, …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Pos returned, and in a few days brought from the chief of the Hack insacks fourteen prisoners, u men, women and children," as a token of his good will, " in return for which he requested some powder and ball. Stuyvesant sent him a Wappinger and an Esopus Indian in exchange, and also some ammunition, of which he promised a further supply when other prisoners should…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] lu We concur in the general opinion their purpose] and been the cause of the that the Indians had, on their first arrival, dreadful consequences and enormous no other intention than to wage war losses." — O'Callagbans Indian War of against the savages on the east end of 1655. Long Island. We have come to this 2 The following is the treaty referred to : conclusion …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] and the settlers were forced, by threats of arson and murder, to plow up the patches of land where the savages planted their maize." 2 The white population consisted, at that time, of between sixty and seventy persons, who were in no condition for defense. They wrote at once to Stuyvesant, imploring him to send " forty or fifty soldiers to save the Esopus." The sh…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The governor doth promise, be tween this date and six months, to build a house or forte upon such place as they shall show upon the north side, and the house or forte to be furnished with Indian trade and commodities. " 6. The inhabitants of Hempsteede according to their patent, shall enjoy their purchase without molestation from ye sachem or his people, either of…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The following day, being Ascension Thursday, the settlers assembled at the house of Jacob Jansen Stol for religious service. The governor met them there and-explained to them the difficulties under which they were placed, by their isolated positions, and recommended that they should unite at once in a village, which could be easily defended from the attacks of the…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] fifteen Indians, accompanied by two of their chiefs, arrived at the house of Stol, where the director was staying, with word that other sachems were deterred from coming to the conference which he had invited through fear of the soldiers. Stuyvesant gave his assurance that no harm should befall them, when about fifty additional Indians, with a few women and childr…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] mers, and women and children who are not warriors. If this be not stopped, I shall be compelled to retaliate on old and young, on women and children. This I can now do by killing you all, taking your wives and little ones captive and destroying your maize lands; but I will not do it. I expect you will repair all damages, seize the murderer if he come among you, an…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] They felt deeply the shame that Stuyvesant had challenged their young men, and they had not dared to accept the wager, and hoped trie fact would not be spread abroad. Presents were distributed to them in exchange for the wampum with which they had accompanied their proposals for peace; but they were told a second time that they must surrender the murderer, and mak…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Various other injuries you have committed since that time, not withstanding your promises. For all this we demand compen sation; to enforce which, efficient measures will be taken, unless the terms we now propose be acceded to." The demand was a bold attempt at extortion; the terms of peace not less so. The Indians were required to make a free surrender of all the…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Then throwing down a beaver skin, the principal sachem reminded the director that he could well afford to be generous from the prospect of largely increased trade with the Senecas. Offering a wampum belt, he concluded : " A horse belonging to Jacob Jansen Stol broke into our corn-fields and destroyed two of our plantations. One of our boys shot it, for which we ga…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] During the summer of 1659, mutual distrust and suspicion pre vailed. The settlers were disturbed by reports that the Indians intended a general massacre when the work of harvest should begin; while the Indians regarded the presence of the soldiers as a menace, doubted the director's desire for peace, and feared that it was his intention to attack and destroy them,…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Two soldiers, who had de serted from Fort Orange, were murdered by the Mahicam, and some of the Rarltans had destroyed a family of four persons, at Mespath kil, in order to obtain possession of a small roll of wampum which, in an unguarded moment, had been exhibited to them, and excited their cupidity. The Mohawks, suffering under the blows of the French, had comp…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The commandant at Fort Orange could give no reply, but would submit the requests which had been made to the director, whose arrival was daily expected. But Stuyvesant did not ar rive, and, after waiting several days, the authorities at Fort Orange, now thoroughly alarmed, resolved to send embassadors to the Mohawks to reply to their requests. At Caughnawaga,

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] provincial assembly in 1664. His re-out issue, he married a widow Van Gaas-sidence was near the confluence of the beck and adopted her children. He died Walkill with the Hudson, and was built in 1698, and was buried in his vault on for the double purpose of a house and a the site of the residence now or late of fort, being square and loop-holed for Jansen Hasbrouc…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] the ramparts, and mothers pressed their children to their arms, not knowing how soon the frail palisades might yield, and them-se Ives be exposed to the pitiless mercy of the frenzied children of the forest. For three weeks the village was held in siege, the little stock ade fort on the brow of the hill resisting the skill of Indian war fare. Relief at length came…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] chems refused to meet him. A conference was finally held on the 1 8th of December, and the Indians persuaded to bring in some supplies in exchange for powder; but they refused to make peace, denounced the truce which had been made as without binding authority, and retained their young prisoners, having killed all the others. In the spring of 1660, peace having bee…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] among the rocks," but the Indians discovered the snare, and a general fight ensued in which three Indians were killed, two severely wounded, and one taken prisoner. This disaster pro duced a material change in the deportment of the Indians, who now most earnestly entreated for peace, and again obtained the intercession of neighboring chiefs in their behalf. On the…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Meanwhile Ensign Smith pushed hostilities with vigor. On the 30th of May, guided by one of his prisoners, a force under his command discovered, " at the second fall of Kit Davit's kil," x about twelve miles west from the Hudson, a few Indians planting corn on the opposite' bank. The stream being swollen, it was found impossible to cross, so he returned to the vill…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] struck him down with his own axe." While Smith was thus carrying war into the heart of the Indian country, several of the sachems were seeking the media tion of the neighboring chiefs to secure a permanent peace. Sewackenamo called his warriors together to know their wishes. " We will fight no more," was the brief reply. The chief next assembled the squaws, and in…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] " It is very strange, then," said the old sachem, whose notions of warfare differed somewhat from his hearers, " that your people were so recently engaged against the Indians, and have slain their aged chief." Stuyvesant replied, that it was customary among white men to exert all their strength until they had conquered a peace. Ori-tany then requested a suspension…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] After the Esopus savages burned three of our houses and murdered one of our men, a year ago, we forgave them and renewed the chain of friendship with them, promising the one to the other, that we should not thenceforth again wage war though a man was killed, but that the murderer should be surrendered and punished. Notwithstanding all this, the Esopus

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The Mohawk chief, Adogbegnewalquo, then addressed the Esopus chiefs : " The whole country is now convened in be half of you, who began this quarrel, to procure you peace.1 If 1 At a later period the Mohawks con-us," the Dutch, and this was also the ver-sidered the causes of the Esopus war, and diet of the Katskill Indians. — O'Calla-reported that "all their zaakem…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Then taking an axe from the Esopus sachem, he cast it on the ground, and trampled it in the earth saying, " Now they will never commence this quarrel anew." Sewackenamo, the Esopus sachem, then arose and addressed the assembly : " The hatchet have we permitted to be taken from our hands; and to be trodden in the ground. We will never take it up again." At the conc…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] self to assist them.1 " 9. The aforesaid chiefs (the Mohawks, Minsis and others already named) as mediators and advocates of the Esopus nation, remain securities, and engage themselves that it shall be kept inviolate; and if any infraction be committed by the Esopus Indians, they engage themselves to assist the Dutch to subdue them. " Thus done and concluded, near…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Stuyvesant, who had already disposed of the prisoners in his hands, replied that they must be considered " as dead." The answer deeply grieved the sachem, the memory of their banished brethren was graven on the hearts of his people. But though sufferers by the war, their losses were not without some compensation. Among the pri soners held by them was the son of Ev…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] taken prisoners there. We are sometimes obliged to pass by that path. It is good that brothers live together in peace. The French Indians meet the Mabicans near the Cohoes. This we regret. Brothers : We are united by a chain; ye too ought to mourn. This our speech is designed merely to rouse you from your slumbers. We shall return next spring to receive your concl…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 1 The location of this fort is supposed aboriginal name of Ponckokie. to have been at the place still bearing the OF HUDSON'S RIPER. 147 honorable herr director-general should, with some unarmed persons, sit with them in the open field, without the gate, as it was their custom to meet unarmed when renewing peace or con ducting other negotiations.1 Without waiting …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] one rick, and a little stack of seed," and in the old village of Wiltwyck twelve houses were burned.2 Writes Bloom,3 of the scene after the Indians had retreated : " There lay the burnt and slaughtered bodies, together with those wounded by bullets and 1 Documentary History, iv, 39. s Documentary History, in, 962. 3 Documentary History, iv, 42, 44. 19 148 THE INDI…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] new fort, Cralo, at Greenbush; the plank fence which in closed Beaverwyck, and the three guns mounted on the church, were put in order; and Fort Orange, with its nine pieces of artillery, was prepared against an attack." x Meanwhile a reenforcement of forty-two men, under com mand of Ensign Niessen, was sent from Fort Amsterdam to Wiltwyck, and measures taken to e…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Scouting parties were then sent out by the Dutch, who succeeded in bringing in a few prisoners, from whom it was ascertained that the Indians had fallen back to their castle; that this castle was " defended by three rows of palisades, and the houses in the fort encircled by thick cleft palisades with port holes in them and covered with the bark of trees; " that in…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The pro gress was slow, however; " much stony land and hills " inter vened; long swamps and frequent kils compelled halts and the construction of bridges, and mountain passes obliged the hauling

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] kammer, and instructions issued to him to continue his efforts for the release of the captives; that failing in this, he should seize as many Indians as possible, u either on land, or by in ducing them, with fair words," to trust themselves on his vessel. If he could do no better, if the Indians came thither with their captives, he was instructed to " endeavor to …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Considerable difficulty was experienced in the march, the streams being swollen and heavy rains prevailing. On the 5th, about noon, the first maize field was reached, and two squaws and a Dutch woman discovered gathering corn. Passing these with out alarming them, the fort was discovered about two o'clock, " situate on a lofty plain." The force was divided for the…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 1 Record of the family of Louis Du cal Society, vol. i, part i, 44. Bois, 1 5 j Collections of the Ulster Hhtori-OF HUDSON'S RIVER. 153 finished, and, when surprised, the Indians " were busy at the third angle." The Dutch found plunder in abundance, such as bear skins, deer skins, blankets, elk hides, etc., sufficient indeed to have well filled a sloop. Twenty-fiv…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] virtually destroyed, but the facts do not two hundred." Their losses subsequently warrant the conclusion. In the attack could not have reduced them to the sixty of 1 659, "the savages, estimated at four stated. The Dutch had no confidence or five hundred warriors, harassed the in such a state of facts, for they relaxed Dutch day and night j" in that of 1663, none …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] On the 2Qth, the Wappinger again appeared and after satisfying himself that ' of the Indians in the hands of the Dutch none had died, said that six of the captives held by the Indians were then at the river side; that the* seventh had been sent for, and that all would be restored in three days; but he was unable to redeem his promise. On the ad of December he brou…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 07? HUDSON'S RIVER. 155 circumstances he deemed it prudent to entertain the solicitations of the neighboring chiefs for the establishment of peace with the Esopus cantons, especially as it was rumored that the English were encouraging the Wappingers and other tribes to unite in the general revolt. Sending an invitation to the Esopus sachems and their friends to me…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Sewackenamo, Onackatin, Powsawag; scpeqau, and Reckhciucck, Siegpekenano, PfappingeryTsees-sagh-gzw; Kitchaiuan, brother of Tackapousha, with twenty Megetsewacks; Haver straw, Sessegehout; others of different chieftaincies acting in Wtckquaesgetks Sawanacoque; Hackinsach, the capacity of embassadors. 20 ^ 156 THE INDIAN TRIBES the redoubt, in parties of three cano…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] To still further strengthen the position of the Dutch, he sent a commission to the Soquatucks * to negotiate a peace between them and the Mohawks, for which purpose a conference was held at Narrington and a treaty concluded on the 24th. The day of thanksgiving was a day of peace through out the settlements of New Netherland. But the brooding clouds of war were not…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] OF HUDSON'S RIPER. 157 they renewed the fight the next morning at break of day, but were repelled with great loss." Filled with alarm, the colonists at Fort Orange sent in hot haste to request the presence and ad vice of the director; but he had other duties to perform — the guns of the English fleet were echoing over the waters of the bay — a more formidable enem…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] By the terms of this treaty the inde pendence and equality of the nations parties to it, was recognized, while the tribes not in alliance with them, but " under the pro tection " of, or in treaty with, the English were to be regarded as subjects of the crown, and to sustain, in that relation, the position of citizens for their protection and redress. These facts

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] ransomes and presents to them upon a treaty of peace.1 " 2. That the English do make peace for the Indian Princes with the Nations down the River.2 " 3. That they may have free trade, as formerly. 1 The Abenequis, or Eastern Indians. 2The Minquas, Esopus and Navison clans of JLenapes. 160 THE INDIAN TRIBES " 4. That they may be lodged in houses, as formerly. "5. "…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] following language: "We are -united the token of that covenant." with the Six Nations in one common 162 THE INDUN TRIBES condition of the Indjans. The frictions which had prevailed during the Dutch administration were very largely removed by a law declaring that "no purchase of lands from the Indians, after the first day of March, 1665," should be " esteemed a goo…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] u All injuries done to the Indians of what nature soever," were made punishable on complaint and proof in any court, without cost to the complainant, " in as full and ample a manner as if the case had been between Christian and Christian." The contraband trade in fire-arms was broken up, and only those who were licensed were permitted " to sell guns, powder, bulle…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Not less so was the treaty stipulation that the privileges of trade were to be uniform, in all English plantations, to Indians in alliance with the govern ment, and the fact that such alliance secured the friendship of the "great sachem." Tranquillity was soon established, and although the Mohawks and the Mahicans and Abenaquis, at the east, and the Senecas and Mi…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] "4. That in case any Christian should kill an Indyan, or any Indyan a Christian, the peace shall not be broaken, or any Revenge taken before satisfaction is demanded by the one party and refused by the other, allowing a competent time for the appre hending of the offender, in which case the Indyans are to give Hostage, till the offender is brought to punishment, t…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] That the said Sachems and their subjects now present do, and in the names of themselves, and their heirs forever, give, grant, alienate and confirm all their right and interest, claim or demand to a certain Parcell of Land, lying and being to the west and south west of a certain creek or River, called by the name of Kahanksen, and so up to the head thereof, where …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] deliver two other round small sticks, in token of their assent to the said agreement. And the said Richard Nicholls does deliver as a present to their Sachems three laced redd coates. " 6. The said Sachems doth engage to come once every year, and bring some of their young People, to Acknowledge every.part of this agreement in the Sopes, to the end that it may be k…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] pretending right to the same. u In testimony whereof we have sett our markes to two several writings, the one to remaine in the hands of the Sopes Sachems, the other upon record, this 7th day of October, 1665." The parties to the treaty on behalf of the Indians were sa chems Onackatin,1 Naposhequiqua, Senakonama (Sewakanamo), and Shewotin. The signature of Nicolls…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 166 THE INDIAN TRIBES was one of accommodation on the part of the Abenaquis and their allies, many of whom sympathized with King Philip and eagerly shared his fate. Nor were they disheartened when, on the I2th of August, 1676, that great leader gave up his life. In that re markable struggle for the restoration of the Indians to independ ence, one of the branches o…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] No sooner had Champlain discovered the territory of the St. 1 Ante, p, 62. The ' date of this the fugitives from that conflict are de-organization, as well as the original clas-scribed by Hubbard as having fled towards sification of the elements of which the Albany, the conclusion is that the Schati-Schaticooks were composed, is distinctly cooks were no other than…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] captives who had formerly received their instruction. Missions 1 Bancroft, in, 122. attended his preaching at Albany, but 2 Domine Megapolensis, who came without understanding a word that he over in 1643, under an agreement with said. The claim that he was -the pre-Van Rensselaer, made some effort to decessor of Eliot, has very little founda-learn the Mohawk langu…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] his attention had been called by Louis, on complaint from La Barre, the governor of Canada, and if he had the disposition to aid Dongan, he was under obligations to avoid a rupture with France. La Barre's administration was not a success. The Senecas attacked some French trading canoes, and after organizing a considerable force to proceed against them, he had fall…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] considerable chiefs of their nation." — the Iroquois, as the Ottaivas were aiding Colonial History, ix, 464. " The general the French." The number of their in chief of the entire Iroquois nation." — warriors stated in the text is no d<Wbt Ibid., 465. exaggerated, but there is no question that 2 The cooperation of the Mahicans they could at any time bring more war-…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] pedition was organized to be conducted in three divisions, the first to rendezous at Montreal and proceed towards Fort Or ange; the second, at the Three Rivers and make a descent on 1 Colonial History, in, 599. 4 Frontenac brought with him, as a * Bancroft, in, 179. Colonial History, peace offering to the Iroquois, the chiefs in, 621. who had been treacherously be…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] beyond Lake Champlain. In February, 1693, Frontenac in vaded the Mohawk territory, surprised and burned their castles, killed ma.ny and took three hundred prisoners. The invasion cost the invaders thirty men, but the Mohawks were completely dispersed. The forces at Albany, accompanied by such Mahi-cans as could be rallied, hastened to their relief, pursued the ret…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The part which the Makicans and Minsis of the Hudson took in this war, is only incidentally stated. The alliance between the Iroquois and the former, was of no little magnitude in the opinion of the French, as has already been stated. That alli ance appears to have been suggested by the Mohawks.* In reference to the more detached bands, the Mohawk speaker in the c…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] of £70, that he had then (1689) been Saugerties creek, and Katskill to a vil-absent with the Ottaivas for ten years, and lage at the junction of the Kader's and that his brother " intending to go to the the Katskill creek, west of the present wars," wished Sanders to keep the land village of Katskill. These two villages " till his brother pays him for it." — Land …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] A portion of them, however, appear as the allies of the French, and as such to have destroyed Hatfield and Deerfield, under the lead of Ashpelon, one of their chiefs.4 While those who were allies of the Eng lish were absent, a large portion of their lands, embracing the present county of Putnam, were fraudulently entered by Adolph Phillipse, and after their return…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] subsistence. These Indians in time of war gave the, French intelligence of all designs here against them." — Golden, Co lonial History, v, 732. " They became a thorn to the frontier towns and settle ments of New England during the whole of the French war, and of the American Revolution." — Schoolcraft. They num bered, in 1745, two hundred and thirty fighting men. …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 1 The leader of the Caghnaivagas was sion to that end. Council directed that known to the French by the name of the Shawanoes, must first make peace Kryn. A party led By him was promi-with the Five Nations. — Council Minutes, ment in the attack on Schenectady, and Sept. 14, 1692. also on Salmon Falls. On their return 3 " We are glad that the Shawanoes, from the la…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] that the Sinneques have killed them for the lucar of the beavor, or because the Mennissincks have not been with the Sinneques as usual to pay their duty; and therefore desire that your excellency will be pleased to order that the Sinneques may be told not to molest or hurt the Mennissincks, they being willing to con tinue in amity with them — Schuyler, Feb. 1693, …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] THE MAHICANS IN COUNCIL — QUEEN ANNE'S WAR — MI GRATIONS — MISSIONARY LABORS — THE WAR OF 1746. )EACE, such as had not fallen upon the wildernesses of the New World since the Europeans added their conflicting interests to the field of savage contests, prevailed at the opening of the eighteenth century. The contending tribes had buried the hatchet at Montreal, and …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] We are resolved to live and die here in this government, and do pray that our father will support and protect us." " I thank you for your kind expressions," replied Bellomont; " and you may be sure I will do every thing to maintain the covenant chain firm and steadfast. I should be 1 Peace was established between the 1700. — Colonial History, iv, 758. Abenaquis an…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] in the Christian religion, the minister here shall teach them." And the Pennacooks accepted the mission, and went out after their 'brethren. The relations existing between the government and the Ma-hicans under the treaty of 1664, had further illustration at this time. In August, 1702, Minichque, one of their sachems, while visiting Albany, was mortally wounded by…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Through all these conferences1 and proceedings, two princi pal facts are conspicuous : the equality of the Mahicans in all treaties with the authorities, from the earliest Dutch adventurers at Fort Orange to the more powerful occupation by the English, and the duality of the organization called the Schaticooks^ in which the principals appear as Mahicans and the Ne…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] following is an extract : "On the 1 9th interpreter, which Major Pidgeon, who of April, Te-Gee-Ncen-Ho-Ga-Proiv and was one of the officers came with them, Sa-Ga-Yeau-Qua-Prah-Ton (King Hen-read in English to Her Majesty." Sir drik, Colonial History, v, 358), of the Richard Steele, in the Tatler of May Maquas; Elonu-Oh-Kaom and Oh-Yeath-13, 1710, gives an account …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The conference opened on the 24th when, " each nation seated on the ground by themselves," Go vernor Hunter thanked them for their response to the queen's com mands, and informed them that they would be expected to join General Nicholson in the expedition against Canada, which had been organized.1 This expedition had already sailed from Boston, with seven veteran …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] was held at Albany, Aug. 10, 1711, of 1 Colonial History, v, 267, etc. which the record says : "Some of ye sa-a Bancroft, in, 221, etc. 190 THE INDIAN TRIBES * From the far west the response was even more enthusiastic. Tribe after tribe, even the Osages and Missouri*, sprang to the relief of the French. " Father," said they to Vaudreuil, " be hold thy children com…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] stitute either of clothing or ammunition. Therefore, we desire our father to order the tap or crane to be shut, and to prohibit the selling of rum, for as long as the Christians will sell rum luThe Oneidas, the proprietors of that a Schooler of t\ Notes on the Iroyuots, 104, country, gave you a settlement then out etc. Gallatin, 82, 83. of kindness." — Johnson to …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] were in no humor to attack so formidable a foe as the Abenaquis. Their last conflict had been at. least a drawn battle, and having formed a peace with them as well as with the governor of Canada, whose allies they were, they declined, as they did in 1704, to reopen a conflict which might involve their own existence. The name of Mohawk if it once had terror 2 for t…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Houses, lands, pro tection, and a more complete recognition by the government, were temptations that these wanderers, who, like Esau, had parted with their birthright for a mess of pottage, could not resist.

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 1737), where a number of Indians live, — be reported that I am dead, as it is forty Shawanos and Mahicanders." — Memorials years since I left that country." Signed, Moravian Church, i, 69. " Mohekin Abraham, or Keeperdo." 3 In the Manuscripts of Sir William The tract was covered by a patent to Johnson, in the State Library (vol. ai, Philip Skene, and embraced what…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Here he had lived but a short time, when, on one of his hunting excursions, he came to the summit of a mountain in the present county of Kent, Connecticut. Look ing down from this eminence he saw the Housatonic winding through a narrow but fertile valley, shut in by wooded hills.-Delighted with the scene, he returned to his wigwam, packed up his property, and jour…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] charter. Subsequent investigation having proved that the loca tion of a minister among them could be greatly promoted by availing themselves of the aid of the Society for the Propaga tion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, and that the prospect of improving the condition of the Mahicans by direct association was better than through the intercourse had with them at th…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] In 1735, the mission was definitely located on the W-nahk-ta-kook, or the Great Meadow, the great council chamber of the nation, where a township six miles square was laid out by the legislature as a reservation under the name of Stockbridge, by which name the Mahicans who were then located there, as well as those who subsequently removed thither, were known to th…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] German mode of pronouncing Job. Wa-lake or Indian pond, sarnapah was the ruling chief at Sheko-3 On the east side of the Housatonic meko. He was a man of remarkable opposite the mouth of Poughtatuck creek, powers of mind, and in whose mien "was 4Or Wyatiack, near Salisbury, Litch-the majesty of a Luther." He died of field Co., Conn. small pox at Bethlehem, Aug. 2,…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Gnadenhutten (tents of grace) received them for a time, and from thence they shared the roving fortunes of the Moravians, followed in all their wander ings by their faithful Mahican converts.1 Meanwhile the commissioners of the society in Scotland for Propagating the Gospel had entered upon the work of diffusing Christian knowledge among the Indians, and had commi…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] OF HUDSON'S RIVER. 199 ware, at which place, and at Crossweeksung, " in New Jersey, towards the sea," he met with considerable success.1 His brother, John Brainerd, about the same time, established a mission at Bethel, New Jersey, where he drew together a per manent congregation. But the changes of this period were not confined to the Mabicans and Lenapes. It is s…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] that I hated such wicked practices, and the chiefs. — Colonial History, vin, 117. did not desire the Indians to become such They were repeatedly represented in the as these, and when he appeared calmer, conferences with the Delawares and the I asked him if he was willing that I should Shawanoes. 200 THE INDIAN TRIBES a river which enters the north shores of Lake H…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] A more permanent acquisition was that of the Ochtayhquana-wicroonsf a Tuscarora clan,5 who appeared on the Susquehanna river, in the present county of Broome, ih 1 722, arM around whom subsequently gathered several Mahican families who had previ ously found homes with the Mohawks, but who had become " dis satisfied with the ruling politics 6 of that tribe; " Skani…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] sent off a colony from their principal castle, to a point about twelve miles from Oneida lake, where they established a settle ment which they called Canowaroghere or Onawaraghharee,7and which was subsequently recognized as u the second Oneida castle." Several families of the Long island clans, dispossessed of their lands and surrounded by European settlers, were …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 3 " The Delaware Indians, who live on the east branch of the Delaware river, near the head of it, have given us the strongest assurances that they will live and die with us." — Colonial History, vu, 50. 4 " I assure your excellency I never saw a people better inclined to assist us than they are." — Colonial History, vi, 361. 5 This chief was actively employed as

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 1 Colonial History, vn, 512, 6n, etc. 8 Ib., vni, 476. 9 The records of these conferences are scattered, some being found at Kingston, others in the Clinton and Johnson papers in the State Library, and others in the office of the secretary of state. 202 1HE INDIAN TRIBES whom he had met carrying rum," and the justices promised the punishment of the offender. The j…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The people -of Kingston cared little for their own improvement, much less for that of the Indians, and preferred rather to earn for themselves the sobri quet of " the Sodom of New York,"1 than to perform those acts of charity and mercy which spring from a proper apprecia tion of the Christian character. Had they followed the exter minating policy of the Puritans i…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Although the changes which had produced these new combinations were in a great degree the result alike of the selfish efforts of the European nations who were contesting the supremacy of the continent, and of the pressure of an incoming civilization, they were not less the work of aboriginal diplomats who had pur poses of their own to serve. The lessons which Phil…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] was not more successful. The chiefs thanked the governor for the information which he had given them concerning the war, but the hatchet which they accepted they would keep in their bosoms. " We are," said they, " in alliance with a great many nations, and if we should suddenly lift the hatchet with out acquainting them, they would perhaps.take offense at it. 1 Co…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] If we are to see those Indians help their friends, we must help ours." " Cousin," replied the Mohawk, " the information you have received of our engaging with the French Mohawks to stand neuter in case of war between the French and English, is very true. Those Indians have promised us that they would not meddle with the war, but sit still in peace, and let the whi…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] But nothing more than a petty warfare followed. In New England the English suffered some disasters, but in New York they escaped, with the exception of an engagement near Sche-nectady, July 2ist, 1748, the account of which is much con fused, and the destruction, about the same time, of the residence of Mr. Keith, near Schaticook, and the slaughter of several of th…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] independence, then could treaties be made with them and the foundation of territorial lines established; but if already under allegiance to Great Britain, the question of boundaries was still an open one. The Mohawks alone took their rank with the English; the practical division of the confederacy, upon a very vital point, was established, and a new element added …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] received their visitors approvingly; but at length comprehending that they were to be the ultimate sufferers, remonstrated. " Where," said Tanadiarisson, the Half-King, as the ruling Seneca chief was called; " where lie the lands of the Indians ? The French claim -all on one side of the river, and the English all on the other j " and, repairing to the French comma…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] and resolution." The casus belli which Virginia sought was supplied. Promptly voting £10,000, Virginia dispatched, in May, a force of one hundred and fifty men, under Washington, to the invaded territory, instructed " to make prisoners, kill or destroy all who interrupted the English settlements." Not a moment too soon did he reach the field. The French, sweeping …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] and in 1745, they had with great difficulty indeed been brought out in even inconsiderable force in behalf of the English. Perhaps this result was due in a great measure to the policy of the English in seeking through their alliances the promotion of trade; in neglecting to supply them with priests as self-sacrificing as were those sent out by France; in supplying…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] tendency; that forts should be built for the security of.each nation; that vessels of war should be placed on the lakes, and that any further advances of the French should be prevented. The latter only was approved; the union of the colonies failed. Regarding the transfer of powers to a confederate organization as too much of an encroachment upon the liberties of …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] that when they were to sign the deed of them out of, and drove them from their sale he made them drunk and never paid settlement at Shamokin by crowding upon them the purchase money agreed upon, them, and by that means spoiled their He heard the Indians frequently com-hunting, and that the people of Minnisink plain of the fraud, and declare that they used to make …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] ing alliances. The Senecas gave them arms, removed from them the petticoat, and bade them take the hatchet; the " six. different nations of French Indians " 2 plead their cause with the Mohawks, and " advised and entreated them " to break the Albany sales, and to " have some consideration for those they 'called brothers;"3 the council at Onondaga repudiated the of…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 3 Colonial History, vi, 938. ver to have been exceeded by any one." 4 Memorials Meravian Church, i, 193. (Hcckciu elders Narrative, 64). Pennsyl-6 " Shingask was his proper name, vania offered £200 for his scalp. His which interpreted is a bog meado<w. brother, Tamaque, or King Beaver, This man was the greatest Delaware was also a distinguished warrior and warrior…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Assembling his allied Lenape, Shawanoe and Mabican warriors at Nescopec, he marked out the plan of the campaign for the coming autumn and winter. Its operations were to be restricted to the ct walking purchase," within which it was resolved to chastise the English first,%y waging against them a war of extermination. From their lurk ing places in the fastnesses of …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] seven or eight in breadth, which was "well and thickly settled, was abandoned by the inhabitants, who, for their safety, removed their families to the east side of the river, and became a charge on the charity of their neighbors," while others " removed to distant parts, and some out of the province.1 " Fatigues of body, in continually guarding and ranging the woo…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] number of fifty, left Albany with Johnson on the 8th of Au gust. At the " carrying place " some two hundred warriors joined him,1 giving to him, with the militia, a force of about thirty-five hundred men. The French, marching in about equal force to attack Oswego, were called back and sent, under Baron Dieskau, to the defense of Crown point. Leaving the largest po…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] as the offenders were " looked upon as allies and dependents of the Six Nations," and living within the limits of their country, it was expected that they would reprimand them " for what they had already done, prevent their doing any more mischief, and insist on their turning their arms against the French."3 The mission was promptly undertaken by the Mohawk, Oneid…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] hearken to, but will go to our father the French, who will assist and protect us."3 Thither they went, and to the commandant at Niagara declared : " Father — We are now at war with the English. When we first began, being very poor, we struck them with billets of wood." In reply, the commandant gave them a hatchet, and arms and ammunition, and lighted afresh the to…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 2 The Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas * Manuscripts of Sir William Johnson^ preferred neutrality, with the exception iv, 131. 226 THE INDIAN TRIBES earth. We are men, and are determined to be no longer ruled over by you as women. We are warriors, and are determined to cut off all the English save those that make their escape from us in ships. So say no more to us o…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Red Head, the Onondaga sachem, replied, that when first requested to do so a message had been dispatched to the Lenapes, which had subse quently been " backed with a second message; " that both messages having proved abortive, they had u obtained an inter view," through the Oneidas, at which the Lenapes had promised that hostilities should cease. They would cheerf…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] wanoes, and had succeeded, they said, in " convincing them that they had acted very foolishly and very unjustifiably," and that they had "promised and agreed" to unite with them against the " common enemy; " but at the same time had expressed the desire that they might have a hearing at Onondaga to con vince them that harmony and friendship with them was desired, …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] panees who died in I747> after having ft 29 228 THE INDIAN TRIBES In the meantime, Pennsylvania declared war against the Lenapes and Shawanoes^ and sent out a force of three hundred men, under the charge of Benjamin Franklin, to build a fort at GnadenhutteR1 or Shamokin, and restore the fugitive Moravian Indians and their missionaries to their lands. Johnson doubt…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] pared to comply. " I cannot take upon me at this time to give a determinate answer to you," said he, " but I shall punctually deliver your speech to all my nation on my return home, and you shall have our fixed resolutions and positive answers as soon as possible." Dismissing him, Johnson called the confederate 1 Fort Allen. It was located at the 2 There were only…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] friendship was then made, and the war dance celebrated. Still Johnson was not altogether satisfied that his work was well done. He knew that the Lenapes^ and their allies, aspired to if they did not possess the independence which they claimed, and that so long as this was denied, peace would not be possible. The necessities of the English were great,1 the determin…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] It will give a present connections are too strong to hope great turn to the affairs of the present war for this success now. — Hardy to Lords of in North America, and I trust may, by a Trade, May 10, 1756. little time and proper management, en-2 Colonial History, vii, 151, 160. able us to withdraw the Delawares and 230 THE INDIAN TRIBES While the attention of John…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Under the cir cumstances in which they were placed, they readily accepted the offer which was made to them to remove to the Mohawk country. To that end Mohawk chiefs were sent to them, with an interpreter, and provision made for their transportation. On the 22d of May they appeared before Johnson, were ad dressed and assigned to lands in the Schoharie county.3 Man…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] the gth of July, he found, as the fruit of this order, one hundred and ninety-six " Mobicander or river Indians," men, women and children, awaiting his pleasure. In the afternoon he clothed the men " from head to foot, gave them ammunition, paint, etc., in !he presence of the Six Nations and the Shawanoes and Delaware kings."2 They were warmly greeted by their bre…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] to us, ' you Mohikanders and we Nanti-people 5 we acquaint you herewith, and cokes will be one people and take you whenever you see any of our scattered Mohikanders by the hand as brethren, people passing up the river, you will know and fix you here at Otsiningo, where the they are removing to Otsiningo." — Colo-Six Nations have lighted a council fire nial History…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The inference is that the chiefs who were negotiating in his interest, having failed to control the Lenapes, had concealed from him their further action in the matter, hoping to effect the end which he sought by other means, with a view to maintain a reputation which they no longer possessed.4 Johnson promised to make inquiry at Onondaga in regard to the matter. W…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 4 This inference is strengthened by the their lands, rather than differ with them, speech of the Mohawk orator at Lancas-It is in your power to settle the difference ter. "In former times our forefathers with them if you please." — Gallatin, 78 conquered the Delawares, and put petti-OF HUDSON'S RI7ER. 233 had fully learned who Teedyuscung was, and at Easton held a…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] explaining why they did not give up the land; but the English made so many presents to the Six Nations that their ears were stopped. They would listen to no explanations; and Canasa-teego x had abused them, and called them women. The Six Nations had, however, given to them and the Shawanoes the lands upon the Susquehanna and Juniatta for hunting grounds, and had s…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] by the Pennsylvania proprietaries. He was to go to Johnson's council-fire and explain what had been done, obtain his confirm ation and take advice as to the future. Several matters were left unadjusted, Teedyuscung declaring that he was not empow ered to consider them, and that the parties interested were not properly represented to make action binding. He propose…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] demand was considered extraordinary and full of honors. The Delawares adopted was opposed by Governor Denny. Teedy-him and gave him a name signifying, uscung persisted in his demand, and it the man of truth. — Life and Times of was finally acceded to. Charles Thomp-Sir Wm. Johnson, n, 14. son, master of. the free Quaker School in 30 236 THE INDIAN TRIBES don't wan…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] assist such as shall come in as brothers, I will let them know it. Those who come to me with hostile intent, I will stop, and if they will not by reasonable terms turn about and join with me, I will then make an end of them or they of me; and if there is a great number, so that I may not be able to with stand them, I will take all prudent steps to let my brethren …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] my uncles have given me a tomahawk and appointed and authorized me to make peace with a tomahawk in my hand, I take that tomahawk and turn the edge of it against your enemies the French." The papers which were transmitted to Johnson were imme diately sent by him to the lords of trade, accompanied by the statement that " some of the Six Nations were disgusted with …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] line to it west," which the English had cheated them out of.1 In this conclusion he was most amply justified by the results which had been experienced. Peace had been declared, but no exchange of prisoners had taken place, and while Teedyuscung himself maintained the truce which had been agreed to at Easton, on the Ohio, his allies and kindred spurned the overture…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] cung attended as the representative of thirteen nations,1 assumed the position which he had formerly occupied, and sustained himself with eloquence and dignity. Finding that nothing could be done unless the land question was satisfactorily dis-*posed of, the proprietaries came forward and surrendered the confirmatory deed which had been received from the Six Natio…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] the clans of that nation whose removal given to the Six Nations, but the to the Delaware country had commenced confederate title is probably used in this in 1730 (ante, p. 194). as in many other cases when the desig-2 Not the deed to the Connecticut com-nation should have been specific to have pany. (Documentary History, n, 775)5 properly recorded the fact. These …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] fall of the British government upon this lages, 1 60 warriors j Oneidas, two villages, continent." — Bancroft. 250; Tuscaroras, one village, 140; Qnon-IUI understood and was told by them dagas, one large village, 1.50; Cayugas, (the Delawares) that the breaking out of one large village, 200 — total, 900 war-this war was occasioned by the Seneca riors. Indians who …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] nocks, whose destruction was accom-derived from that of the chief under plished by the English of Maryland aided whose charge they were placed. — Gallatin, by the Five Nations. They were removed 55. from Maryland and settled among the * Proud; see also Life and Times of Sir Oneidas until they lost their language, Wm. Johnson. 246 THE INDIAN TRIBES ensued, and the …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] ranks men of intelligence, and of so much O.P HUDSON'S RWER. 247 to flight. The loss to the English of one hundred and fifteen men, or about one-fourth of their force, attested the bravery of the assailants.1 During the winter of 1764, Johnson succeeded in persuading some of the warriors of the neutral nations to unite with a company of militia under his son, John…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The Senecas were required to stop hostilities and engage never again to make war upon the

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Fort Pitt, and reduced the garrison to one who has discovered great inveteracy much danger. Col. Boquet, with six hun-against the English, and led several par-dred men and a large convoy, marching ties against them during the present In to its relief, was attacked by only ninety-dianwar." (Johnson, Colonial History, vii, five of them (for I have the best authori-6…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Red Hawk, to collect all captives from the lower towns and restore them in the spring.2 On the 2yth of April, 1765, the pledges which had been given by the Senecas were redeemed by the surrender of the 1 Stone, in his Life and Times of Sir dit for his part in this transaction. Wm. Johnson, gives Bradstreet little ere-a £ancrofttv, 210, 221. OF HUDSON'S RIVER. 249 …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The attachment of the northern and western Indians to the French was strong; the grievances of the Senecas and their Lenape allies were aggravated by the peace to which they had been compelled and in which they had been forced to concede that their lands were a part of the royal dominions. In regard to their territorial possessions, their decision in 1748 had grow…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] by Turtle Heart OP Aquarsqua, Wieween-the government by way of correction, and oghwa, Tedabajhsika, Lenapes of the these are the Six Nations, Shawanoes, Ohio, and Benavissica, Manykypusson, and Delawares. They are well acquainted Nanicksah, and Wabysequina, Shawanoes with'the defenseless state of the inhabit-of the Ohio. — Colonial History, vn, 738. ants who live …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] standpoint of the success which had crowned their efforts. En tering upon the struggle as " poor women" striking their op pressors with " billets of wood," they emerged from it u increased in interest and respect," in the opinion of their enemies, " their conduct having restored them to the rank of 1 It is said that Johnson had not less 2 Johnson. — N. T. Colonial…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] ^Stockbridge, Past and Present. "They the Abenaquis to compensate them for served as a corps in the late war, and are their loss. — Johnson Manuscripts, xxiv, in number about fhree hundred." — Tryon, 125. OF HUDSON'S RIPER. 253 in the county of Putnam. Failing to secure redress, they attempted the forcible ejectment of the settlers, and compelled the interference …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Not the last, but the closing record of the English administra tion in reference to them is that by Governor Tryon, in 1774 : " The river tribes have become so scattered and so addicted to wandering, that no certain account of their numbers can be obtained. These tribes — the Montauks and others of Long island, Wappingers of Dutchess county, and the Esopus, Papa-g…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] In their controversies in regard to these encroachments the Indians had learned to distinguish between the king of England and those whom they regarded as their oppressors, and to assume that while the latter were trespassers, the former was a just judge to whom they could appeal. The revision of the Wyoming deeds, and the establishment of the treaty line of

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 1 Stone's Life and Times of Sir Wm. sented seven Indian scalps, and stated Johnson. The attack, however, appears their having taken them in the following to have been wholly without justification, manner : That a number of Indians hav-The following is the account given in ing encamped at the mouth of Yellow Colonial History, vm, 464 : " Received creek, they with o…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] This movement had been anticipated, and sharp shooters stationed in ambuscade, shot numbers of them in their canoes, and compelled the others to return. Logan's mother, brother and sister were among the slain. These transactions were soon followed by another outrage, which, though of less magnitude, was not less atrocious. An aged and inoffensive Lenape chief, nam…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] people, who approaching near the shore, murders committed by Cresap, who with observed the white people lying in ambush some.frontier banditti, causelessly mur-for them, and, attempting to return to dered near forty Indians on the Ohio. — their camp, were fired upon and two of Colonial History y vm, 471. OF HUDSON'S RIPER. 257 Senecas and Mingoes z led by Logan, t…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] quois" (Gallatin, 55), but such does not 395. appear to be the fact, except as they were 258 THE INDIAN 7RIBES vited the northern and western Indians thither and delivered to them speeches " setting forth the danger all their nations were in, from the designs of the English, who, they said, had it in view to possess all their country." x From them also came the in…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] assistant to Johnson; Daniel Claus and Guy Johnson, the sons-in-law of Johnson, were entirely familiar with the duties to be 1 The children borne to him by Molly made legitimate by marriage a short time Brant, sister of the great chief, were before his death. 33 260 THE INDIAN TRIBES performed; their interests were bound up in obedience to the directions of Sir Wi…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] quently made a liberal endowment of land for the purpose of founding a school which was originally called Hamilton Oneida Academy, subsequently incorpo rated under the name of Hamilton Col lege. After a life of much public useful ness, he at length departed this life on the 28th of February, 1808. — Note, Colonial History, vm, 631; Jones's History of Oneida County…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] gress authorized the employment of In-Major Joseph Hawley, Turbot Francis, dians. Those who acted with the colo-Oliver Wolcott and Volkert P. Douw. nial forces prior to that time were enlisted The department included the Six Nations by the colonies in their independent capa-and all other tribes to the northward of city. them. 264 THE INDIAN TRIBES troops; we desir…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] prietaries of Pennsylvania, and desired that the settlement which 'Abraham was the brother of Hen-History, vn, 115). He subsequently fol-drik (Colonial History). He originally lowed the fortunes of the Johnsons, but represented the lower Mohawk castle, died soon after the opening of the Revo-and was known as Little Abraham, lution. On the death of Hendrik, he beca…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] in 1742, and succeeded his father to his settled in Canada. He was appointed title and estates in 1774. He was not superintendent and inspector general of as popular as his father, being less social Indian affairs in North America, and for and less acquainted with human nature, several years he was a member of the His official relations to the parent govern-legisl…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] instructed to visit Brant at Unadilla. Herkimer took with him three hundred Tryon county militia, and invited Brant to meet him. This the chief agreed to. It was a week after Her kimer arrived at Unadilla, however, before Brant made his 1 " Joseph, since his arrival from Eng-America, in Indian matters, and deserves; land, has showed himself the most zealous to be …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] grand council of the Six Nations, who were invited to assemble " to eat the flesh and drink the blood of a Bostonian;" in other words, to feast on the occasion of a proposed treaty of alliance against the patriots, who were denominated Bostonians as a special appeal to the prejudices of the Indians. There was a pretty full attendance at the council, but a large po…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 1 See Life of Mary Jamison. This birth. At the council here spoken of pamphlet was written in 1823, and pub-she was present with her husband. — lished by James D. Bemis, of Canandai-Lossing's Field Book of the Revolution, gua, N. Y. She was taken a captive I, 239. near Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburg) 2 This message was addressed "To when a child, and was reared amon…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] " Brothers : When you have any trouble, come and tell it to us, and we will help you." The occasion for the services of the Mahlcans was not long delayed. When the alarm came up from Lexington, a year later, they took the field, and participated in the battle of Bunker Hill on the seventeenth of June. From thence Cap tain Solomon, or Captain Hendrik as he was subs…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Their fugitive clans at Oghkawaga, and their associates from the Esopus tribes,2 refused for a time to take up the hatchet against the colonists, and held the Tuscaroras to neutrality; while those among the Lenapes, east of the Alleghanies, as well as the domestic Lenape clans, joined them in an earnest support of the patriots. At White Plains, in October, 1776, t…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The principal campaign in which the British Indians were engaged was that undertaken in 1777, to determine the control of the Hudson river. Sweeping down from Canada with his powerful army, Burgoyne recaptured Crown point and Ticon-deroga, while his auxiliaries, the Indians and tories, attacked the defenses more remote from his route. Of these Fort Schuyler2 was t…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] its site. The old fort was erected during " During the action (at Oriskany), when the French and Indian war of 1755, and the garrison found the Indians' camp subsequently became a point of much (who went out against their reinforce-importance in transactions with the Six ments) empty, they boldly sallied out Nations. with three hundred men and two field 1 Johnson'…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] in Lossing's Field Book. Having lost Mohawk castles occurred after the battle their shirts the Indians evidently feared of Bennington, and that the fugitives fled that they might lose their skins. to Burgoyne, but the account by Glaus is a Colonial History, viu, 725. Johnson the most probable. 35 276 THE INDIAN TRIBES Indian was found in its ranks. For their condu…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Colonel John Butler succeeded, in the spring of 1778, in organiz ing a force of five hundred Indians and six hundred tories, and with these made his appearance on the Susquehanna. At Win-termoot's fort, on the third of July, the colonial militia, in infe rior numbers, under Colonel Zebulon Butler, opposed his progress in a desperate conflict. Retreating from thenc…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] offer of harassing an enemy.1 Although Butler withdrew his followers from the valley almost immediately after the massacre, he nevertheless left behind him those who had personal grievances to avenge and mercenary rewards to secure. These were mainly fugitives from the Esopus clans at Oghkwaga, and tories, who, availing themselves of the withdrawal of Count Pulask…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] censure by blackening the name of Brant, by the contestants. The truth of Wyom-the fact is pretty well established that he ing can only be written by an analysis was almost entirely innocent of the ex-of the actors in the massacre and their cesses which were committed. Nor is association with the proprietaries of Penn-there better ground for associating with sylva…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] cause of your friends, and ventured your lives in our battles. While the sun and moon continue to give light to the world, we shall love and respect you. As our trusty friends, we shall protect you, and shall at all times consideryour welfare asour own." — Stone's Life of Brant, i, 292, etc. JThe castle of the Praying Maquas at the mouth of Schoharie creek. 282 1H…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 2 This village took its name from that remove to Canada, where they were of the ancient Mohawk village called established at a mission called by them-Gaudaouague 5 by the French, On-selves, in remembrance of their ancient engioure, and by the Dutch, Kaghne-village, Caghnawaga. (Brodheadyii, 129, wage. It was in j_this village that 299. Ante, p. 97). At the time of…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] alarmed at the havoc in their ranks and fled; a brisk fire was kept up for some time by the tories, until Butler, who was watching the fight from behind a tree, exposed his head and fell under a quick ball from an Oneida, who knew him and who was watching his motions; his troops fled in confusion; the Oneida bounded across the stream that separated the contestants…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] OF HUDSON'S R17ER. 287 ment which followed was compelled to retreat. On the follow ing morning the whole of the British force at Kingsbridge was ordered out and the largest portion placed in an ambuscade, while Emerick was sent forward to decoy his assailants of the previous day. The plan failed, but an engagement was brought on, by Emerick's corps, on what is now…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 288 THE INDIJN TRIBES thou goest I will go, and where thou lodgest I will lodge; thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God; where thou diest will I die, and there will I be buried." The privations which the patriots suffered, they shared without a murmur; in their devotion they never wearied. When the tattered banners of the struggle were folded away, they…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] and Jjis associates as followers. The latter accepted the belt, and began hostilities along the western border, then covering an extent of four hundred miles. To restrain and punish the insurgents General Harmer was sent out, in the autumn of 1790, with a force of fifteen hundred men, but suffered disaster in a conflict near the junction of the St. Joseph and St. …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] themselves; and I am persuaded their against whom he manifested at all times general confederacy is entirely broken, the most intense hatred. Indeed, it would not be very difficult, if * Stone* s Life of Branty 11, 308, etc.; circumstances required it, to set them at Gallatin, 50, 51, 68. 37 292 THE INDIAN TRIBES resolved to leave our bones in this small space, to…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] once of great value to us, and we appre hend that neither time nor distance, nor the non-use of our rights, has at all affected them, but that the courts here would consider our claims valid were we to exercise them ourselves, or delegate them to others. It is not, however, our 294 THE INDIAN TRIBES On a small reservation on Long island the Montauks have still a r…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] lature dated "Trenton, March 12, 1832: " Bartholomew S. Calvin (his English name), takes this method to return his thanks to both houses of the state legis lature, and especially to their committees, for their very respectful attention to, and candid examination of, the Indian claims which he was delegated to present. " The final act of official intercourse betwee…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] "There may be some who would despise an Indian benediction; but when I return to my people, and make known to them the result of my mission, the ear of the Great Sovereign of the universe, which is still open to our cry, will be penetrated with our invocation of blessings upon the generous sons of New Jersey. " To those gentlemen, members of the legislature, and o…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] about three and a half miles west of Doylestown, in that county. Heckewelder adds, that when Colonel George Morgan of Princeton, visited the western Indians, by order of congress, in 1776, he was so beloved for his goodness that the Lenapes gave to him the name of their venerated chief. Morgan brought back to the whites such glowing accounts of the qualities of th…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] In 1718, he headed the deputation of Indian chieftains at Philadelphia, who signed an absolute release to the proprietaries *for the lands " situate between Delaware and Sus'quehanna, from Duck creek to the mountains on this side Lechay, which lands had been granted by their ancestors to William Penn." In 1728, he had removed "from APPENDIX. 301 on Delaware to Sha…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Weisser writes : " ALLUMMAPEES would have resigned his crown before now, but as he had the keeping of the public treasure (that is to say of the council-bag), consisting of belts of wampum, for which he buys liquor, and has been drunk for these two or three years almost constantly, it is thought he won't die so long as there is one single wampum left in the bag." …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] When the Moravians appeared at Bethlehem, TEEDYUSCUNG came to hear them; soon after professed conversion and was bap tized. His conversion, however, was not proof against the wrongs which his people had suffered, and when the offer of the crown was made to him he readily accepted it, and became their leader. At the conferences which he attended, says the writer la…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The hollowness of the former he boldly exposed, and the latter he scornfully rejected; so that it was soon perceived that the Indian king was as astute and sagacious, as he was unmovable in the justice of his righteous demands. This conviction forced

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] the Ohio country in 1758, and that he was the last Shawanoe king east of the Alleghanies. At the time of his removal he was an old man, and was doubtless soon after gathered to his fathers. His son Kolapeka or Teatapercaum^ alias Samuel, was a distinguished chief in the war of 1764. Although perhaps not strictly a part of the history of the Indians of Hudson's riv…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] while thus detained he ^was joined by his son Ellinipsico. Soon after the arrival of the latter, a white man named Gilmore was killed near the fort. The cry of revenge was raised, and a party of ruffians assembled, under the command of Capt. Hall, who, instead of pursuing 'the guilty, fell upon the hostages in the fort. Seeing that there was no escape for him, the…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] putting a stop to the selling of rum, will tend to make us religious and lead better lives than we now do." Comparisons, it is said, are odious; in this case they are not necessary in order to strip from history the high coloring which has been given to the eloquence of HENDRIK. Nor can it with truth be added that Aupaumut " for capacity, bravery and vigor of mind…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] He was born, says Stone, in the Ohio country, in 1742, where his father and mother were 1 Speaking of the succession of kings, supplied by the election of Joseph Brant, Schoolcraft remarks : " The din of ihe an entirely new man in the line of chiefs, chief's oldest sister was the chief pre-It was the wise policy of Sir Wm. John-sum ptive. Such was the Iroquois rul…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] intermarriage with the Shawanoes, a Mingoe. He was a friend of the white men, by education and association, and one of the noblest of his race, not only by right of birth, but in considera tion of his own character. During the Indian wars connected with the contest with France, he took no part save in the cha racter of a peace-maker. In the spring of 1774, a compa…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] trader. RED JACKET was a full-blooded Seneca. Both were distinguished for their eloquence, and both were engaged in the border wars of the revolution as inveterate enemies of the colo nists. The former died in 1836, at the age of one hundred and one years, and the latter in 1830, aged about ninety years. PASSACONNAWAY, who was at the head of the Pennacooks at the …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Thomas Morton, in his New Eng lish Canaan, thus speaks of him, being in this country at that time : " That Sachem or Sagamore is a Powah of great estima tion amongst all kind of salvages, there hee is at their Revels (which is the time when a greate company of salvages meete from several parts of the country, in amity with their neighbors), hath advanced his honor…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] are gone Its sap is frozen It bends It falls Peace, peace with the white man is the command of the Great Spirit, and the wish — the last wish of Passaconnaway." The old chief did not die at that time, but his activity was so impaired that he abdicated his throne to his son Wannalancet. He died between 1663 and 1669 — the oldest, most learned, and most eloquent of …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] occurred about 1750. The most distinguished man of the Mabicans was Captain HENDRIK AUPAUMUT, subsequently known as Captain HEN DRIK, who appears to have sustained the most important rela tion to his tribe and to the nation for nearly half a century.2 Of his birth and parentage nothing is known. He is first 1 Brodhcad, n, 161. death of King Solomon, the government…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] sage of the Delaware* had already shut his mouth, and he believed that in the course of the next summer he would ' be brought down from the Wabash, to the ground from which his ancestors were created,' and so it proved. We find nothing, in the public histories of those times respecting Captain HENDRIK, but we do find that the battle of Tippecanoe was hazarded beca…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] found in all nations, whose record is marred by the weaknesses of age. " It is not conceived necessary to digress or deny the fact that Noah got drunk." x 1 History of Indian Nations, part v, 518, etc. APPENDIX. 327 The Moravian missionaries have preserved in their records the names and services of many of the Indian chiefs with whom they were associated, but none…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] him no concern However, I could not forget his words. They constantly recurred to my mind. Even when I slept I dreamed of that blood which Christ shed for us. This was something different from what I had ever before heard, and I interpreted Christian Henry's words to the other Indians." 328 HUDSON RIVER INDIANS. WASAMAPACH removed from Shekomeko to the Delaware, i…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] APPENDIX. 329 congregation at Shekomeko, and discharged its duties with credit. He subsequently accepted the chieftaincy of the Mahi-cans of the Delaware country and represented them in the con ferences with Johnson, and also with the governor of Pennsyl vania. He died in 1762, " much respected on account of his wisdom and grave deportment." The Wappingers were no…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The facts stated in the case, as reported by the lords of trade, on the hearing of NIMHAM, who visited England, for that purpose, are " that the tract of land, the property and possession whereof is claimed by these Indians, and their title disputed, is situated between Hudson's river and the line which divides the province of New York from that of Connecticut, ex…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] of 1697, but only of a small part of it; x that finding themselves by these claims likely to be dispossessed of their patrimonial

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 2 Phillipse did not live to enjoy his ill-York $500,000 in six per cent stocks for gotten lands. On his death they became the title which he had acquired. the property of his father, and afterwards 3 Simcoe' s Military Journal. of his heirs. John Jacob Astor subse-APPENDIX. 331 Emerick being of opinion the rebels were in such force that it would be advisable for h…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Major Ross to conduct the corps to the heights, advanced to the road, and arrived without being perceived, within ten yards 42 332 HUDSON RIVER INDIANS. of the Indians. They had been intent on the attack on Eme-rick's corps and the Legion; they now gave a yell and fired upon the grenadier company, wounding four of them, and Lieut. Col. Simcoe. They were driven fro…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Simcoe, and was on the point of dragging him from his horse, when he was killed by Wright, his orderly Hussar. The Indians fought most gallantly; they pulled more than one of the cavalry from their

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] he had simply failed to note the inflections which constituted an important principle of the language. But notwithstanding the publication of Eliot's grammar in 1666, and the observations of the Jesuit and Moravian priests, it was not until 1819 that Du Ponceau, after a thorough comparison of the Writings of his predecessors, was enabled to announce the propositio…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Edwards says that the Mabi-can was spoken u by all the Indians throughout New England; " that though each tribe had " a different dialect," the language was " radically the same." Yet the Algonquin of the Mablcans was essentially different from the Algonquin of the Lenapes. Loskiel explains this more fully : " Though the three tribes of the Delawares have the same…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 336 HUDSON RIPER INDIANS. to the Mahikan; only the former generally place the accent upon the last syllable. The Ottawa is nearly related to the Shawanose, but the Chippewa more immediately to the Delaware. The language of the Twichtwees and Wawlachtanos resembles the Sbawanose; in dialect the Kikapus, Tukachohas, Moshkos, and Karhaski, differ from the Delaware in…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The Mahican has been preserved, partially at least, as has also to some extent the Long Island, — the latter extending along the east side of the river as far as the Highlands, where it met the Wappanoos, which has been preserved as spoken by its more eastern families in the Massachusetts; but the dialects on the west,.as they were modified by association with tho…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Earth, in Long Island, is keagb; in Massachusetts, abke; in Mahican, akek; in Minsi, acbgi; in Delaware, aki, akbki. But while the peculiar dialects of the valley have been lost, or have at best an imperfect preservation, the principles upon which they were based have been written. Gallatin says : u The fundamental characteristics of the Indian languages of Americ…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The object in view has been attained by various means of the same tendency and often blended together : a multitude of inflections properly so called; a still greater num ber of compound words, sometimes formed by the coalescence of primitive words not materially altered,' more generally by the union of many such words in a remarkably abbreviated form, and numerou…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] or whose curiosity prompts them to the study, will consult the original. Grammar of the Algonquin Language. I. Alphabet. The Algonquin possesses all the vowel sounds as heard in far, fate, fall; met, meet; shine, pin; not, note, move; put, nut. It has two labials, b and/); five dentals, d, /, j, z, and j or £, soft; two nasals, m and n; and two primary gutturals, …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] APPENDIX. 341 whether living or dead; but neck, back, heart, windpipe, take the inanimate form. In like manner eagle, swan, dove, are distinguished as animates; but beak, wing, tail, are arranged with inanimates. So oak, pine, ash, are animates j branch, leaf, root, inanimates. No language is perhaps so defective as to be totally without number. But there are few …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] inflections which the pronouns take for tense, or rather, the auxiliary verbs, have, had, shall, will, may, etc. This class embraces the preformative or prefixed pronouns. The inseparable suffixed or subformative pronouns are : yaun, my; yun, thy; id or d, his or hers; yaung, our (ex.); yung, our (in.); yaig^ your; waud, their. These pronouns are exclusively emplo…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] sounds. If we compare this principle to a thread, parts of which are white, black, green, blue and yellow, the white may stand as the symbol of five vowelic classes of words in a, the 350 HUDSON RIPER INDIANS. black in b; the green in c; the blue in d; and the yellow in e. It creates no confusion to the eye to add, that there is a filament of red running through t…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] n. 6 or on.. ii or iin CLASS OF CONJUGATIONS.. in class a in class a 6. Radices. The Algonquin language is founded on roots or primary elements having a meaning by themselves. As waub, to see; paup, to laugh; wa, to move in space; bwa^ a voice. The theory of its orthography is to employ these primary sounds in combination, and not as disjunctive elements, which ha…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] gluten is precisely that to which the closest attention is required to trace its syntax. 7. Word-Building. The accretive system upon which the language is based is most clearly illustrated by analysis. Waub is, apparently, the radix of the verb, to see, and of the word, light. Waubun is the east, or sunlight, and, inferentially, place of light, dub is the name of …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] O gin e bug o qua,.... Woman of the rose. O bub bau mwa wa ge zbig o qua, Woman of the murmuring of the skies. The formation of geographical names is no exception to the rule. Wombi, in the Natick, or Massachusetts dialect, — which the Wappingers are presumed to have spoken, — means white; /V, or //£, is a termination for azbfbik^ a rock or solid formation of rock…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] e., " Bright stream flowing through rocks." While it is perhaps impossible to translate many of the local and geographi cal names which are found in the valley of the Hudson, from the fact that the language was a mixture of Algonquin, Man hattan, Wappenackie, Mahican, Minsi and Iroquois, their form ation was in accordance with the concrete principle, and in many c…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] given by Mr. Eliot, the negative form of elementary words is matt a; the local inflection ett; the adjective great, missi; black, moot; white, wompi. 45 356 HUDSON RIVER INDUNS. * " The Indian languages also contain generic syllables or particles in the shape of inflections to nouns and verbs; in the Algonquin, abo, a liquid; jegun, or simply gun, an instrument; j…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Thus, in the Algonquin, the syllable ac stands for land, earth, ground, soil; be, for water, liquid; bic, for rock, stone, metal, hard mineral; co for object; ke for country, precinct, or terri tory; os for pebble, loose stone, detritus; min, good; ia, the term for a beautiful scene; na, a particle, which, in compound words, denotes excellence; oma, a large body o…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] by these elisions and transpositions, the number of syllables of which a new class of words shall consist, is a question to be predetermined. Expletive consonants, harsh gutturals, and double inflections, the pests of Indian lexography, are dropped, and the selections made from syllables which abound in liquid and vowel sounds. For it should be the object to prese…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Long Island, as already stated, was called Sewanbackey. Among the localities, Occopoque (Riverhead), takes its name from accup, a creek. The Indian village of Accopogue was situ ated on the creek which enters Little Peconic bay on the north side. Nepeage was the name of the peninsula which unites Montauk to the western part of East Hampton, and is supposed to mean…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] paid reverence as an evidence of the permanency and immuta bility of their deity. * No Indian name more frequently occurs in the history of the county than that of Weckquaesgeek, nor one the precise location of which there is more difficulty in determining. O'Callaghan says: "This tract is described as extending from the Hudson to the East river. The name is from …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The Indian name for Tarrytown was Alipconck, " the place of elms." Sing-Sing takes its name from an Indian village called Ossing-sing, from ossin, a stone, and ing, a place, the " place of stones," or " stone upon stone." (BoltonJ) In a deed to Philip Phillipse, 1685, it is said, "a creek called Kitchawan, called by the Indians Sinksink" Bolton, however, gives the…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] (O' Callaghan.) Bolton says the name signifies "a run between two hills." The Dutch styled it " Sleepy Haven kil," hence the origin of the present term Sleepy Hollow applied to the valley. Sacrabung^ or mill river, takes its name from sacra, rain. Its liability to freshets after heavy rains, may have given origin to the Indian name. (Ibid?) £)uinnabung, a neck of …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The Byram river was known by the name of Armonck, and the meadowy bordering it Haseco and Miosekassaky. Harlem river was called

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] In the town of Carmel, in the county of Putnam, is located Lake Macookpack, now Mahopack^ a term probably signifying simply a large inland lake, from ma large water and aki land. The same name was applied to what is now known as Copake lake in Columbia county. The lake is nine miles in cir cumference, and is situated about eighteen hundred feet above the level of …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The Highlands of the Hudson were not called Matteawan mountains, as stated by Moulton. The Indians had no names for mountain ranges, but designated different parts or peaks by different names. In the patent known as the Little Nine Partners, one of the more eastern peaks of the Highland range is called Weputing, from Weepitung, literally tooth mountain, probably f…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] This interpretation applied to the creek, would be-uno water " or " little water or motion." Another classification would be ma, large water; tea, valley or land scape; wan, inanimate motion — literally cc the large water in the valley," wan perhaps referring to that portion of the creek near its confluence with the Hudson. What is now known as Wappinger's creek, …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] It is said that at Fishkill hook remains of an Indian burial ground have been found, and also that apple trees planted by them were still bearing within the

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] the Sackett tract ran north-east to a tree on the east side of the Wesiack subsequently known as Ten Mile river. Of the Indian name, O'Callaghan says : " Wissayck, rocky country," from qussuk, a rock, and ick, a locality." A more correct expla nation is probably derived from wassa^ light, and ick, locality — the light or bright waters. It was in this district that…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] devil worship was similarly observed. There is a fragrance in the fact that makes the name more palatable than most of the Dutch 'geographical terms. Scbodac^ to which tradition assigns the important position of the capital of the Mahicans at the time of the discovery, is now covered by the village of Castleton. The name is from skootag, fire, and ack^ place. Sann…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] APPENDIX. 377 name of the falls — a word signifying to sink, to be forced down under weight by water. Watchtung — literally mountain — was the name of a range of hills lying some twelve miles west of the Hudson; Ramspook or Ramapo, a river into which empties a number of round ponds; Pompton, " crooked mouth," refer ring to the manner in which the Ringwood and Rama…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Opposite Anthony's Nose, was a " small rivulet called by ye Indians Assinnapink" or ct the stream from the solid rocks." South of this rivulet was Tongapogb kil, and north of it Pooploop's kil, the latter apparently the name of an Indian owner. Butter milk falls were called the Prince's falls, evidently from their ownership by a prince of " the people of the hill …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] • "'Stop!' cried Naoman. All eyes were turned upon him. c Stop ' repeated he, in a tone of authority. ' White woman thou hast kept thy word with me to the last moment. I am the traitor. I have eaten of the salt, warmed myself at the fire, shared the kindness of these Christian white people, and it was I that told them of their danger. I am a withered, leafless, br…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The name is also spelled Skonanoky^ and is apparently derived from Shunna, sour, and na excellent, nuk^ local — probably referring to the abundance of wild grapes found there. On the east side of the mountain, in the town of Cornwall, and near the centre of the Wilson patent, was an Indian burial grond, so.designated in a survey by General James Clinton. In its vi…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Miskotucky, a compound word implying red hills or red plains. Pochuck, a name applied to one of the streams of that town as well as to the district known as Florida, seems to retain the root term for bog or muddy land. Jogee Hill, in the town of Minisink, takes its name from and preserves the place of residence of Keghgekapowell alias Joghem. one of the grantors o…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] south trail it led to and took its name apparently from one par ticular locality. This locality would seem to be indicated in the word itself. The first part or noun of the word, shawan or chawan, would seem to be from jewan, swift current or strong stream; onk or gonk, a place, literally the country of the strong stream, or the rapid water settlement, or if inter…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] tion given of the western bounds of Evans's first purchase, which expressly says it extended all along said hills, etc., and the river Pakadasank southerly to a pond called Mallolaudy (Mare-tange), lying on the top of the said hills. Nothing could more plainly point out where that pond lies, and which is the right pond, than the river Pakadasank which takes its ri…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] In the Ulster records is this certificate : u These are to certify that the inhabitants of the towns of New Paltz, being desirous that the first station of their patent named Moggonck might be kept in remembrance, did desire us, Joseph Horsbrook, John Hardenburgh, Roeleft Eltinge, Esq., justices of the Peace for the county of Ulster, to accompany them, and there b…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Atkarkarton, the Indian name for Kingston, was not the name of an Indian village, but for a tract called by the Dutch the Great Plot, or meadow on which the Indians raised corn and beans. At is equivalent to at or by the waters. Nutten Hook, at Katskil, was called by the Indians Kock-hachcbtngh; a place known to the Dutch as the Flying corner, was called by the In…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] nakalonitade was their name for the Mo-the Neva York Historical Society, I, 43. hawk river j Skcnectadea, the city of Al-APPENDIX. 399 with about twenty houses; thirty persons were killed and scalped, and about sixty taken prisoners.1 The Indians were not occupants of the place at the time of this occurrence. Water-ford, Saratoga county, was called Nachtenack, and…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] The place is well calculated to exalt the fancy of the poets. The ancient fabulous writers would, if they had been here, have exalted those works of nature, by the force of imagination, into the most artful and elegant descriptive illu sions. The waters descend rapidly downwards from the falls,

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 44 197, 26th line, for Totakik, read Potatik. 44 453, 4th line, for Mahicans, read Mohegans. 44 261, 1st line for predecessors, read predecessor. Errors in uniformity of orthography not noted. INDEX.

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Abenaquis, a Mahican nation, 41 j murder Mohawk chiefs, 156; English agree not to assist, 1595 made peace with the Iroquois, 1835 make peace with the Mahicans, 2525 Iroquois refuse to renew war with, 193 Abraham, or Schabash, a Mahican chief, converted by Moravians, 197 j made captain by Mahicans, 89; assistant at Gnadenhiitten, 89; elected chief sachem of Mahican…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Burnet, 191 Appamanskoch, sachem of Raritans, 90 Aquackanonks, location of, 91 Armies, how composed, 30 Ashhurst, Sir John, buys lands of Wao-ranecks, 93 Assiapam, sachem of Matinecocks, 74 Assinapink creek, 92, 377 Atkarkarton, Kingston so called, 125, 394 Attention in sickness, 23 Atyataronghta, Louis, captain of Oneidas, aids the Americans, 284 Aupamut, see Hen…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Samson, a Mahican, 325 Passaconnaway, chief sachem of Pennacooks, 317 Paxinos, chief sachem of Shawanoes, 3°5 Red Jacket, a Seneca chief, 317 Saunders, Robert, 357 Shabasch, or Abraham, a Mahican chief, 328 Shingas, a Lenape war captain, 219 Skenando, an Oneida chief, 317 Soiengarahta; or King Hendrik of the Mohawks, 310; portrait of, 7° Soquans, a Mahican sachem,…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Dutch village at, destroyed by John Johnson, 283 Nation, or Praying Indians, 179, 211 Calmet, theory of, 1 6 Canada, settlement of, commenced, 53 Canestogaes, massacre of, 245 Canassatiego, an Iroquois viceroy, speech of, 69 Canopus, sachem of Nochpeems, 80 INDEX. 403 Captains, war chiefs so called, 31 Captahem, sachem of Aquackanonks, 91 Carnarsees, location of, …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Gov., 57 Coleman, John, killed by the Indians, 9 Colonists, efforts, of, to secure neutrality of Indian tribes in Revolution, 261 Communipau, aboriginal name of, 90, 376 Conarhanded, sachem of Weckquaes-geeks, 79 Connecticut, agents purchase lands at Wyoming, 216; determine to oc cupy, 150, 259 Conflict with Indians, at Stony Point, II j at Shorackappock, n, 77 Co…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Cornbury, Gov., attends conference at Albany, 184. Cornstalk, commands Lenapes and Sha-wanoes, 2565 biographical sketch of, 307 Corn-planter, a Seneca chief, le«ds an attack on Oneidas, 282 5 driven from power by Red Jacket, 290; no ticed, 317 Cortland's Ridge, Mahicans in battle of, 287 Couwenhoven, negotiates with Esopus Indians, 151, 154 Cralo, Fort, at Greenbu…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Eelkins, Jacob, imprisons chief of the Se quins, 100 Emerick, Col., account of battle of Cort-land's Ridge, 286, 287 English capture Fort Amsterdam, 1585 treaty with the Iroquois, 55, 158; treaty with Mahicans, 158, 1605 laws regulating intercourse with the Indians, 1625 treaty of Esopus, 163 Eskmoppas, sachem ofRockaways, 73 Esopus, derivation of term, 945 first …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Franklin, Benjamin, commands expedi tion to build Fort at Gnadenhiitten, 228 French, employ Catholic missionaries, 1 68; secure treaty of neutrality, with Duke of York, 169; make prisoners of Iroquois chiefs by treach ery, 1715 at war with the Senecas, 171; yield to the demands of the Iroquois, 172; Indian war of 1689, 1725 preparation for war, 189; Iro quois and …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Garangula, a chief of Onondagas, 316 Gardiner, Lion and David, 76 German Flats, commissioners of congress held conference with Iroquois at, 263 INDEX. 405 Gil, sachem of Seatalcats, 74 Gist, Christopher, commissioned to treat with Western tribes, 209 Geographical nomenclature, 361 Accopogue, village of, Long Island, 365 Alipconck, Tarrytown, 366 Appamaghpogh, near…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] land, 365 Hobokenhacking, Hoboken, 376 Haquequenunck, Patterson, 376 Hannakrois creek, 397 Hoosack, Rensselaer county, 376 Ishpatinck, Brooklyn Heights, 376 Jogee Hill, Orange county, 382 Kapsee, Copsie Point, New York, 361 Kitchawonck, Croton river, 366 Kittatenny, Anthony's nose, 367 Kookpake Lake, Columbia county, 373 Keeseywego, creek opposite Albany, 375 Kock…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] county, 393 Machawanick, Katskill, 394 Naghtognk, Corlear's Hook, New York, 361 Nepeage, Long Island, 365 Namke Creek, Long Island, 365 Namke creek, Long Island, 365 Neperah, saw mill creek, 365 Nappeckamak, Yonkers, 365 Narrasunck, Haverstraw, 377 Neversink Hills, New Jersey, 376 Neweskeke, Albany county, 396 Nescotonck, Shawangunk, Ulster county, 388 Nanapenahek…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Querapoquett, Dutchess county, 371 Quaspeck, Verdrietig Hook, 377 Quassaick creek, Newburgh, 382 Quequicke, Hoosic Falls, 376 Rechtauck, New York, 362 Ronconcoa lake, Long Island, 364 Ranachque, Morisania, 367 Rippowams, Stamford, Ct., 368 Ramapo river, 377 Riritan river, 376 Sappokanikan, New York, 361 Sewanhackey, Long Island, 365 Sackhoes, Peekskill, 366 Senasq…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Wawayanda, Orange county, 385 Wawanaquassick, Columbia county, 372 Wallomschock river, Bennington, Vt., 375 Willehoosa, Port Jervis, Orange county, 96 Gnadenb.iir.ten, Moravians settle at, 198 5 Mahican converts remove to, 198; attacked by Lenapes, 220 5 converts fly to Pennsylvania for protection against Presbyterians, 245 INDEX. 407 Goethals, sachem of Wappinger…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Hackinsacks, location of, 905 Van der Horst settles among, 104; a warrior of, robbed, 1045 complaint of, re garding presents, in j young men clamor for war, 1 1 1; take part in war of 1643, no; propose an ex change of prisoners, 12,3; negotiate on behalf of Esopus Indians, 139 Harmer, Gen., commands expedition against Lenapes and Shawanoes, 291 Hathorn, Col.., com…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] to invite Iroquois to conference, 2125 appointed superintendent of Indian affairs, 222; commissioned to or ganize expedition for capture of Crown Point, 222; removes council fire to Mount Johnson, 222; holds conference with Iroquois, 223 5 commands in battle of Lake George, 224; endeavors to suppress hostilities in Pennsylvania, 2245 holds con ference with Lenapes…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Castleton, 9 Jumonville, death of, 210 Kalebackers, Indians having guns, 136 Katskills, location of, 95; loving men of, 9»95 Katsban, a village of the Katskills, 177 Katonah, sachem of Siwanoys, 82 Kayingehaga, Mohawks so called, 35 Kayaderossera patent, 258 Keeperdo, a Mahican chief, territory of, 194 Kieft, director, attempts the collection of tribute, 101; urge…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Samuel, missionary labors of, 261 Konapot, sachem of Mahicans, 89,• com missioned captain, 196 Kregier, Martin, journal of second Esopus war, 60; commands expedition against Esopus Indians, 149 Krieckbeck, commandant at Fort Orange, joins war party of Mahicans, 1005 killed by the Mohawks, 100 Kryn, chief of the Caghnawagas, 180 La Barre, governor of Canada, 169 La…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Long Island, Block builds ship on, 77; Dutch settlers on, 101; settlements ravaged, 1365 territory of, divided between Dutch and English, 124; treaty with Indians of, 124; abo riginal name of, 365 Long Reach, Indians of, 177 Losses sustained by the Dutch in war of 1643, 108 Mahican confederacy, nine nations com posing, 41, 85; originalseat of, 41; subdue tribes on…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 203; condition of, in 1768, 2525 unite with Americans in Revolution, 262; take part in the battle of Lex ington, 271; sent on mission to west ern tribes, 269, 272; take part in the battleof White Plains, 272; under Lafayette at Barren Hill, 286; ope rate against English in Westchester county, 286; Washington's testi mony regarding, 287; removal of, to Oneida count…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Manners and customs, continued — war address, 31; war song of Le-napes, 32; weapons of war, 25 Van der Donck's description o: appearance, 20; Verazzano's de scription of appearance, 19 Maquas, Mohawks so called, 35; castle of the Praying, 97 Maringoman, sachem of Waoranecks, 94; castle of, 94 Marsapequas, location of the, 73; take part in war of 1643, 73; aid the …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] retirement of, J:o Ouise river, 289 Mohegan, meaning of, 50 Mohegans, a Pequot clan, 63 Monemius, castle, 85 Monakadook, Seneca half-king, mission of, 233 Montauks, location of, 75; chieftaincies of, 72; originally a part of Mahican confederation, 5 i; originally styled Manhattan, 5 1; at war with Narra gansetts, 76; small-pox among, 765 accept protection of Engli…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] river, 591 Nicholson, Gen., expedition against Ca nada, 188, 189 Nicolls, Richard, takes possession of Fort Amsterdam, 158; proclaimed de puty governor, 158; makes treaty with Iroquois, 158; renews treaty with Esopus Indians, 163 Niessen, Ensign, sent to Esopus, 149 Nimham, chief sachem ofWappingers,5i, 8 1, 84, 202; visits England, 253; killed in battle of Cortla…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Samson, mission of, 293; biographical sketch of, 325 Ochtayhquanawicroons, settlement of, on the Susquehanna, 200; subsequently called the Oghkawagas, 200; Ma-hican clans settle among, 200; Ska-niadaradighroonas settle among, 200; Chugnuts settle among, 201; Esopus Indians settle among, 201; King, Thomas, chief of, 201; connection of, with war of Revolution, 201 5…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 213; council at, repudiates sale of Wyoming lands, 219; conference with Lenapes at, 227; destroyed by Sullivan's expedition, 281 Organization of armies, 31 Origin of the North American Indians, 16 Oriskany, battle of, 274 Oritany, sachem of Hackinsacks, 91; treaty of, with the Dutch, no; party to treaty of 1645, 118; soli cits peace on behalf of Esopus In dians, 1…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Johnson, 229; attends conference at Lancaster, 235; biographical sketch of, 305 Peekskill, aboriginal name of, 79 Pemerawghin, chief sachem of Warrana-wonkongs, 95 Penhawitz, sachem of Carnarsees, 73 } sends delegates to negotiate peace, 109; conference with, at Rechquaa-kie, no Pennacooks, location of, 8 5; dispersion of, 62 j a portion of, settle at Scha-ticook,…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Pierron, a Jesuit missionary, labors of, 97 Plurality of wives, 22 Pocahontas, reference to, 144 Pontiac, king of Ottawas, conspiracy of, 243 5 tribes in alliance with, 248; failure of conspiracy, 246 Ponus, sachem of Toquams, 80, 82 Ponupahowhelbshelen, sachem of Weck-quaesgeeks, 79 Pos, Captain, taken prisoner, 123; ne gotiates treaty of peace, 124 Potick, a Mah…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Religious belief and worship, 27 Rochambeau, proclamation of, to French Indian allies, 258 Rockaways, location of the, 73 Rodolf, Sergeant, commands in massacre at Pavonia, 106 Ronduit, a small fort, erected at the mouth of the Walkill, 130, 146 Sachus, sachem of Kitchawongs, 79 Sackagkemeck, sachem of Haverstraws, 92 Sager's kil, Indian village on, destroyed, 138…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Senecas of the Glaize in western alliance, 292 Sequins, location and cantons of, 825 sell lands to West India Company, 82; sell lands to the English, 83; chief of, imprisoned of Eelkins, 63, 83 $ compelled to pay tribute to Pe-quots, 83 Sergeant, Rev. John, missionary, 196 Sessekemick, sachem of Tappans, 91 Sewackenamo, sachem of Esopus, 95, 1 39; address of, 155 …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Shawuskukhkung, address by, 293 Shekomeko, a Mahican village, 86 j mjssionaries at, 86, 197, 198 Sheyickbi country, 46 Shinecocks, location of the, 75 Shingas commands war party of Lenapes, 219; reply of, to Johnson's com missioners, 225 Shirley, Governor, expedition of, 252 Sickenames, Pequots so called, 83 Silver Heels, murder of, 256 Sing Sing, aboriginal name …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Schaticook and Hoosic, 205, 216 St. Regis Indians, organization of, 179 Sullivan, Gen., commands expedition against Iroquois, 279 Susquehannas, subjugation of, 55 Susquehanna Company, organization of, 215 Swannekins, the Dutch, so called, 108 Tackapousha, sachem of Marsapequas, 74, 76; treaty of, with the Dutch, 124 Tackarew, sachem of Reckgawawancs, 78 414 INDEX.

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Tadame, king of Lenapes, murder of, 227, 301 Taghkospemo, sachem of Tappans, 91 Tankitekes, location of, 80 j treaty with, 117 Tanadiarisson, speech of, 209 Tappans, location of the, 91 Tarrytown, aboriginal name of, 79, 366 Teedyuscung, chief sachem of Lenapes, 69, 227 j commands war-party of Eastern Lenapes, 2195 holds con ference with Shawanoe and Mahican allie…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] 1660, 1425 with Esopus Indians, 1664, 156; with Esopus Indians, 1665, 163; with Iroquois and Ma hicans, 1664, 158; with Tacka-pausha, 1656, 1245 with Iroquois, 1768, 250 Tryon county, committee of safety of, 262 Tschoop, a Mahican chief, conversion of, 197 Tuscaroras, an original Iroquois tribe, 365 remove to North Carolina, 36; de feated by English in North Carol…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Verdrietig Hook, 92, 93, 377 Vriesendael (see De Vries) Vielle, Arnout, interpreter, 181 Virginia, operations of, in Ohio valley, 209, 210; war of, against the French, 210 Walking treaty, the, 216 Wampum, description of, 26 Wanton Island, traditionary battle on, 57, 395 Wantage, sachem of Merricks, 73 Waoranecks, location of, 93 Wappingers, a tribal division of Ma…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] Pontiac's conspiracy, 243, 246; Queen Anne's war, 187; Revolu tionary war, 258; Raritans and the Dutch, 101; Senecas and Minsis, 67, 145; Senecas and the French, 145, 169 j Tuscaroras and North Carolina, 190; Weckquaesgeeks and the Dutch, 102, 108, in, 119, 121 Wassenaar and De Laet's account of sub-tribal organizations, 7 1 Wasenssne, sachem of Tankitekes, 80 Was…