[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1872)] u All injuries done to the Indians of what nature soever," were made punishable on complaint and proof in any court, without cost to the complainant, " in as full and ample a manner as if the case had been between Christian and Christian." The contraband trade in fire-arms was broken up, and only those who were licensed were permitted " to sell guns, powder, bullets, lead, shot, or any vessel of burthen or row boat (canoes excepted)." The sale or gift to the Indians of " rum, strong waters, wine and brandy," without license, was forbidden under penalty of " forty shillings for each pint so sold or disposed of." To prevent difficulties arising from cattle straying upon the unfenced lands of the Indians, and to encourage the latter to fence their fields, the colonists were directed to assist them in " felling trees, riving and sharpening rails " and setting posts, allowing " one Englishman to three or more Indians." These reforms were eminently satisfactory to the Indians, although many abuses were subsequently perpetrated by those who were licensed under them.