was never broken. The Indians that harassed Kingston and other set- tlements, tomahawking the men and carrying away women and children, were of the Esopus and Catskill tribes, who finally allied themselves with the Mohegans against their greatly dreaded enemy, the Mohawks. We read of the subjugation of the Mohegans and their allies by the Mohawks and the establishment of their overlordship or suzerainty, and we can understand how the latter compelled the adversaries of the Dutch to surrender prisoners that they had taken. Near the beginning of the eighteenth century, at the same time that a purchase (elsewhere referred to) was made of Judge Livingston for the Palatines, the Fuller- ton tract was also secured on the west shore, and what was known as West Camp was established. It is not possible to overestimate the value of the faithful and conscientious, though often obstinate and discontented, Germans upon the life of the community that was then in its early formative stage. The com- bination of this stock with that of the Dutch and the Huguenot exiles that came to Kingston and afterwards settled the banks of the Wallkill resulted in a "blend" of unusual excellence. The amalgamation seems to have been very complete in course of time, as we note that the Huguenots adopted both the language and form of worship of the Dutch, while one of the most Digitized by Microsoft® 474 The Hudson River successful and widely known ministers of the Dutch Church in that region was of Palatine parentage, and came in time to be known as "the Dutch Domine." Immediately upon settling, the Palatines established schools and churches. The first school was com- menced within three months after the arrival of the emigrants at West Camp. This alone should for ever set at rest the common notion that they were illiterate peasants. Poor they were certainly, the victims of persecution that seemed to follow them even from their own land in the lower Palatinate, on the Rhine, across the seas, at first to England and afterwards to America. The statesmen of Queen Anne's time: an- ticipated that the labour of: the Palatines would at least. repay the outlay necessary for their transport and maintenance. The plan was to employ them in get- ting out timbers for the royal navy, particularly masts and spars; and the production of pitch, turpentine, resin, etc., or what are known as naval stores. The first years of the settlement were years of hard- ship and suffering and great discontent. The people believed that the establishment of the camps upon the Hudson was a breach of faith, they having understood that they were to have lands elsewhere. Forty thou- sand dollars had been expended in the experiment by the British government, and a hundred and thirty thousand more from Governor Hunter's private pocket; but at length the whole scheme of colonisation was acknowledged to be a failure, and the colonists were Digitized by Microsoft® Saugerties and its Neighbours 475 permitted to move where they pleased or to buy the lands upon which they were settled. The settlement was made in 1 7 1 o-i i . In the French and Indian War which soon followed, the English found no more ready volunteers than the Palatines, who had old scores to wipe out. This same warlike spirit was again shown, when in support of the Continental cause, DOWN THE RIVER FROM LOWER RED HOOK this time in opposition to the English, their descend- ants filled not only the ranks of the Ulster regiments, but provided not a few of the military officers. Gen- eral Herkimer was the most distinguished soldier of Palatine descent. Under such leaders as Captain John Conrad Weiser and Captain Hartman Winedecker, the yeomen of Saugerties and vicinity made a good record. One of the early ministers of the German exiles was Josiah Kocherthal, a man of scholarly attainments and a poetic temperament. His epitaph in the cemetery at Digitized by Microsoft® 476 The Hudson River West Camp (Newton) is given in translation by Ben- jamin Myer Brink, in his History of Saugerties, as follows : Know traveller, under this stone rests, beside his Sibylla Charlotte, a real traveller, of the High Dutch in North America their Joshua, and a pure Lutheran preacher of the same on the east and west side of the Hudson River. His first arrival was with Lord Lovelace in 1709, the first of January. His second with Col. Hunter, 17 10, the fourteenth of June. The journey of his soul to Heaven on St. John's day 17 19, interrupted his return to England. Do you wish to know more ? Seek in Melancthon's Fatherland who was Kocherthal, who Harschias, who Winchen- bach? Through Saugerties and along that shore of the river, in the eighteenth