the attacking party was due to the presence of Arnold, who, though without a command, owing to a recent quarrel with General Gates, ^'■et took the lead to which his position as rank- ing officer in the field entitled him, and displayed such mad courage that one historian at least has gravely charged him with being intoxicated upon that occa- sion. In this connection, Irving very justly remarks that " Arnold needed only his own irritated pride and the smell of gunpowder to rouse him to acts of mad- ness." While this action was in progress, in another part of the field General Frazer was trying to make a stand against Morgan and his sharpshooters, but received at last a mortal wound. His corps fell back in confusion. Overcome at all points, Burgoyne made an effort to save his camp. This and a subsequent effort to cross the river in the face of an American battery on the eastern shore, were equally unsuccessful. He made repeated efforts to withdraw, only to find that the way was completely blocked in every direction, and at length, upon the 17 th of October, articles of capitula- tion were signed and the great battle was finished. It was a strange coincidence that brought to Burgoyne 's camp, between the agreement for capitulation and the signing of the articles, news from Sir Henry Clinton, announcing that he had reduced the forts in the Digitized by Microsoft® 568 The Hudson River Highlands and was advancing to the relief of the van- quished army. The course of the river for a number of miles above Saratoga is a succession of falls and rapids of great natural beauty, though now often concealed or dis- figured by a multitude of mills. It is hard to realise that Fort Edward, for example, has hidden away, be- neath the evidences of modern industry and thrift, an early history that is full of romance and derring-do. '|IL'!^<tfl««k ON THE RIVER BETWEEN GLENS FALLS AND SANDY HILL {From a drawing by W. G. ]Viison) First of all, it was granted to Domine Dellius of Albany, who transferred his title to his successor in the church, John Lydius, the latter building there a trading house. Then a fort was erected on the spot, and in honour of the Lieutenant-Governor of New York it was named Nicholson. Next it was rebuilt and called Fort Lyman by one of Sir William Johnson's subordinates, but the commander soon rechristened it Edward. It was a place of great importance during Digitized by Microsoft® Above Tide-Water 569 the French and Indian wars, and was at that time the scene of the well-known exploit of Israel .Putnam, when he stood upon the roof of the powder magazine and fought, single-handed, the fire that consumed the structure next to it. Here, too, it was that the mur- THE BRIDGE AT GLENS FALLS der of Jennie McCrea, by some of Burgoyne's Indian allies, gave Gates a telling argument, with which not a few wavering partisans were turned against the British cause. With Fort Edward, as with nearly all of the upper river towns, the possession of one of the most magnifi- Digitized by Microsoft® 570 The Hudson River cent water-powers in the world has decided the direc- tion of its activity. Glens Falls, eighteen miles above Saratoga, was once known as Wing's Falls, and long before that the In- dians gave it a name of their own. As usual, the A LOG JAM ON THE UPPER HUDSON Indians' name was the only one of the three that was neither stupid nor commonplace. They called it Che- pon-tuc, which, being interpreted, means " a hard place to get around." Wing was simply the name of an unimaginative white man who used to own the Falls, and knew no Digitized by Microsoft® Above Tide- Water 571 better name for them than his own. The transfer of name from Wing to Glen was the price of a dinner at the tavern. Glen paid for the dinner, and then posted all the roads around with handbills announcing the change of title. The place is now a busy town of about ten thousand inhabitants, or about one third of the total population of Warren County. It also has a water-power of great value, and, besides the features of natural beauty which even the ubiquitous mills can- not entirely conceal, it has a notable aggregation and variety of " works. " Here are the marble works, where the black marble, native to the place, is prepared for market; the gun works, sewing-machine works, lime works, and a legion more. But if the average citizen was to be suddenly asked to name the staple product of Glens Falls and neighbouring river towns, he would be apt to answer, "wood-pulp."