Harlem River more navigable for larger ships 1929 1930 Hoover Dam construction begins 1933 Golden Gate Bridge construction begins 1931 1936 1939-45 World War II High Bridge designated a NYC Landmark 1970 High Bridge Aqueduct & Tower placed on National Register of Historic Places 1972 1972 Site of Old Croton Dam placed on National Register of Historic Places 1973 1974 Burra Charter composed High Pumping Station designated a NYC Landmark Venice Charter written U.S. Government establishes National Heritage Areas New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation purchases 26.2 miles (in Westchester County) of original 41-mile Old Croton Aqueduct from New York City M. Paul Friedberg designs Delacorte Fountain for City Hall Park as interpretation of original fountain erected on site for opening of Old Croton Aqueduct. Fountain remains in City Hall Park until 1999 when moved to Crotona Park (Bronx). UNESCO World Heritage Convention held in Paris Old Croton Aqueduct (from Westchester County to New York City line) placed on National Register of Historic Places 1979 1981 1940s 1964 1972 National Historic Preservation Act establishes National Register of Historic Places Time Line Athens Charter composed 1967 World War I 1924 1927 Wall Street Crash High Bridge Water Tower designated a NYC Landmark 1917 1923 Archville Bridge demolished (reconstructed 1998) 1966 Section 1: Introduction 1911 Additional Putnam County dams completed (Croton Falls Diverting Dam and Reservoir, Croton Falls Hemlock Dam and Reservoir) 1984 1981 135th Street Gatehouse designated a NYC Landmark 1983 135th Street Gatehouse placed on National Register of Historic Places 1965 25 Verona Charter composed Jerome Park Reservoir placed on National Register of Historic Places Helsinki Statement written Dublin Principles written 1992 1993 Nara Document on Authenticity written 2000 119th Street Gatehouse designated a NYC Landmark 2003 Nizhny Tagil Charter composed 2005 Vienna Memorandum created 2007 Highbridge Pool Complex designated a NYC Landmark 1997 2000 2005 Hooper Fountain designated a NYC Landmark (along with Macomb’s Dam Bridge) 2005 2011 2011 New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission approves plans for High Bridge rehabilitation, due for completion in 2013 Typologies The Croton Waterworks is a complex system relying on a multitude of structures that serve both functional and aesthetic purposes. One of the first steps in our investigation of the Croton system was to research these different types of structures in order to understand how they—and the overall system—work. We organized the structures of the Croton Waterworks into sixteen typologies. Berm Generally speaking, a berm is a space that separates two distinct areas. The conduit of the Old Croton Aqueduct was actually built aboveground. To protect it from the elements, it was covered with an earthen berm that also allowed for the conduit’s path to be immediately distinguishable. In the case of the Old Croton Aqueduct, the berm functions as an elevated path with the system’s pipes underneath. People have used the berm as a scenic walking path from the Aqueduct’s completion to the present. Bridges Bridges were crucial elements of the Croton Waterworks. They directed the conduits over obstacles such as bodies of water and roads, utilizing arches to allow the water or streets to pass underneath. The water pipes running along the bridge were often covered up and topped with walking paths. The bridges ranged in style from the picturesque Archville Bridge to the High Bridge’s evocation of a Roman aqueduct to the more utilitarian steelarched bridge over the New Croton Dam. Typologies Xi’An Declaration written 1992 Section 1: Introduction Old Croton Aqueduct (from Westchester County to Manhattan side of High Bridge) named a National Historic Landmark Top: Berm of the Old Croton Aqueduct passing through the Bronx Bottom: High Bridge Culverts Culverts are stone-arched openings built into the base of aboveground portions of the Old 26 27 Croton Aqueduct that allowed streams or other preexisting bodies of water to flow underneath the conduit. They were sometimes associated with weirs, which could send overflow water into streams as necessary by using systems with culverts. Dams Dams intercepted the natural flow of water and impounded the water into reservoirs. The dams of the Croton Waterworks ranged from small, picturesque ones in Putnam and Westchester counties to the one-hundred-foothigh New Croton Dam—constructed between 1892 and 1906—with its iconic steel-arched bridge. Keepers’ Houses The Old Croton Aqueduct was subdivided into regions, each of which was assigned a 28 Top: New Croton Dam Bottom: 135th Street Gatehouse Pumping Stations Pumping stations were usually constructed adjacent to water towers, as an essential mechanism for pumping water to high-elevation areas. These stations included engines that were capable of pumping approximately ten- to twelve-million gallons of water each day. As demand for Croton water grew, so did the need for additional pumping stations south of the High Bridge Tower. Reservoirs Reservoirs collected and stored the millions of gallons of water that were conducted