upon Its Foundation,” Builder 35 (25 August 1877), http:// www.spab.org.uk/what-is-spab-/the-manifesto/. 2 First International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments, Carta del Restauro (1931), http://www.icomos.org/docs/athens_charter. html. 3 International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM), http://www.iccrom.org/ eng/00about_en/00_00whats_en.shtml. 4 Second Congress of Architects and Specialists of Historic Buildings, Venice Charter (1964), http://www. international.icomos.org/charters/venice_e.htm. 5 ICOMOS, Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance (1979), australia. icomos.org/wp-content/uploads/BURRA_CHARTER.pdf. 6 UNESCO, Nara Document on Authenticity (1993), http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/events/documents/ event-443-1.pdf. 7 European Network of Ancient Places of Performance, Verona Charter (1997), http://www.coe.int/t/ dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/resources/Texts/ Verone_EN.pdf. 8 International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage (TICCIH), Nizhny Tagil Charter for the Industrial Heritage (2003), http://www.international. icomos.org/18thapril/2006/nizhny-tagil-charter-e.pdf. 9 ICOMOS/TICCIH, The Dublin Principles: Joint ICOMOSTICCIH Principles for the Conservation of Industrial Heritage Sites, Structures, Areas and Landscapes (DRAFT -2011.03.10), per Professor Pamela Jerome. 10 UNESCO, Vienna Memorandum on World Heritage and Contemporary Architecture: Managing the Historic Urban Landscape (2005), http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/activities/documents/activity-47-2.pdf. 1 ICOMOS, Xi’an Declaration on the Conservation of the Setting of Heritage Structures, Sites and Areas (2005), http://www.international.icomos.org/charters/ xian-declaration.pdf. 11 Charters and Declarations 44 the heritage of the site. If we use an ancient site today, we enhance it by its use, while potentially arousing awareness in the public, particularly the young, of its cultural and common value.7 Both the 2003 Nizhny Tagil Charter for the Industrial Heritage and the 2011 Dublin Principles focus on industrial heritage sites, which are defined in Nizhny as remains of “historical, technological, social, architectural or scientific values.”8 Unlike some of the other charters, these two focus on the modern era. Dublin includes the landscape surrounding industrial sites in its preservation goals, while Nizhny includes any industrial underground elements.9 Both of these documents are applicable to the Croton Waterworks, as much of its trail is underground and unseen. While the 2005 Helsinki Statement reiterates the importance of preserving architectural heritage, the 2005 Vienna Memorandum focuses on the urban landscape of heritage sites, most notably, World Heritage Sites. It recommends that the concept of the “historic urban landscape be included in the nomination and evaluation process” in all nominations to the World Heritage list.10 Lastly, the 2005 Xi’an Declaration on the Conservation of the Setting of Heritage Structures, Sites and Areas broadly defines setting to include the environment surrounding a site and recommends pursuit of legislation to create buffer zones around heritage sites to better protect them while controlling impact from ongoing transformations that surround them. Xi’an also recommends that any new development near the site be assessed for impact on the site, and then closely monitored thereafter to minimize any damage to the site’s integrity.11 While all of these documents aid in the protection of historic sites, and could be Section 3: Preservation In 1972, UNESCO adopted the World Heritage Convention (WHC), and from it, the World Heritage Committee, whose members represent 21 of their 142 member countries. The WHC declared that any great historic site is important not only to the country in which it resides, but also to the world. The committee’s responsibility is to select World Heritage Sites (WHS); there are currently 911 of these sites, 4 of which are aqueducts. The Croton Waterworks’ impressive combination of nature with man’s knowledge and skill could well merit its designation as a WHS. The 1979 Australian Burra Charter details preservation of places of cultural significance. With a comprehensive list of definitions and carefully noted detail, it strongly advocates significance of authenticity, existing fabric, conservation, and a cautious approach to “changing as much as necessary but as little as possible.”5 It requires the significance of any historic site to be defined, and any plans for conservation to be established and justified prior to intervention. Stressing the importance of cultural heritage in a global world, the Nara Document on Authenticity—written in Japan in 1993— says the “cultural heritage of each is the cultural heritage of all,” but the responsibility for cultural heritage and its management belongs first and foremost to the “cultural community that generated it, and subsequently, to that which cares for it.” Cultural heritage preservation must be as authentic as possible, deriving authenticity from sources including form, design, materials, uses, functions, traditions, techniques, locations, setting, spirit, and feeling.6 The 1997 Verona Charter considers the modern purposing of ancient places of performance to be a type of sustainable development, as long as it is done with respect for 45 Does this charter document technical and mechanical components? Does this charter protect all active and inactive components? Does this charter protect unseen components? Does this charter protect site when public access is blocked? Protection of Ancient Buildings (1877) Yes No No Yes No No Athens Charter (1931) Yes Yes No Yes No No Venice Charter (1964) Yes Yes No Yes No No World Heritage Site