locations, setting, spirit, and feeling.6 The 1997 Verona Charter considers the modern purposing of ancient places of performance to be a type of sustainable development, as long as it is done with respect for 45 Does this charter document technical and mechanical components? Does this charter protect all active and inactive components? Does this charter protect unseen components? Does this charter protect site when public access is blocked? Protection of Ancient Buildings (1877) Yes No No Yes No No Athens Charter (1931) Yes Yes No Yes No No Venice Charter (1964) Yes Yes No Yes No No World Heritage Site (1972) No No No No No No Burra Charter (1979) Yes Yes No Yes No No Nara Document on Authenticity (1993) No No No No No No Verona Charter (1997) Yes No No Yes No No Nizhny Tagil Charter (2003) Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Dublin Principles (2011) Yes No Yes Yes No No Helsinki Statement (2005) No No No Yes No No Vienna Memorandum (2005) Yes No No Yes No No Xi’An Declaration (2005) Yes No No Yes No No National Heritage Area No No Yes No No No New York City Landmarks No No Yes Yes No No National Register of Historic Places No No Yes Yes No No National Historic Landmark No No Yes Yes No No Preservation Plan/Guidelines Portions of the Croton Waterworks have been recognized for their historic, cultural, social, and engineering significance through designations and listings, including the National Register of Historic Places, National Historic Landmarks, and as multiple individual New York City Landmarks. Many of these listings lack legal and regulatory measures to protect against the demolition and/or neglect of structures, and, as a result, neglect and abandonment has led to the dilapidation and misuse of parts of the Waterworks. In the section that follows, we propose additional modes of protection for the system that emphasize documentation, maintenance, rehabilitation and reuse, and finally, interpretation. Also included is a list of potential amendments to current designation, as well as a proposal for an infrastructure-centric charter/declaration. There is no single methodology for protecting historic infrastructure, as systems vary dramatically in size, scale, and visibility (seen and unseen). Examples of infrastructure range from telephone poles and bridges, to sewers and aqueducts. Updating the functional capacities of infrastructure often outweighs preservation as a priority, and oftentimes infrastructure is replaced and outmoded systems are demolished. How do we set standards and establish guidelines for how to preserve historic infrastructure? We will answer this question as it relates to the Croton Waterworks, a unique and mostly extant example of a historic infrastructural system. These factors-- along with the fact that the system is significant for its engineering, architecture, landscape, and social history— warrant the development of a preservation plan, which is integral to the long-term protection of this irreplaceable historic resource. Documentation Documentation is an essential tool in historic preservation. The initial purpose of documenting a structure and its historic context is to record existing features, taking note of its historic, engineering, architecture, landscape, and social significances. Formal documentation includes measured drawings, many of which have already been created by the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) for the Old Croton Aqueduct; photography; archival research; written reports; and historic images and drawings. The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Architectural and Engineering Documentation should be followed in documentation efforts to ensure quality of content, materials, and presentation. These standards govern the HABS/HAER documentation processes and emphasize the following: 1. Documentation of the site/structure should illustrate its significance; for instance, if the structure is significant for engineering and contains extant mechanical equipment, that equipment should be documented in addition to exterior elevations, and plans. 2. Documentation should meet quality standards as set by HABS/HAER; for instance, cited extensive historical research. 3. Documentation should be produced in a medium that is easily reproducible and comprehensible.1 Despite HAER documentation in the 1970s of the Westchester portion of the Old Croton Aqueduct, we propose a current and complete documentation survey of the Old and New Croton Aqueduct systems, referred to in this Plan/Guidelines Does this charter recognize previously demolished structures? Section 3: Preservation 46 CHARTER OR LANDMARK Does this charter provide guidelines for modifying components? 47 48 in preservation of any structures within the Croton system are referred to the “Standards for Preservation and Guidelines for Preserving Historic Buildings,” which emphasizes the following: 1. A property should be used as it was historically, or given a new use that maximizes its significance and distinct characteristics. 2. The historic character of a structure must be maintained. 3. The property’s physical features should be stabilized, consolidated, or conserved in a way that is “physically and visually compatible, identifiable upon close inspection, and properly documented for future research.” 4. Historically significant changes to a property should