The strength and durability of the binding depend largely upon the tearing strength of this paper. Other means of reinforcing are "turned ends," "muslin guards," and "cloth joints."

To secure "turned ends," the end papers are cut about half inch larger in width than usual to allow a quarter of an inch stub. These stubs are placed around the first and last signatures and then pasted down. In sewing, the threads pass through the stubs of the end papers as well as the first and last signatures.

^

A uddle wire slitchH book

A side wire slilched book (with cover omiHed)

A side Singer sewed book A Smyth sewed book (cover omilte<l)

Four Forms of Edition Binding.

The choice of binding depends somewhat on the size of the book or pamphlet. Pamphlets and small catalogs require the saddle wire stitching. Books of 64 pages or more require the sewed types.

Li^^iilii...iil.i...iilii...iil

III-IIIIII'I'IIIII'IJIIII-I'III

BINDING TECHNIQUES

"Muslin guards" arc strips of muslin pasted around the first and last signatures. The threads pass through the first and last signatures as well as the muslin, preventing the threads from cutting through the paper.

"Cloth joints" are obtained by cutting the end paper in two and joining it with a strip of harmonizing book cloth.

4. Covers. The front and back of a cover (or cases) are made of two pieces of binders boards. A strip of manila or bogus forms the backbone. These are covered with cloth or leather. When paper is substituted for cloth, the style is commonly known as "bound in boards."