The threads pass through the first and last signatures as well as the muslin, preventing the threads from cutting through the paper.

"Cloth joints" are obtained by cutting the end paper in two and joining it with a strip of harmonizing book cloth.

4. Covers. The front and back of a cover (or cases) are made of two pieces of binders boards. A strip of manila or bogus forms the backbone. These are covered with cloth or leather. When paper is substituted for cloth, the style is commonly known as "bound in boards."

5. Stamping. This term covers lettering or finishing the cases.

Flat Bindings.

1. The advantage of using this ty(>e of binding is that every page is 100% visible and all

pages lie flat.

2. Various sizes and shapes of inserts may be used, and no special imposition of page form

is necessary.

3. The binding on the left is metal; the one on the right is plastic. A variety of shapes,

forms, and styles are available. These two were drawn from samples obtained from Spiral Binding Company of New York City and Brewer-Cantelmo Co., Inc., of New York City.

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GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

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A. Printed Imposition Showing the Position of the Numbered Pages.

1. The first step in binding is to fold the sheets that come from the printer. Because folding techniques vary with the binders, before the printing plates are made or planned, an imposition showing the position of the pages on one sheet of paper should be secured from the binder.