done from a hole drilled into reservoir rock formations to increase the rate and recovery of oil and natural gas. I inverted siphon: A pressure pipeline that carries water downhill, then uphill again in a U-shaped trajectory; The rising liquid at the bottom of the U pushes the liquid in front of it uphill to continue flowing on the other side by means of gravity. Italianate: Refers to a popular architectural style during the 1840s and 1850s that was also the architectural style of the keepers’ houses, important structures built along the Old Croton Aqueduct. J Jervis, John Bloomfield: The successor to 114 New Croton Aqueduct: Opened on July 15, 1890, to increase water supply to New York City; Runs roughly parallel to the Old Croton Aqueduct. K keeper’s house: One of the fairly modest homes built for caretakers in charge of a specific region along the Old Croton Aqueduct. New York City Landmark: A building, structure, district, or site that is designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission as having great significance. M Manhattan Water Company: Established ostensibly to supply much-needed pure water to New York City by Aaron Burr in 1799, who also opened a bank under the same name; It ultimately failed as a bank, but now survives under the name of J.P. Morgan Chase. New York City Scenic Landmark: A landscape, site, or viewshed deemed by the New York City Landmarks Commission as having great cultural and/or historical significance. Metropolitan Waterworks Museum (Boston): Opened on Beacon Street on March 27, 2011, to display information about the Boston Waterworks. N National Heritage Area (NHA): A site designated by Congress, intended to encourage historic preservation of the area designated by involving communities in which the site is located; There are currently forty-nine NHAs in the United States. National Historic Landmark: A site, structure, district, or building that is officially recognized by the U.S. Government for its historical significance. Currently there are fewer than 2,500 NHLs. National Register of Historic Places: A list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects worthy of preservation and listed as such by the U.S. Government. O Old Croton Aqueduct: Opened on October 14, 1842, as a forty-one-mile-long aqueduct bringing water to New York City from the Croton River in Westchester County; Became a National Historic Landmark in 1992. Old Croton Aqueduct State Historic Park: A linear park that runs from Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx to the Croton Dam in Croton -on-Hudson. Old Croton Dam: Completed by John B. Jervis in 1842, but later submerged underwater after the construction of the New Croton Dam in 1905; Now located about thirty feet below the water's surface in the new dam. P Panic of 1837: An economic depression built on speculative fever that started on May 10, 1837, when the bubble burst in New York City; The Panic was followed by six years of depression. pilaster: A slightly projecting, rectangular column applied to the face of a wall; A decorative architectural element. Pont du Gard: An ancient Roman aqueduct bridge that runs across the Gard River located in southern France. The Pont du Gard was a component of the Nîmes Aqueduct, a large gravity- fed water system built between 40–60 A.D to supply fresh water to the ancient city of Nîmes. The design of the High Bridge component of the Croton Waterworks was meant to resemble a Roman aqueduct, of which Pont du Gard is a prime example. pumping station: A facility used to pump water from one place to another; Within the Croton Waterworks, pumping stations were usually constructed adjacent to water towers as an essential mechanism for pumping water to high-elevation areas. These stations included engines that were capable of pumping approximately ten- to twelve-million gallons of water each day. Glossary Historic American Engineering Record (HAER): A program established in 1969 by the National Park Service, the American Society of Civil Engineers and the Library of Congress to document historic sites and structures related to engineering. Such sites include: bridges, ships and steel works as well as railroads, canals, parkways, roads and other types of industrial/engineering related structures. Douglass, Jervis managed the building of the Old Croton Aqueduct from 1836 to 1842, remaining as chief engineer until the completion of the High Bridge in 1848. Section 4: Conclusion was for fighting the fire in storage tanks was frozen solid in the unseasonably cold weather. Q QR (quick response) code: A two-dimensional bar code encoded with information that is readable by QR barcode readers and smartphonessmart phones. R Renwick, Jr., James: A prominent American architect who worked as an assistant engineer during the construction of the Old Croton Aqueduct system. receiving reservoir: One of two types of reservoirs utilized in the Croton system; Receiving reservoirs were intermediate reservoirs, located downstream, that