to 1842, remaining as chief engineer until the completion of the High Bridge in 1848. Section 4: Conclusion was for fighting the fire in storage tanks was frozen solid in the unseasonably cold weather. Q QR (quick response) code: A two-dimensional bar code encoded with information that is readable by QR barcode readers and smartphonessmart phones. R Renwick, Jr., James: A prominent American architect who worked as an assistant engineer during the construction of the Old Croton Aqueduct system. receiving reservoir: One of two types of reservoirs utilized in the Croton system; Receiving reservoirs were intermediate reservoirs, located downstream, that could offer an emergency supply of water in the case of the system’s failure. Romanesque Revival: An architectural style 115 screw gates: Valves located in weir structures like the New Ossining Weir that allow for the release of water from a section of the aqueduct. siphon: A pressure pipeline that carries water uphill then downhill again on an upside-down, U-shaped trajectory. The falling liquid at the top of the U pushes the liquid in front of it uphill to continue flowing on the other side by means of gravity. spillway: A channel for the overflow of water from a reservoir, dam, or levee. stopcock: A value used to stop the flow of liquid or gas through a pipe. stop planks: A set of planks used to form a dam in a hydraulic system. In the New Ossining Weir, stop planks were used to completely block the flow of water in the aqueduct tunnel. Tweed, William “Boss”: An American politician most known for being the "boss" of Tammany 116 ventilators: Chimney-like structures, ranging between approximately fourteen and twenty feet in height, that were built along the path of the Old Croton Aqueduct’s conduit; They were designed to relieve the buildup of potentially destructive pressure within the tunnels, and to allow the precious water to breathe. the Croton Waterworks, water towers served as booster towers, supplying enough water pressure in order to provide neighborhoods at higher elevations with water. weir: One of several small structures that were built over or next to the Croton Waterworks conduits, allowing weir tenders to regulated the flow of water through the aqueduct tunnel. World Heritage Site (WHS): A place, structure, or natural landscape (such as a forest, mountain, desert, city, or monument) that has been designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as having cultural or physical significance. Glossary shaft: An underground vertical passageway; Shafts are a building typology introduced to the New Croton Aqueduct conduit. These structures filled the niche of the Old Croton Aqueduct’s ventilators in providing circulation to the water underneath. More importantly, they also provided access for workers to the underground conduit so that repairs could be made. Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that greatly influenced politics in New York City and State during the nineteenth century. During his time as mayor of New York City, he was involved in many corruption scandals. In relation to the Croton Waterworks, Tweed and his friends would buy up undeveloped properties in the Upper East Side, especially in the areas of Yorkville and Harlem. He would use city resources to give improvements—such as installing pipes to bring in water from the Croton Aqueduct—to these areas, which increased the value of the land. After the improvements were made he would sell the land and take the profits for himself. Section 4: Conclusion used in the mid nineteenth century that was inspired by the Romanesque architecture of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. viewshed: The natural environment that is visible from one or more viewing points. voussoir: A wedge-shaped element used in a building arch. wasteway: A channel for conveying or discharging excess water. watershed: An area of land where all of the water that is under it or drains off of it goes into the same place. water tower: A vertical structure into which water is pumped to an appropriate height in order to provide adequate water pressure; In 117 The following pages constitute a list of all structures connected with the Croton Waterworks. In addition to a brief description, for each structure the list identifies typology, area(s) and degree(s) of significance, existing interpretation, signage recommendations, and designation status. Appendix Croton Waterworks Structure Guide Structure Guide In assigning our different sign types to Croton sites we took into account the size of the structures and their locations so as to not overwhelm the sites and their respective environments, as well as their levels of evaluated significance and proximity to other site signage. Overall, we envision a kinesthetic scheme of primarily small (QR barcode) and medium signs along the Croton Waterworks, with the largest and most significant structures in the system receiving the large signs. Also of note, designations are only noted for