[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Chapter XXI From January. 177(.», to September, 1780 446 Chapter XXII The Capture of Andre 464 Chapter XXIII The Westchester Operations of the Allied Armies, 1781 — End of the War 41)7 Chapter XXIV Genera] History of the County Concluded — From the Revolution to the Completion of the Croton Aqueduct ( 1842) 526 Chapter XXV General History of the County Con…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Llowance is made for the EN DUYVIL — considerably more, indeed, if scrupulou windings of the coast along the Sound. The Hudson River, completing its narrow and tortuous course through the Highlands at the northern boundary of Westchester County, runs thence to the sea in an almost due south direction. For a short distance below Anthony's Nose, however, it …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] From there it flows majestically on to the ocean with no marked 4 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY variations of width, the banks having a mean distance apart of a little more than a mile. From Anthony's Nose, the northernmost point of Westchester County on the Hudson, to the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, the southern-most, is a distance, as the crow flies, of thirty…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] confines of New York State. To the reader unfamiliar with the history of the New York and Connecticut boundary dispute, this zigzag line will appear to have been traced quite without reference to any sym-metrical division of territory, but for the accommodation of special objects in territorial adjustment. This is largely true, although the line, as finall…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] return to New York. The highest point in Westchester County ( ac-HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY cording to the figures of the United States Coast Survey) is Anthony's Nose, 900 feet above half tide level. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTY 9 Of the streams of Westchester County the names of two, the Croton and the Bronx, haYe become widely familiar. The for…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] In its course through West-chester County to its mouth, the Croton receives as tributaries the Muscoot, Titicus, Cross, and Kisco Rivers. The Muscoot is the outlet of the celebrated Lake Mahopac in Putnam County, and the Cross (also called the Peppenegheck ) of Lake Waccabuc, one of the largest of the Westchester lakes. The Croton watershed lies almost who…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The former is thirty-eight and the latter thirty-three miles long, the distance in each case being measured to the receiving reservoir. It is the old aqueduct 10 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY which crosses the Harlem River over High Bridge; the new is carried underneath the stream. Iii3|j* South of the Croton River the next Hudson tributary of interest is …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] This river, with other waters which have been artificially connected with it, affords to New York City a water supply of its own, quite independent of the Croton system--a fact, perhaps, not generally understood. It is dammed at Kensico Station, making a storage reservoir of 250 acres. A similar dam has been thrown across the Byram Eiver, and another acros…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Putnam Count v. 12 IIISTOItY OF WKST< 'HESTER COUNTY The lakes of Westchester, like the hills and streams, boast no fea-tures of exceptional interest, but are strictly in keeping with the quiet beauty of the general landscape. The largest, as already men-tioned, is Croton Lake, entirely artificial; and we have also seen that ^^|5*JWL,, several of the natur…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] cdiester County regions is that of Prof. I. S. Newberry, who believes,li;!i they date from the Laurentian age. The limestone beds are distributed through every geographical sec-tion of the count v. At Sim>-Sing occur marble deposits— very heavy beds which have been extensively quarried. It was, in fact, largely for the purpose of employing convict labor fo…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The minerals found in the county, in greater or lesser quantities, embrace magnetic iron ore, iron and copper pyrites, green malachite, sulphuret of zinc, galena and other lead ores, native silver", serpen-tine, garnet, beryl, apatite, tremolite, white pyroxene, chlorite, black tourmaline, Sillimanite, monazite, Brucite, epidote, and sphene. But Westcheste…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] _ The prevailing soil of Westchester County is the product of disinte-grations of the primitive rocks, and is of a light and sandy character, for the most pari not uncommonly fertile naturally, although the methods of scientific farming, which have been pursued from very early times, have rendered it highly productive. It is not generally adapted to wheat,…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] TOTEMS OF NEW YORK TRIBES. as a separate grand division or as a minor body, the geographical limits of the territory over which they were spread are well defined. _ They were called' by the Dutch Maikans, and by the French mis-sionaries the " nine nations of Mahingans, gathered between Manhat-tan;,nd the environs of Quebec." The tradition which they gave o…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] As they were coming from the west they found

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 23 when they found grain was very plenty in that country, they agreed to kindle a fire there and hang a kettle whereof they and their children after them might dip out their daily refreshment.1 The name given by the Mohicans and the Lenapes to the Hudson River was the Mohicanituk, or River of the Mohicans, signifying " the constantly flowing waters." By th…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] "When the Dutch first met the Mohicans," says Rut-tenber, ik they were iti conflict with the Mohawks (an Iroquois nation), and that conflict was maintained for nearly three-quarters of a cen-

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] irives the true derivation in his ' Names in Connecticut.' p. 31, viz.: "The Mohegans, or Muhhekanneuks. took their tribe name from the Algonkin maingan, " a wolf." ' The maps and records prove this conclusively." 24 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY tury, and until the English, who were in alliance with both, were able to effect a permanent settlement.'' Alth…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The Dutch, in their early wars against the Indians of Westchester County, were perplexed to hud that the Highland tribes, with whom, as they supposed, they were upon terms of amity, were rendering assistance to their enemies. The Mohicans of the Hudson should not be confused with the Mo-hegans under Uncas, the Pequot chief, whose territory, called Mohe-gan…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] They first sold their lands June 8, 1633, to the Dutch West India Company ami upon them Erected the Dutch trading post of « Good Hope:; but ten years Iter tney executed a deed to the English, embracing " the whole country to the Mohawk country/-On Long Island were the Canarsie, Ro^aways, Merricks, Massapeags, Matinecocks, Corchaegs, Man-ABORIGINAL INHABITA…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] by Brodhead and other New York historians. Bolton gives to this chieftaincy the name of Nappeekamaks, a title which, however, does not appear in the records except as the name of their principal village on the site of Yonkers. This village of Nappeckamak (a name signify-ing the " rapid water settlement" ' ) was, says Bolton, situated at the month of the Ne…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The tract occupied by the Reckgawawancs on the mainland was called Keckesick, and is described as " lying over against the flats of the Island of Manhates." In its northern extent it included the site of the present City of Yonkers, and on the east it reached to the Bronx River. Their chiefs were Rechgawac, for whom they appear to have been called, Feeques…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The name really signifies " Trap fishing place/' 2(5 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY White Plains, and Rye, being ultimately very largely included in the Manor of Philipsbor-ough. Their sachem in 1649 was Ponupahowhelbshelen; in 1660 Aekhough; in 1663 Souwenaro; in 1680 Weskora or Weskomen, and Goharius, his brother; in 1681 Wessicken-aiaw, and Conarhanded, …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] There was apparently a division of chieftaincies at one time, Kitchawong figuring as sachem of the village and castle on the Croton and Sachus of the village of Sackhoes or Peekskill. The lands of the chief-taincv were principally included in the Manor of Cortlandt, and from them the towns of Cortlandt, Yorktown, Somers, North Salem, and Lewisboro have bee…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] They had villages beside Wampus Lake in the town of North Castle, near Pleasant -ville, in tlic town of Mount Pleasant, and near the present villages of Bedford and Katonah. 6. The Siwanoys, also known as "one of the tribes of the seacoast." This was one of the largest of the Wappinger subdivisions. They occupied the northern shore of the Sound from Norwal…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] town of Westchester they had a castle on what is still called Castle Hill Neck, and a village near Bear Swamp, of which latter they remained in possession until 1(389. One of their Sachems whose name has been permanently preserved in Westchester County was Katonah (1680). Their chief Ann-Hoock, alias Wampage, was probably the murderer of Ann Hutchin-son. O…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] " two canoes full of men, with their bows and arrows, shot at us after our sterne, in recompense whereof we dis-charged six muskets, and killed two or three of them. Then above a hundred of them came to a point of land to shoot at us. There I shot a falcon at them and killed two of them; whereupon the rest lied into

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] individual, as thev were able to inflict. Their characteristics in these 28 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY respects, and their disposition of complete unteachableness as to moderation and Christian precept, are described in quaint terms in a letter written in 1G28 by Domine Jonas Michaelius, the first pastor in New Amsterdam. " As to the natives of this cou…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] that still overspread the northern part of Rye. This was the case in most of the Connecticut towns the law obliging the inhabitants to reserve to the natives a sufficient quantity of plant-except as slaves. Tradition states that in old times a band of Indians used to visit Rye once a year, resorting to the beach, where they had a frolic which lasted severa…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] INDIAN SPECIMENS FROM THE COLLECTION OF MR. JAMES WOOD. 3(5 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY the settlers, it was naturally with the colonists that their sympathies were enlisted when the struggle with Great Britain began. As early as Vpril 1774, a message was dispatched by the provincial congress of Massachusetts to the Mohicans and Wappingers at their princ…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] marching off immediately to Boston and staying there; it may be a great while before blood runs. Now. as I said, you are wiser than I; I leave this for your consideration, whether I come down immediately or wait till I hear some blood is spilled. Brothers : I would not have you think by this that we are falling back from our engage-ments We are ready to do…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] with the enemy in Westchester County. "At White Plains, in Oc-tober, 1770Y" says Ruttenber. "their united war cry, Woach, Woach, Ha, Ha, Hach, Woach! rang out as when of old they had disputed the supremacy of the Dutch, and their blood mingled with that of their chosen allies.*' In the spring of 177s, as a portion of the forces detached under Lafayette to …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] In 1780 the surviving remnant of the Mohican warriors, some twenty men, were honorably discharged from the army, and returned to their homes. It was upon this occasion that Washington wrote the letter above alluded to. which was a communication to congress, requesting that suitable measures be Taken to provide them with necessary clothing. With The close o…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Inured to abstemiousness by the rigors of his lot and but little dis-posed to sexual gratification, the Indian yet fell an easy victim, and speedily became an abject slave, to strong drink. It was not the taste but the stimulating properties of the white man's rum which en-thralled him. Hudson relates that when he first offered the intoxicat-ing cup to his…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] said that they used fish for fertilizing the soil, but this use must have been on an extremely limited scale. The extent and character of the trade relations between the Indians of the same tribe and those of different tribes can only be inferred from known facts which render it unquestionable that such relations existed For instance, tobacco, which was in…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The blue or violet portions of the shells furnished the material for the dark wampum, which was held in much higher estimation than that made of the white portions, or of the spines of certain univalves. According to Roger Williams, one of the earliest New England writers on the Indians, six of the white beads and three of the blue were equivalent to an En…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] In these various cases the arrangement of the colors and the tigures of the belts corresponded to the object in view : on peaceable occasions the white color predominated; if the complications were of a serious character, the dark prevailed; and in case of a declaration of war, it is stated, the belt was entirely of a somber hue, and, moreover, covered wit…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Among the Iroquois tribes, who formed the celebrated " league," there was a special keeper of the wam-puni. whose duty it was to preserve the belts and to interpret their meaning, when required. The civil institutions of the Mohican Indians were democratic, showing but slight modifications of the purely democratic principle. Charles Ran, Government Printin…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The Indian sachems and chiefs of the Hudson have left no names familiar to the general reader — certainly none comparable with those of Massasoit, Miantonomoh, Uncas, and Philip, of New England, or Powhattan, of Virginia. Even to the local historian, indeed, their names have little importance beyond that at-taching to them from their connection with notabl…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Many, however that have been handed down colloquially without having been recorded m deed or record, have become so altered that even the Amerind himself, should he reappear from the « happy hunting ground," would be utterly uuable to recognize the present sounds of the terms as part of his native speech. Those of the personal names bestowed on places are …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Alipkonck.—«A place of elms." This interpretation, given by Schoolcraft in 1844, is probably correct. Allowing for the interchange or permutation of / and w, as well as b and p, occurring in many dialects, we find its parallel in the Otchipwe Anip, Abnaki, anibi, « elm tree," which with the locative completes the analysis. t pawquammis.— Var., ^awammeis, /…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] present,1 ay. Cowan (J01 igh.— -A h Croton A p, irsoni ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS 47 Honge. — Blind brook. Probably taken from Acquehung. Kisco. — See Keskistkonck. Kitchawong. — Var., Kicktawanc, Kechtawong, Klchtawan (Kussi-trhuan). C rot on River, denotes "a wild, dashing stream." First suggested by Schoolcraft. Kekeshick. — A locality in Yonkers. Ketch-auk…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] "A strong flowing brook," Manuhketsuck. Earlier-forms might suggest another interpretation. Mamaroneck. — A river, so named after Mamaronock, a chief who lived at Wiquaeskeck in 1044. Variations, Moworronoke, Momoronah, etc. (Mohmo'-anock) " he assembles the people."

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Nipnichsen. Indian village and castle near Spuyten Duyvil. The name denotes "a small pond or water-place." Onox. Eldest son of Ponus. Onux (wonnux) "the stranger." Ponus. — A chief; he places (something). Patthunck. — A personal name; "pounding-mortar." Pachamitt.— (Van der Donck's map. ) Name of a tribe taken from the place where they lived, "at the turni…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Sackwahung. — A locality at West Farms. An evident variant of Aquehung. Shorakapkock. — Spuyten Duyvil Creek, where it joins the Hudson, "as far as the sitting-down place," i.e., where there was a portage. Shingabawossins. — A locality in Pelham. Applied to erratic bowlders or rolling-stoms. It probably denotes " a place of flat stones." Shappequa. — Var.,…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] — Croton Point on Hudson, Wanasque, " a point or ending." This name, as well as Ranachque, has lost its suffix. On Long Island it occurs in Wanasquattan, " a point of hills," Wanasquetuck, " the ending creek." Sint Sinck. — Sing Sing. Ossin-sing, "stone upon stones," belongs to the Chippeway dia-lect and was suggested by Schoolcraft (see Proc. X. Y. Hist. …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Tarackan, "the crane." The name was derived from the loud and piercing cry peculiar to the genus, especially to the Grus americana or Whooping Crane, which, says Nuttall, has been "not unaptly compared to the whoop or yell of the savages when rushing to battle." (Trumbull.) Tunkitekes.— Name of tribe living back of Sing Sing. This is probably a term of der…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] These roots are much the bigness and taste of potatoes." (Strachey.) Waumainuck— Delancy's Neck. Yar., Wabnanuck, "land round about." Some other place understood. Wampus.—" The Opossum." A personal name. Weckquaskeek.— Var., Wechquoesqueeck, Wiequotshook, Weecquoexguck, etc. Schoolcraft's suggestion, " the place of the bark-kettle," and as repeated in vari…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] ward, passing said bay thirty leagues to Rio St. Antonio, in 41°, which is north and south with said bay." Gomez's "Bay St. Chripstapel" was unquestionably the Lower New York Bay, and his "Rio St. Anto-nio" (so named in honor of the saint on whose day he beheld it) the Hudson River. The latter conclusion is clearly established by his de-scription of the ri…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 1 Wood, in his account (if the Discovery ami Settlement of Westchester County, in Scharf's History, accepts Brodhead's date; but Dr. Cole. [istory of Yonkers in the same work ■viewing the statements in Juet's Jour-des upon the 14th of September. 58 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY off Stony Point, in the k> strait " described by Juet, and the natives, animate…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Hudson's mate was placed in command, having under him a portion of the crew of the " Half-Moon." These early private undertakings were mainly in connection with the fur trade, which offered especial advantages on the shores of the Hudson, where at that period fur-bearing animals, notably the beaver and otter, were very nu-merous. So abundant, indeed, was t…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] arouse fresh endeavor, the States-General, in March, 1614, issued a decree offering to grant to any person or number of persons who should discover new lands a charter of exclusive privileges of trade therewith. Upon Block's return there was pending before the States-General an application for the coveted charter by a strong organiza-tion of merchants, whi…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The grant of the States-General establishing the New Netherland Company, after naming the persons associated in it — these persons being the proprietors and skippers of five designated ships, — describes the region in which its operations are to be carried on as " certain new lands situate in America, between New France and Virginia, the sea-coasts whereof…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] mencing the 1st of January, 1615, next ensuing, or sooner." During this three years' period it was not to be " permitted to any other per-son from the United Netherlands to sail to, navigate, or frequent the said newly discovered lands, havens, or places," "on pain of confisca-tion of the vessel and cargo wherewith infraction hereof shall be at-tempted, an…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] DISCOVERY AND PRELIMINARY VIEW <;:> On the 1st of January, 1018, the charter of the New Netherland Company expired by time limitation. Application for its renewal was refused, and from that date until July, 1621, the whole of New Nether-land was a free field for whomsoever might care to assume the ex-pense and hazard of enterprises within its borders. This…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] statesmen had the details of the much-cherished West Indian Com-pany enterprise thoroughly matured, and on the 3d of June of that year the charter of the new corporation, comprising a preamble and forty-five articles, was duly signed. The subscriptions to its stock, which was required by law to be not less than seven millions of florins (12,800,000), were …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] the oath of fealty to the Netherlands republic. " To protect its com-merce and dependencies, the company was empowered to erect forts and fortifications; to administer justice and preserve order; maintain police and exercise the government generally of its transmarine af-fairs; declare war and make peace, with the consent of the States-General, and, with t…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] ' " The States-General engaged to assist them with a million of guilders, equal to nearly half a million of dollars; and m case peace should be disturbed, with sixteen vessels of war and four-1 De Lancey's Hist, of the Manors of Westchester County (Scharf, i.. 42).

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] lished in England, with the title, " A Description of New Albion," by one Beauchamp Plantagenet, Esq., which assumed to narrate that in the year 1613 the English Captain Samuel Argall, returning from Acadia to Virginia, "landed at Manhattan Isle, in Hudson's River, where they found four houses built, and a pretended Dutch governor under the West India Comp…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Sound, and at 'points nearly opposite each other, were the beginning of civilization in Westchester County, and that the first was with the Dutch and the second with the English, the two races of whites which, in succession, ruled that county and the Province and State of New York."1 De Lancey's Hist, of the Manors (Scliarf, i.. 10). DISCOVERY AND PRELIMIN…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] On February 12, 1(520, its directors addressed to Maurice, Prince of Orange, stadtholder or chief executive of the Netherlands, a petition reciting that " there is residing at Leyden a certain English preacher, versed in the Dutch language, who is well inclined to proceed thither [to New Netherland] to live, assuring the petitioners that he has the means o…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] It is a coincidence, and very presumably no accidental one, that this offer was volunteered in the same year that the Pilgrims sailed from Holland in the "Mayflower" and landed at Plymouth. Indeed, it is well known that the original intention of the " Mayflower" company was to proceed to New Netherland, and their landing on the New England coast instead wa…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] country must receive the main benefit from the settlements wherever made, and commerce must be made profitable. The welfare, present or prospective, of colonies or colonists, was quite a subsidiary consideration. This accounts for much of the subsequent injustice, NKW NETHERLAND. DISCOVERY AND PRELIMINARY VIEW 7] oppression, and neglect which made life in …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 71 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY the first in fact, and that with his coming, about the year 1639, the annals of the civilized occupation of our couuty begin. The little colony of Walloons landed on Manhattan Island by the ship " New Netherland " in the spring of 1023 was, as we have seen, only one of several infant colonies planted on the same occasion an…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] oft lie council and a schout-fiscaal. The latter performed the com-bined duties of public prosecutor, treasurer, and sheriff. There was THE EARLIEST SETTLERS 75 no provision for representative government, although it was custom-ary in cases of considerable public moment to call in some of the prin-cipal citizens as advisers, who in such circumstances had a…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] It should not be supposed that the settlement on Manhattan Island at this early period enjoyed any pretensions as a community. Indeed, it had scarcely vet risen to true communal dignity. According to Wassanaer, the white population in 1628 was 270. But this number did not represent any particularly solid organization of people com-posed of energetic and ef…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] peltry trade at all places where the Company had no trading station, on condition that they should " bring all the peltry they can procure " either to Manhattan Island or direct to the Netherlands, and pay to the company kk one guilder for each merchantable beaver and otter skin." The company engaged to exempt the colonists of the patroons THE EARLIEST SET…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The universal recognition in those times of the propriety and expediency of employing negro slaves in new coun-tries found expression in Article XXX. of the instrument, as follows: "The company will use their endeavors to supply the colonists with as many blacks as they conveniently can, on the conditions hereafter to be made; in such manner, however, that…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] the' interests of the company. One result of the controversy was the recall of Minuit, who was supposed to have shown too much partiality for the patroons and too little zeal for the protection of the company against their personal enterprises. This happened in 1633. The next director-general was Walter Van Twiller, who remained m of-fice until 163S, being…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] On the other hand, the company was earning magnificent sums in prize money from its captures of the enemy's merchant ships, and was drawing handsome revenues from the newly conquered dominions in South America and the West Indies. The contempt in which New Netherland came to bo hold because of its unproductive-ness is strikingly illustrated by the selectio…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] According to an explicit " Eeport on the Condition of New Netherland," presented to the States-General in 163S, the company declared that up to that time it had suffered a net loss in its New Netherland enterprise; that it was utterly unable to people the country; and that " nothing now comes from New Netherland but beaver skins, minks, and other furs." Cl…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Per-, sons taking advantage of the offer of traffic were required to have their goods conveyed on the ships of the West India Company, paying an export duty of ten per cent, on merchandise sent out from the ports of the Netherlands, and an import duty of fifteen per cent, on merchandise brought thither from New Netherland. These certainly were not onerous …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Considering the illiberal tendency of international relations prevalent in the seventeenth century, and the native self-sufficient character of the Dutch race, this whole measure is remarkable for its broad and generous spirit. There was no allusion in it to ^fjjJT iPy] the subject of religious conformity, and the per-fect toleration thus implied afforded …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Oeneral effecting a thorough revision of the charter of Freedoms and Exemptions of 1629. The patroonships were not abrogated, but the right to be chosen as patroons was no longer confined to members of the company, and the privileges and powers of the patroons were sub-jected "to considerable modification. The legal limits of their estates were reduced to …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Free colonists were defined to be those who should " remove to New Netherland with five souls above fifteen years," and all such were to be granted by the director-general " one hundred morgens (two hun-

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] into the new of fifty bona fide settlers. The company assumed the responsibility of providing and maintaining " good and suitable preachers, schoolmasters, and comforters of the sick"; and it ex-tended to the free colonists, no less than the colonists of the patroons, exemption from all taxes for a certain period. The former clause regarding negroes Mas re…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] It was soon found that such a theory was quite incapable of application to a country as yet undeveloped, and that the sole reli-able and solid colonization in the conditions which had to be dealt with would be that pursued on the democratic principle and under-taken in their independent capacity by citizens of average means and ordinary aims. It stands to …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 34 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY within the original historic borders of our County of Westchester. The attention of the Dutch pioneers on Manhattan Island had early been directed to this picturesque and pleasant region, and it is a pretty well accepted fact that some land purchases were made from the Westchester Indians antedating 1039, although the recor…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The instructions under which he acted directed him to purchase the archipelago, or group of islands, at the mouth of the Norwalk River, together with all the adjoining territory on the mam-land, and " to erect thereon the standard and arms of the High and Mighty Lords States-General; to take the savages under our protec-tion, and to prevent effectually any…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The Pilgrims of the "Mayflower" landed on Plymouth Rock late in the month of December, 1620, a little more than two years before the original company of Walloons came to New York Bay on the ship "New Netherlands The first British settlement in New England and the first Dutch settlement in New Netherland were thus inaugurated almost simultaneously, the form…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Gate presented a natural obstacle to convenient intercourse with the shores of the Sound, and consequently to advantageous settlement m the entire trans-Harlem country. But if the Manhattan Island col-ony had been animated by any noticeable spirit of progress, it would not have allowed sixteen years to pass without finding access to this region, either fro…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] It is true they had located and occupied a few trading-posts in and around New York Bay, as well as in distant parts of New Xetherland— in Delaware Bay, on the upper Hudson at Albany, and on the Connecticut River. But these enterprises represented in no case creditable colonizing en-deavor. It has been seen that, in the years 1639 and 1610, Cornelius Y an …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Connecticut were first bought from the Indians not under Dutch but under English auspices, and thus that the English fairly share with the Dutch the title to original sovereignty in Westchester County, so far as that title can be said to be sustained by the right of mere purchase. There was a second English purchase from the Indians in 1610, which construc…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] occur in the American metropolis in the progress of time, it is a safe prediction that the name of the Borough of the Bronx, so happily chosen for the annexed districts, will always endure. The example of Bronck in boldly venturing over upon the main-land would doubtless have found many ready followers among the Dutch already on Manhattan Island, or those …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] These English settlers, in many re-gards the most important and interesting of the Westchester pio-neers, now claim a good share of our notice.

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] THE EARLIEST SETTLERS 93 associates, solicits to settle with thirty-five families within the limits of the jurisdiction of their High Mightinesses, to reside there in peace and enjoy the same privileges as our other subjects, and be favored with the free exercise of their religion,"' and there being no danger that injury to the interests of the West India …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] By the ensuing spring various improvements had been made, and on July 6, 1643, a land-brief, signed by Director Kieft, " by order of the noble lords, the director and council of New Nether-land," was granted to " Jan Throckmorton," comprising " a piece of land (being a portion of Vredeland), containing as follows: Along the East River of New Netherland, ex…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] One of Throckmorton's compatriots was Thomas Cornell, who later settled and gave his name to Cornell's Neck, called by the Indians Snakapins. He emigrated to Massachusetts from Essex, England, about 1636; kept an inn in Boston for a time; went to Rhode Island in 1611; and from there came to the Vredeland of New Netherland. On the 26th of July, 1616, he was…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] make that place his permanent abode. In 1652 he disposed definitely of the whole property, conveying it, by virtue of permission petitioned for and obtained from the Dutch director-general, to one Augustine Hermans. From him are descended, according to Bolton, the Throck-mortons of Middletown, N. J. Cornell, after receiving the grant to Cornell's Neck, ere…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] HE troubles of the Dutch with the Indians, to which frequent allusion has been made, began in 1641, as the result of a revengeful personal act, capitally illustrating the vindic-tiveness of the Indian character. In 1626, fifteen years be-x venerable Indian warrior, accompanied by his nephew, a lad of tender age, came to New Amsterdam with some furs, which …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] This terrible deed aroused strong feeling throughout the settle-ments, and Director Kieft demanded satisfaction of the chief of the Weckqttaesgecks, the tribe to which the offender belonged. An exas-perating answer was returned, to the effect that the accused had but avenged a wrong, and that, in the private opinion of the chief, it would not have been exc…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] to an end. But causes of irritation still existed, which were not done away with as time passed. The assassin was not surrendered according to agreement, and the savages continued to commit outrages, which greatly incensed the not too amiable Dutch director-general. The next event of importance was an act of aggression against the In-dians, quite as barbar…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The director, seizing the opportunity for vengeance thus presented, secretly dispatched a body of soldiers across the Hudson to Pavonia, which had been selected by most of the fleeino-savages as their headquarters, and on the night between the 25th and 26th of February these natives were indiscriminately massacred " Nearly a hundred," says Bancroft, " peri…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The number of the bodies can only be determined by means of the skulls, as the bones are all mixed together, and many of them crumble at the touch into fine dust." *

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] patroonship of Yonkers, was entirely swept away; and another Eng-lish settlement at Gravesend, presided over by Lady Moody (an exile from New England, like Anne Hutchinson, on account of religious belief), was three times fiercely attacked, but, being excellently stock-aded, successfully resisted the desperate assailants. Historical writ-i New York Trihxne…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Every settler on whom they laid hands was murdered, women and children dragged into captivity, and, though the settlements around Fort Amsterdam extended, at this period, thirty English miles to the east and twenty-one to the north and south, the enemy burned the dwellings, desolated the farms and farmhouses, killed the cattle, de-stroyed the crops of grai…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] In September they attacked and captured two boats descending the river from Fort Orange, and, resuming their programme of promiscu-ous slaughter, they soon afterward murdered the New England refu-gees on the coast of the Sound and burnt their dwellings. It was consequently resolved by the Dutch to take up arms once more, and, if possible, administer a crus…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] being only one killed and three wounded. Hut as the principal strength of the enemy was known to be in the regions north of the Harlem River, whence the warriors who slew the settlers and de-vastated the fields of Manhattan Island were constantly emerging, it was deemed indispensable to conduct decisive operations 111 that quarter Captain Underbill, whose …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] At eight o'clock in the evening they halted within a few miles of the village, " which had been carefully CAPTAIN JOHN UNDERBILL 101 arranged for winter quarters, lay snugly ensconced in a low moun-tain recess, completely sheltered from the bleak northerly winds, and consisted of a large number of huts disposed in three streets, each about eighty paces lon…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] After a desperate conflict of an hour, one hundred and eighty Indians lay dead on the snow outside their dwellings. Not one of the survivors durst now show his face. They remained under cover, discharging their arrows from behind, to the. great annoyance of the Dutch troops. Underbill, now seeing no other way to overcome the obstinate resistance of the foe…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] woman, or child — was heard to utter a shriek or moan. This battle, if battle it may be called, was by far the most sanguin-ary ever fought on Westchester soil. At White Plains, the most considerable Westchester engagement of the devolution, the com-bined losses of both sides in killed, wounded, and missing did not reach four hundred. The site of the exter…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] certainly not with the representative men of that rigorous and somber order, but with the imaginative, ardent, and sprightly natures, whose presence was felt as a grievous burden upon the theocratic state. He was grimly hated and scornfully expelled from Boston by the Puri-tans, whom he reciprocally despised. In his book he gives decidedly unflattering cha…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Soon after Captain Underbill's expedition to Bedford the Indian tribes again sued for peace. " Mamaranack, chief of the Indians re-siding on the Kicktawanc or Croton River; Mongockonone, Pappeno-harrow, from the Weckquaesgecks and Nochpeems, and the Wrap-pings from Stamford, presented themselves, in a few days, at Fort Amsterdam; and having pledged themsel…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] It was not until the summer of 1645 that a lasting treaty was ar-ranged. On the 30th of August, says O'Callaghan, a number of chiefs representing the warring tribes " seated themselves, silent and grave, in front of Fort Amsterdam, before the director-general and his coun-cil and the whole commonalty; and there, having religiously smoked the great calumet,…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] One of these was the settlement by Thomas Cornell on Cornell's Neck, whose details we have already

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] the Indian proprietors concerned " acknowledged to have sold and received satisfaction of Van der Donck." Adrian Van der Donck was a gen-tleman by birth, being a native of Breda, Holland. He was educated at the University of Ley den, and studied and practiced law, becoming uiriusque juris. In 1641 he accompanied Kiliaen Van Rensselaer to New Netherland, an…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The whole extensive patroonship, styled at first Colen

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] district, and later conferred upon the township, the village, and the city. To the possibilities of this magnificent but as yet utterly wild property Van der Donck gave a portion of his attention during the three years following the procurement of his patent. In one of his papers he states that before 1649 he built a sawmill on the estate, be-sides laying …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] In the spring of 1G49 he was selected a member of the advisory council of the " Nine Men," a body chosen by the popular voice to

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] patched to Holland by the commonalty to lay the whole subject be-fore the States-General. In this mission he had the moral support of the vice-director under Stuyvesant, Van Dincklagen, who wrote a letter to the States-General promotive of his objects. But upon arriv-ing in the mother country he found himself opposed by the powerful influences of the compa…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] He even procured the adoption of an order recalling Stuyvesant, which, however, in view of the critical position of political affairs (a war with England being threatened) was never executed. While in Holland Van der Donck was not forgetful of the interests of his colony, but in good faith strove to fulfill the obligations which he had assumed in acquiring…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Pursuant to his perfectly serious intentions respecting his estate in this county, he obtained from the States-General, on the 20th of April, 1652, the right to dispose by will, as patroon, " of the Colonie Nepperhaem, by him called Colen Donck, situate in New Netherland." From this time for more than a year he was constantly occupied in seeking to overcom…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] in America. Wo reproduce here a facsimile of the title page of this interesting book, which, translated, is as follows: " De-scription of New Xetherland (as It is Today), Comprising the Nature, Character, Situation, and Fer-tility of the Said Country; Together with the Advantageous and Desirable Circumstances (both of Their Own Production and as Brought by…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] But upon his return to America, which occurred in the summer of 1653, Stuyvesant, who still harbored re-sentment against him, denied him that privilege. Van der Donck's book, despite its formidable title, is a volume of but modest pretensions, clearly written for the sole object of spread-ing information about the country. Considering the meagerness of gen…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] whales, of common size, swam up the (Hudson) river forty (Dutch) miles, from which place one of them returned and stranded about twelve miles from the sea, near which place four others also stranded the same year. The other ran farther up the river and grounded near the great Chahoes Falls, about forty-three miles from the sea. This fish was tolerably fat,…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] There are Chris-tians who say that they have seen the skins of this species of animal, but without the horns." He also speaks of " a bird of prey which has a head like the head of a large cat "—probably a reference to the cat-owl. His remarks about the beaver, based upon personal study and knowledge, are singularly interesting. The deer, he informs us, " a…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Van der Donck's Colen Donck was the only patroonship ever erected in Westchester County, and was the first of the great landed estates which, during the seventeenth century, were parceled out in this section to gentlemen of birth and means, and various enterprising and far-seeing individuals. All who had preceded him above the Harlem were ordinary settlers…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] ings in Westchester County at all comparable to Van der Donck's DR. ADRIAN VAN DER DONCK 113 were acquired. He was the only Dutch gentleman— for Bronck be-longed strictly to the burgher class— throughout the forty-one years of Dutch rule who, under the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions, an instrument framed expressly to create a landed aristocracy in Amer…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] CHAPTER VI BEGINNINGS OF SERIOUS SETTLEMENT— WESTCHESTER TOWN, RYE HE destruction by the Indians of the early English settle-ments in the Vredeland on the Sound was followed by a long period of almost complete abstention from further ™ colonizing enterprises in that portion of Westchester County. It is true that after the definite conclusion of peace be-tw…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] But while willing to accommodate separate immigrants from New England with homes, the Dutch had always regarded the presence of the English on the banks of the Connecticut River, and their steady advance westward in an organized way, with apprehension and resentment. To secure the Dutch title to original and exclusive sovereignty over the whole country, Ki…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] At all events, a very large part of Westchester County was embraced in the sale, the recompense given to the Indians consisting of " six fathom cloth for jackets, six fathom seawant [wampum], six kettles, six axes, six addices, ten knives, ten harrow-teeth, ten corals or beads, ten bells, one gun, two lbs. lead, two lbs. powder, and two cloth coats." The E…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] By the wording of the new deed of l<;r>r>, its bounds extended "sixteen miles north of the town plot of Stamford, and two miles still further north tor the pasture of their [the settlers'] cattle; also eight miles east and west." The Indian owners, upon this occasion, received as satisfaction four coats of English (doth. No settlement of the region was beg…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] On the 14th of November, 1(>54, Thomas Pell, of Fairfield, Conn., bought from the sachems Maminepoe and Ann-Hoock (alias Wampage), and five other Indians, " all that tract of land called West Chester, which is bounded on the east by a brook, called Cedar Tree Brook or Gravelly Brook, and so running northward as the said brook runs into the woods about eigh…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Gravelly Brook, named in the conveyance from the Indians as its eastern boundary line is a creek flowing into the Sound in the Township of New Rochelle; so that the territory at first called Westchester included besides Westchester township proper, the townships (or portions of them) of Pelham, Eastchester, and New Rochelle. It is an interest-in^ fact that…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] SETTLEMENT OF WESTCHESTER TOWN 117 was remembered when, in 1683, under English rule, the erection of regularly organized counties was undertaken; and accordingly the name Westchester was selected as the one most suitable for the county next above Manhattan Island. It is certain that English settlers had begun to arrive in West-chester before the execution …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] affecting the character of the English settlement as upon the desire to vindicate Dutch territorial rights. The director and council, by a resolution adopted March 6, 1656, declared that the English at Westchester were guilty of " encouraging and sheltering the fugi-tives from this province," and also of keeping up a constant corre-spondence with the savag…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] In his argu-ment he alleged as one of the principal grievances against the people of Westchester that they were guilty of the offense of " luring and accommodating our runaway inhabitants, vagrants, and thieves, and others who, for their bad conduct, find there a refuge." He de-manded the complete expulsion of the English from the province. This demand was…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] On March 23 1656, the citizens submitted to Director Stuyvesant their SETTLEMENT OF WESTCHESTER TOWN 119 nominations of magistrates, the persons recommended for these of-fices being Lieutenant Thomas Wheeler, Thomas Newman, John Lord, Josiah Gilbert, William Ward, and Nicholas Bayley. From this list the director appointed Thomas Wheeler, Thomas Newman, and…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] in Mav, 1663; and also, in matters of legal proceedings, to "take the benefit," in common with the towns of Stamford and Greenwich, of a court established at Fairfield. Readily attaching much impor-tance to the will of Connecticut thus expressed, they abstained from their usual custom of nominating magistrates for the next year to Governor Stuyvesant. The …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The claims of Con-necticut to Westchester being persisted in, Stuyvesant made a jour-ney to Boston in the fall of 1663 to seek a permanent understanding with the New England officials about the delicate subject. But no conclusion was arrived at, and the Westchester affair remained in statu quo until forcibly settled by the triumph of English force before N…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] ever arbitrary or unscrupulous; for in the event of an armed conflict over the boundary difficulty, the powerful New England colonies could easily crush the weak and meager Dutch settlements. It is not known to what extent, if any, the settlers at Wrestchester suffered from the great and widespread Indian massacre of 1055, which occurred before they had su…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Indian proprietors a certain tract of land lying on the maine be-tween a certain place then called Bahonaness to the east and to the West Chester Bath to the north, and up to a river then called Moa-quanes to the west, that is to say, all the land lying between the aforesaid two rivers then called Peningoe, extending from the said Bath to the north and sou…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] This last-mentioned tract was " the territory of the present Town of Har-rison, a territory owned by the proprietors of Rye, but wrested from the town some forty years later." Baird describes as follows the

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] called Mammaranock Neck, and the Westermost is bounded with richbell's mamaroneck purchase 127 Mr. Pell's purchase." The three necks later became known as the East, Middle, and West Necks. All the meadows, rivers, and islands thereunto belonging were included in the sale; and it was also specified that Eichbell or his assigns might " freely feed cattle or …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] From the testimony of Wappaquewam it appears that that chief was overpersuaded by another Indian, Cockoo, to resell the territory to

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] SETTLEMENT AND BEGINNINGS OF THE MANORIAL ESTATES N the 6th of September, 1664, the City of New Am-sterdam surrendered to an English fleet which had been secretly dispatched across the Atlantic to take J possession of the Dutch dominions in America; and soon afterward the fortified places of the Dutch on the Dela-ware and the upper Hudson gave in their all…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] forced to au issue on Long Island by the stubborn attitude of the English towns there, they entered into an arrangement by which all controverted matters in that part of their diminishing realms were determined agreeably to the British interests. By this latter transaction the villages of Newtown, Flushing, Jamaica, Hempstead, and Gravesend became English.…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] here referred to by Stuyvesant was one granted by Charles II. on the 23d of April, 1662, to the Colony of Connecticut, wherein the westward bounds of Connecticut were stated to be " the South Sea" — that is, the Pacific Ocean. Tin southern bounds wore likewise fixed at " the Sea " — meaning not the Sound, but the Atlantic Ocean south of Long Island. 131 HI…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Four ships of war, car-rying ninety-two guns and about four hundred and fifty land troops, and commanded by Colonel Richard Nicolls, appeared before New Amsterdam at the end of August, and demanded the surrender of the city. Stuyvesant desired to resist to the last, but was over-borne by the will of the citizens, and on the 6th of September articles of cap…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] reciting, under seven different heads, their local grievances against the Dutch. In this paper no specific remedy was prayed for, and it appears to have been drawn merely to put on record the real and supposed injuries that the settlers had suffered from the New Neth-erland government, and to attract official attention to their commu-nity. O'Callaghan show…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] settlements which later sprang up west of that stream being under the government of Harlem and New York City until Westchester County came into existence, in 1GS3. Governor Nicolls, after proclaiming the Duke of York as lord pro-prietor of the province, and exacting recognition of him as such, which was readily forthcoming (Stuyvesant, and the leading Dutc…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] That every purchaser, etc., shall pay for every hundred acres as an acknowledgment two shillings and six pence." The Dutch submitted cheerfully to the regulation, but some oppo-sition to it was offered by the inhabitants of the English towns of

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 28th of October, lf>C>4, it was agreed that the line should start on the Sound at a point twenty miles east of the Hudson River and pursue a north-northwest coarse until it intersected the line of Massachusetts, which at that time was supposed to ran across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. In locating the twenty-mile start-ing point, Nicolls accepted re…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] West of Greenwich there were only three settlements on the Sound— those at Rye and Westchester, and an infant colony at East-dies) er — and all of these had been established exclusively by Con-necticut people. Westchester village, and with it all the territory

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] fulfillment of this obligation, and on the 16th of June, 1664, three months before the surrender of the province to the English, they signed a document restoring to him all rights, titles, and claims to the tract. One of the signers was " John Acer," probably the John Archer who a few years subsequently became lord of the Manor of Fordham. The restoration …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Pell set up the plea that the so-called Cornell's Neck was comprehended within the tract that he had bought from the Indians in 1054; that the governor and council of Connecticut had taken " notice of this land to be under their government," and had licensed him to purchase it; and that any prior Dutch grant ought to be voided, since " where there is no ri…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] tion, conducted by Johannes Verveelen, in whom the privilege was vested for six years. He was required to maintain a tavern for the accommodation of the public. Special favors were extended to him in consideration of the expense that he was under and to encourage him in his enterprise. He was given a small piece of land on the Bronx side to build a house o…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Each passenger whom he entertained was to pay " for his meal, eight pence; every man for his lodging, two pence a man; every man for his horse shall pay four pence for his night's hay or grass, or twelve stivers wampum, provided the grass be in the fence." The site of the ferry landing on the Manhattan side is located by Biker, in his "History of Harlem," …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] After the English conquest and the issuance of notification to existing land proprietors to renew their patents, she and her husband journeyed to New York, and ap-peared before Governor Mcolls with satisfactory evidence of legal ownership of this tract. The governor therefore (October 8, 1666) granted a royal patent to " Hugh O'Xeale and Mary his wife," co…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The new proprietor very soon began to receive and accept offers for portions of the estate. In March and September, 1667, he sold to John Archer, of Westchester, -fourscore acres of land and thirty acres of meadow," in the vicinity of the present Kingsbridge, " lying and beino' betwixt Brothers River and the watering place at the end of the Island of Manha…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Of these various sales, the first, to Archer, and the last, to Philipse and others, arc of special historic interest, each of the two being fol-lowed by consecutive developments which will demand particular attention... John Archer, the earliest sub-purchaser in the original Van der Donck tract, was, as already stated, an inhabitant of the Town oi Westches…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] survives the record of an from Papirinemen down to to the Bronx. This pur-VIEW OK KINGSBRIDGE.1 chase, which made him the sole owner probably as far south as High Bridge, was effected on the 2Sth of September, 1669, the con-sideration given by him to the Indians being " 13 coats of Duffels, one-halfe anchor of Runie, 2 cans of Brandy, wine with several oth…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] styled " The West Farms," a name descriptive of its local relation to Westchester, by whose citizens it was opened up and upon whose government it depended. Between the West Farms patent and the lands of the Morrises, at the southwest, lay a strip whose owner-ship was long in controversy, and which hence was called " the de-batable ground." The foundations…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The Nicolls patent describes it as " a certaine tract or parcel of land formerly in the tenure or occupation of Jonas Bronck's, commonly called by the Indians by the name of Ranackque, and by the Eng-lish Bronck's land, lying and being on the maine to the east and over against Harlem town, having a certain small creek or Kill which rans between the north e…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] ous and valuable section. lie lived on his Bronxland property until his death, in 1001, occupying a handsome residence, which even in those early colonial times was a place of liberal hospitality. He was a prominent man in the province, sustaining intimate relations with Governor Andros and other celebrated official characters, and from 1683 to 1686 was a …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] E have seen that the old patroonship of Colen Donck, after being confirmed by Governor Nicolls in 1GGG to Van der Donck's widow and her second husband, Hugh O'Neale, was conveyed by them to Mrs. Q'Neale's brother, Elias Doughty, and by him sold in parcels to a number of purchasers. The southernmost portion was bought by John Archer, and, with other land ad…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Betts had lived for a number of years in Westchester, where he served as one of Stuyve-sant's magistrates, and later was a patentee of the town under the English patent. Tibbetts, Hadden, and Betts, as settlers outside the limits of Fordham, had various disputes with the authorities of that place, and especially with Archer, the lord of the manor. Being su…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] sued, the independent holdings of Hadden, Metis, and Tibbetts had been completely extinguished..Such of their former proprietors, or their descendants, who continued to live on the lands, remained not as owners but as tenants of the Philipses. Even the so-called island of Papirinemen1 (now Kingsbridge), where the ferry from Manhattan island terminated, bec…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] He bought additional lands successively as follows: 1081 (confirmed in 1683X, the Pocantico tract, covering the territory around Tarrytown; 1682 (confirmed in 1684), the Bissightick tract, or Irvington; 1082 (con-firmed in 1081), the Weckquaesgeck tract, or Dobbs Ferry; 1681 (con-firmed in 1081), the Nepperhan tract, stretching from the north line of the p…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] ',„t channel, formed at high tide another across the shallow tideway that the "cause-(though shallow) tideway; and the land in-way >' was built before the days of the Kings closed between the main channel and this tide-Bridge.. THE THILIPSES AND VAN CORTLANDTS 157 associates of 1072, Thomas Delaval and Thomas Lewis, in the Upper Yonkers tract; 1686, the Si…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Although along the Hudson the lands of Philipse reached as far north as Croton Bay, their limits in the interior were considerably farther south, not being above the headwaters of the Bronx River; and thus the northern boundary of his property, as finally converted into the Manor of Philipseburgh, was a southeast line from the month of the Croton to the so…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] There his father, Frederick, married Margaret Dacres, sup-posed to have been a lady of good family from the parish of Dacre, in England. The son was born in Bolsward, Friesland, in 1626, and. 158 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY according to Bolton, came to New Netherland some time previously to 1(353, in which year lie was appointed one of the appraisers of …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] tracted a very advan-tageous marriage, es-pousing Margaret Har-denbroek DeYries, the daughter of Adolf Har-denbroek and widow of Pietries Rudolphus De Vries, a wealthy New Amsterdam merchant. This lady proved to be hardly less energetic and resourceful than Philipse himself, and, retaining the manage-ment of her own affairs, added not a little to the growi…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] A girl attempt-ing to rinse out the ship's mop let it fall overboard, whereupon the captain put the ship immediately to the wind and launched the jolly-boat, into which two sailors placed themselves at the risk of their lives in order to recover a miserable swab, which was not worth six cents. As the waves were running high, there was no chance of getting …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] He was the largest trader with the Five Nations at Albany, sent ships to both the Fast and West Indies, imported slaves from Africa, and, besides enjoying the profits of irregular commerce, shared, as has been with good reason alleged, in the gains of piratical cruises. All the time he maintained his former judicious relations with the government. He was a…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 150 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY particularly proved by depositions," "be removed from his place in the council." He died in 1702. His children, four in number-Philip, Adolphus, Annetje, and Rombout— were all by his first wife. Philip and Rombout died before himself (the latter probably in child-hood), and he accordingly divided the manor between his gran…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Annetje Philipse, the daughter of Frederick, the first lord of the manor, mar-ried Philip French, and left descendants who intermarried with prom-inent patriotic families, including the Brockholsts, Livings tons ami Javs The first Frederick Philipse also had an adopted daughter Eva (child of his wife Margaret by her first husband), who married the eminent …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The date 1682 was ac-cepted at the time when the -Manor House" became the City Hall of Yonkers; but it is sturdily maintained by respectable authorities on the early history of Philipseburgh Manor that the dwelling did not have its beginning until many years later. The time of the erection of the Pocantico house, styled "Castle Philipse,' is like-wise unkn…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Although in the former quarter his proprietorship was the earliest of legal record, the question whether private settlers boasting no legal pretensions had not ar-rived there before his purchase is, of course, a fair one. Bolton finds no evidence of any such ancient occupancy. The Rev. Dr. David Cole, in his " History of Yonkers," written in 18S6, discussi…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Cole says that " around were farmers who brought to the mill their grain to be ground and their logs to be sawed. ' They (the Philipses) found the old graveyard, as old as the settlement, with regard to which 1 have no difficulty in accepting Mr. Irving's belief that it had been started as early as 1645 and that it had in it three graves by 1050, and fifty…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The Yonkers and Tarrytown mills were styled by Philipse, respectively, the Lower Mills and the Upper Mills. The residence on the Nepperhan at Yonkers was very substan-tially built, " the bricks, and indeed all the building materials," says Mrs.' Lamb, " being imported from Holland at what was then es-teemed a prodigal expenditure. The great massive door, w…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Minnerly, well known in inches deep, to the same height as before, and Tarrytown as a builder, states that in 1864 he a new partition built, fifteen feet long and was Vmplovod to make some alterations in the nine feet high. The remainder of the bricks old (Pocantico) Manor House. One was in that came out of the chimney-tor. strange to

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The portion of the chimney taken down was three and one-halt inches wide, and seven relaid with the bricks, Ave feet breast, sixteen inches Iong.-ScMrf, n., o09. THE PHILIPSES AND VAN CORTLANDTS 163 port and loop holes for cannon and musketry. The difference be-tween the two residences in this respect is convincing proof that dur-ing the last twenty years …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] He points out that its bell was cast to order in 1685 — " proof positive,'' he declares, " that the building had already been begun/' But according to the only au-thentic records in existence, it was not until 1697 that the church organization was effected and a minister, Rev. Guiliam Bertholf, summoned. The tablet over the door of the church states that i…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] This embraces all the exterior portions of the county except the section from Croton Bay to the Highlands — that is, the present Town of Cortlandt, — which, as we have indicated, was bought by Stephanus Van Cortlandt in a series of purchases commencing in 1683, and, with its eastward ex-tension to the Connecticut line, together with a tract on the west 164…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] At the time of the surrender of the province to Nicolls he was one of the Dutch commissioners to nego-tiate the terms of the capitulation. Under the English government he continued to be a prom-inent and influential citizen until his death (April 4, 1684). He mar-ried Annetje Locker-mans on the 26th of February, 1642, and by her had seven children, three s…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] His first public employment was therefore under English rule. He was a member of the original Court of Assizes created by the duke's laws, and thereafter was constantly engaged in official service, hold-ing practically every position of importance in the province except that of governor. His career was probably the most conspicuous and creditable of that o…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] His letters and dispatches to Governor Andros, and to the different boards and officers in Eng-land charged with the care of the colonies and the management of their affairs, remain to show his capacity, clear-headedness, and courage. Equally esteemed and confided in by the governments of James as duke and king, and by William and Mary in the troublous tim…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The general situation of the purchase thus made is described in the deed as follows: " Being on the east side of the Hudson River, at the entering in of the Highlands, just over against Haverstraw." Earlier in the same year (July 13, 1683) Van Cortlandt purchased from the Haverstraw Indians a tract of about fifteen hundred acres on the west side of the Hud…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] To him was conveyed also a tract owned by " Hew MacGregor, Gentleman, of the City of Xew York," lying above Verplanck's Point. Thus Stephanus Van Cortlandt became the proprietor of nearly the whole of Westchester County along the Hudson from Croton Bay to the Highlands. In the interior his bounds, both at the north and the south, ran due east twenty miles …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The second of the two strips on the Hudson which always remained independent of the Van Cortlandt estate was a three-hundred-acre parcel front-ing on the inner and upper part of Peekskill Bay, which was deeded, on April 25, 1685, to Jacobus DeKay " for the value of four hun-dred guilders, seawant," and which ultimately became the property of John Krankhyte…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Sit-uated just where the road from Sing Sing to Croton Landing crosses the wide mouth of the Croton River, where that stream empties into the Hudson, it commands a magnificent view of the broad Tappan Sea. In former times the ferry across the Croton River mouth, which was the only means of reaching the country above without making a wide detour, had its no…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] On the 17th of June, 1G9T, the whole was established as the Lordship and Manor of Cortlandt, bv royal letters patent from Governor Fletcher, a quit-rent of " forty shillings current money " to be paid annually to the governor " on the feast day of Annunciation of our Blessed Virgin Mary," " in lieu and stead of all other rents, services, dues, duties, and …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The first settlements were in the neighborhood of Croton and Peekskill. The Indians continued numerous, though for the most part peaceable, until an advanced period in the eighteenth century. Stephanus had fourteen children,1 of whom eleven were living at il Johannes, married Anne Sophia Van (Mary), married, first, Kil^en Van Kens^aei, Schaaek and eft one …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] (This peninsula was so called for Philip Verplanck, grandson of Johannes, who inherited it, and in whose family it con-tinued uutil sold to a New York syndicate in the first half of the present century.) One of the eleven children, Oliver Van Cort-landt, dying without issue in 1706, bequeathed his share equally among his brothers and sisters and their heir…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] twenty miles from the Hudson, and coincid-ed at the time with the boundary line be-tween New York and Connecticut; but the ultimate State line, as adjusted by com-promise under the " Oblong " arrangement, ran somewhat to the east of it; so that the extreme northeastern portion of the county, as well as a part of the extreme northwestern section, was never …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] He left the property to his son, Frederick, who mar-ried a daughter of Augustus Jay (ancestor of Chief Justice John Jay). Frederick built in 171S the line Yan Cortlandt mansion, which, together with the then existing residue of the estate, was purchased by the City of Xew York in 1889, the land being con-verted into a public park (Yan Cortlandt Park) and t…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The reader has, of course, borne in mind that throughout the period we have traversed in tracing the originial land acquisitions under English rule in the western division of the county — that is, a period reaching to the end of the seventeenth century, — the more complete settlement of the already well-occupied eastern division was steadily proceeding, an…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] tion, proprietorship, and patronage. But in recurring to the history of the eastern portions of the county and of the gradual movement of settlers thence into the interior, Ave shall first review the progress of events in the two large proprietary estates of that division: the Pell estate, which, when last noticed, had been erected into a manor under the l…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The reader will remember that Heathcote, in addition to buying the Kichbell estate and some adjacent Indian lands, called the Pox Meadows (the latter being secured in order to extend the limits of his proposed manor southward to the Eastchester boundary), pro-cured from Governor Fletcher a license to purchase vacant and un-appropriated land in Westchester …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] It contained five thousand acres of improvable land. The Middle Patent, dated February 17, 1701, to Caleb Heathcote and twelve others, extended from the West Patent to the Mianus River, and had fifteen hundred acres of improvable land. The East Patent, the largest of the three, embracing sixty-two hundred acres of im-provable land, was granted on the 20th …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] the Sound the Eye, Harrison, Mamaroneck, New Eochelle, East-chester, and Westchester tracts and settlements; on the upper Hud-son the Ryke and Kranckhyte patents, upon which the village of Peekskil] has been built; and in the interior the disputed White Plains lands, the Bedford tract, and some minor strips bought or oc-cupied by men from the older settlem…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] These great original proprietorships were, indeed, only nine in number, as fol-lows: (1) Cortlandt Manor, the property of Stephanus Van Cortlandt, which went after his death to his children and was by them pre-served intact for many years; (2) Philipseburgh Manor, founded by Frederick Philipse and retained as a whole by the Philipse family until confiscate…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] and associates on the basis of purchases from the Indians, and by the patentees gradually subsold, mainly to settlers who in I he course of time occupied the lands. In the nine estates and patents thus enumerated were contained, at a rough estimate, about 225,000 of the 300,000 acres belonging to the old County of Westchester. It will be observed that with…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Throughout the colonial period tenant farming continued to be the prevailing system of rural economy outside of the few settlements and tracts which from the start were independ-ent of the manor grants — a system which, however, did not operate to the disadvantage of population in the manor lands. Upon this point de Lancey, the historian of the manors, say…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] certain English subjects in America who, while popularly styled " lords " of the manors, enjoyed no distinguished rank whatever, and were in no way elevated titalarly, by virtue of their manorial proprietorships, above the common people. In no case was a mano-rial grant in Westchester County conferred upon a member of the British nobility, or even upon an …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] of the province, including John Pell (second lord of Pelhani Manor), who was the first judge of Westchester County; Caleb Heathcote, of Scarsdale Manor, who served as county judge for twenty-seven years, and was also an admiralty judge; Lewis Morris, of Morrisania, one of the most famous of the royal chief justices; and the second Fred-GOVERNOR LOVELACE. O…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] A similar influence, with a similar result, was exercised in the Yonkers land by the second Frederick Philipse, who had been educated in England, where he became attached to the Established Church, and who as proprietor of the lower part of Philipseburgh Manor founded Saint John's Church at Yonkers, which to this day maintains the leading position in that …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] At the expiration of that time, Stephanus Van Cortlandt, his heirs or assigns, had full authority to " return and send a dis-creet inhabitant in and of the said manor to be a representative of the said manor in every assembly," who should " be received into the house of representatives of assembly as a member of the said house, to have and enjoy such privi…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] In each grant was incorporated a provision for the payment of annual " quit-rent " to the provincial government, but the amount fixed was in every case merely nominal. The vari-ous quit-rents exacted were, for the Manor of Pelham, as originally patented to Thomas Pell, " one lamb on the first day of May (if the lamb shall be demanded) "; for Pelham, as rep…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The importance of the manorial proprietorships in Westchester County, in their relations to its political and social character and to its eventful history for a hundred years, can not be overestimated.

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] CHAPTEE X GENERAL HISTORICAL REVIEW TO THE BEGINNING OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY COMPLETION OF THE WORK OF ORIGINAL SETTLEMENT N tracing to the beginning of the eighteenth century the history of the great land purchases and manor erections, only incidental allusion has been made to the general history of the times during the first few decades which followed …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] This code " established a very unmistakable autocracy, making the governor's will supreme, and leaving neither officers nor measures to the choice of the people." Among its detailed features were " trial by jury, equal taxation, tenure of land from the Duke of York, no religious estab-lishment but requirement of some church form, freedom of religion to all…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Colonel Lewis Morris, as has been noticed in another place, possessed at his death sixty-six negroes, of an aggregate value of £844; and the house-hold slaves left by the first Frederick Philipse, in 1702, as shown by an inventory of his estate, numbered forty. According to a census of the year 1703, says a historian of New York City, there was " hardly a …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] GOVERNOR DOXGAN. 196 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY fledged throughout the Province of New York. The city was renamed New Orange, in honor of the prince, and Captain Anthony Colve was installed as governor. He immediately took measures to put the city in a capital condition of defense. To that end, and for the general purposes of his government, he caused t…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Synod of Dort, or at least well-aftectioned thereunto. The village of Fordham, also, was constrained to adapt its local affairs to the new conditions. Colve caused its citizens to nominate to him six of their number best qualified to act as magistrates, all of whom should be of the Reformed Christian religion, and at least one-half men of Dutch nationality…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] erally removed, and the original line could not 2 Van Pelfs Hist, of the Greater New York, be traced with any certainty by reference to i., SO. 20L HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY Andros was appointed the first governor of the combined provinces, with headquarters in Boston. A lieutenant-governor, Colonel Fran-cis Nicholson, was deputized to take charge of t…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] people were quite unwilling to intrust affairs to the council, com-posed as it was of the old royal favorites. The training band cap-tains, assuming temporary authority in the name of the people, called a convention of delegates from all the counties, which assembled on June 26, and appointed a committee of safety. By this committee Jacob Leisler, one of t…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Born of a pop-ular uprising, it was in its entire character, spirit, and conduct a people's government. This was one of the principal charges brought against it by the opposing aristocratic party, who, however, did not vouchsafe it so reputable a name, but styled it an organization of " the rabble." The leading members of Nicholson's council — Bay-ard, Phi…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] At the time of Bayard's arrest, fearing a like fate, he saved himself by hasty flight.' It is an interesting fact that Leisler was related by marriage to both Van Cortlandt and Bayard; and Philipse also became of kin to Leisler's family by marrying Van Cortlandt's sister. Yet so in-tense were the passions of the times that these ties of relationship counte…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] after he became acting governor. In February, 1690, the settlement of Schenectady was burned and its inhabitants were massacred by the Indians at the instigation of the French. Leisler at once sum-moned a general assembly for the purpose of providing means and supplies for retributive measures. In that body Thomas Browne was the delegate from Westchester C…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] treasurer. The court of sessions was thus relieved of that portion of its duties which was legislative and not judicial. Supervisors had been chosen in several of the towns before the passage of the act of 1703 (Eastchester, 1681!; Mamaroneck, 1697; New Rochelle, 1700); but what their duties were it is impossible to state.1 During the ton years following T…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Too many were interested in its gains to admit of such hostility, and, indeed, the large private interests concerned in it were mainly responsible for the extensive proportions to which it grew in the closing years of the seventeenth century. Ir was not confined to the ordinary forms of smuggling — mere surreptitious im-portations of taxable European goods…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] or less intimacy with the pirates of the high seas. " The most ap-proved course usually pursued was to load a ship with goods for exchange and sale on the Island of Madagascar. Rum costing two shillings per gallon in New York would fetch fifty to sixty shillings in Madagascar. A pipe of Madeira wine costing nineteen pounds in New York could be sold for thr…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] A number of particularly re-spectable and distinguished subscribers (among them King William and Lord Bellomont at that time not yet governor), having at heart the suppression of piracy, equipped a stanch vessel for Kidd, who was known as a bold and experienced mariner, and sent him forth to search for these evil men wheresoever they might ply their horrid…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] conceded no representative rights whatever to its inhabitants, and even after instituting a general assembly granted no immediate rep-resentation to the individual towns. In enumerating here the various additional purchases of the Rye people, it is not necessary to go into minute particularization regard-ing the several tracts. In 1002 they bought the terr…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] tk May, 1082, John Ogden, of Rye, presented himself before the general court and on behalf of the people complained that sundry persons, and particularly Fred-erick Philipse, had been making improvements of lands within their bounds. Air. Philipse had been building mills near Hudson River, encroaching thereby upon the town's territory, which was believed t…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] within these abuttments, viz.: Southerly on the bounds of the town-ship of Stamford; Westerly on the wilderness; Northerly on the wil-derness; and easterly on the wilderness, or land not yet laid out. Every of which sides is six miles in length, to witt : from the east side westerly, and from the south side northerly, and is a township of six miles square,…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Consequently, says a Bedford historian, " when Van Oortlandt-s surveyor, working on his fc due east ' line, was.advancing through Bedford, he Avas doubtless apprised by our settlers that he was on Connecticut soil. No use to go farther; so he ran his line around the north side of Bedford, leaving her out of the Van Cort-landt Manor." 1 Indeed, Van Cortland…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] This was the same Jacobus Van Cortlandt who married Eva, adopted daughter of the first Frederick Philipse, and founded the Van Cortlandt estate of the Little or Lower Vonkers, above Kingsbridge. He purchased lands of the Indians and settlers of Bedford as late as 1714, and his landed pos-sessions in the town ultimately amounted to 5,115 acres, which he beq…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 224 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY Chester, which we have already described, secured by Caleb Heath-cote and others from Lieutenant-Governor Nanfan in 1701, were among the foundations upon which such portions of the county north of the White Plains and Harrison tracts as were not included in the Eye and Bedford Patents and the Philipseburgh and Cortlandt Ma…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The patentees, ten in number, included men of prominence and influence in the province, whose "interest was not that of settlers seeking a home, but merely that of speculators." The lands began to be settled about 1718-20 by Quaker farmers from Long Island, who came by way of Harrison's purchase, and whose descendants to this day belong to the principal fa…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Connecticut (mostly residents of Norwalk) obtained from the gov-ernment of that colony the grant of what is known as the Ridge-field Patent, whose western boundary was the New York State line, at that time supposed to be twenty miles from the Hudson. After the measuring off of the Oblong, the Ridgefleld patentees, discov-ering that a portion of their prope…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] From an early period the settlers of

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Westchester 572 Eastchester 300 Rye 516 New Roclielle 304 Yonkers 260 Philipse burgh 348 Mamaroneck 84 Morrisania 62 Pelham 62 Bedford 172 Cortlandt Manor 91 Ryke's Patent (Peekskill) 32 Scarsdale 12 2,815 The portions of the county styled Yonkers and Philipseburgh at that period were, respectively, the lower and upper divisions of Phil-THE BOROUGH TOWN OF…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] in the political bounds of Westchester town. John Leggett was a shipbuilder, and under date of November 30, 1676, he executed a bill of sale reading as follows: " John Leggett of Westchester, within the Province of X. Y., shipright, to Jacob Leysler of N. Y. City, mer-chant, a good Puick, or ship, Susannah of New York, now laying in this harbour, and by sa…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] By an act passed May 11, 16!>3, "a public and open market" was ap-pointed to be held every Wednesday at Westchester; and it was enacted that "there shall likewise be held and kept twice yearly and every year a fair, to which fair it shall and may be likewise lawful for all and every person to go and frequent,... the first to

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] advocacy of the governor's cause was such that, on account of violent language in the course of debate, he was expelled from the assem-bly. He was thereupon re-elected to his seat by his Westchester con-stituents. Morris was appointed to the office of chief justice of New York by Governor Hunter on the 13th of March, 1715. He still continued to sit for Wes…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] and was a typical representative of the thrifty and solid Dutch trading-class, who, notwithstanding the English conquest and the 240 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY changes brought about by it, had never ceased to enjoy the highest standing in the community and to share in the government of the city and province. A native American (having been born in Albany…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Xcw 'host One of his sons. Rip Van Dam, Jr.. mar-iam Coekroft, of i granddaughter of Steph-brother James was the ancestor of the present This couple had a daugh-Coekroft family of Sing Sing. Dam, who married Will-ried Judith ISayard. anus Van Cortlandt. ter, Margaret Van THE ELECTION OF 1733 241 for the same period. Cosby scornfully refused to listen to so…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] to compass that end. Not content to leave the case to the decision of the ordinary courts of the province, he proceeded to erect a Court of Chancery for its trial. Equity courts, of which the governor was ex officio chancellor, had always been extremely distasteful to the people, and being constituted by the exclusive act of the executive, without the cons…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] This, of course, brought matters to a crisis. Cosby, incensed at the act of the chief justice, wrote to him in decidedly discourteous terms, requesting a copy of his opinion. Morris, in transmitting the document to him, accompanied it with a communication couched in strong but dignified language. '"This, sir," he wrote, "is a copy of the paper I read in co…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] purpose of procuring a judgment in his own favor was an outrage deeply offensive to their sense of decency and right; and the rude expulsion of Chief Justice Morris from the bench, because of his un-willingness to be a party to such a flagrant transaction, was, in their eyes, a deliberate and insolent attempt at despotic power. Mor-ris was universally rega…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] This description gives, however, so interesting a picture of the political customs of the times, and, in its entirety, is so pertinent to our nar-rative, that we copv it here without abridgment:

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] put them upon the doing of it. The indentures being sealed, the whole body of Electors waited on their new Representative to his lodgings with trumpets sounding and violins playing, and in a little time took their leave of him, and thus ended the Election to the general satisfaction. The rallying cries of the two parties, "No Land Tax" and "No Excise," rel…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] landlords, the case was widely different. In this county the real battle was fought and won, determining unmistakably the exist-ence of a decisive majority against royal oppression among the peo-ple of the province at large. Nothing is more interesting in con-nection with the Westchester electoral contest of 1733 than the fact that the lines of local divis…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] He made the journey in 1731, duly laid the grievances of the colonists before the privy council, and procured a. decision pronouncing the grounds of his own removal from the chief justiceship inadequate, but received

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Rochelle, whence he went to Boston in the Thereupon, Peter Faneuil, actuated by public year 1720, at the age of eighteen. His uncle spirit, erected Faneuil Hall, and presented it Andrew was a wealthy merchant of that city, to the city. CHAPTER XIII THE ARISTOCRATIC FAMILIES AND THEIR INFLUENCES HE great Manor of Philipseburgh at the death of its founder, t…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] But he had previously devoted many years to the purchase of the estate and its gradual preparation for aristo-cratic pretensions, had built two mansions, one on the Nepperhan and one on the Pocantico, had established well-equipped mills, and had encouraged the coining of tenants by giving them land on the most liberal terms. After the erection of the manor…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] its development and transmitted it to his successors in a condition of reasonably good preparedness for rapid progress. At the census of 1712, only ten years after his death, the population of Philipseburgh Manor was 60S— more than one-fifth of the whole population of the county. All of the first Frederick's children were the offspring of his first wife, M…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] He was reared to mercantile pursuits, and according to all accounts was, like his father, a shrewd and successful man of affairs. From old official documents it appears that he was his father's trusted and active lieutenant in the conduct of delicate transactions with the piratical skippers of the Indian Ocean. Notorious as were the rela >f«f THE ARISTOCRA…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] This was " upon pretence of a voyage to Virginia, but really to cruize at sea, in order to meet the said vessel from Madagascar. Upon meeting of that vessel great parcells of East India goods wore by direction of the said Adolphus Philipse taken out of her, and put aboard the said sloop ' Frederick,' with which, by his order, she sayled to Delaware Bay and…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Frederick Philipse was forced to give up the seat in the council which he had held for a score of years; and Adolph, who had been nominated for membership in that body a short time previously by Governor Bello-niont, was pronounced unworthy of such an honor, and his name was withdrawn. But the disgrace was only a passing cloud. No judicial proceedings were…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Adolph Philipse, at his deatii, left the Highland Patent, with all his other landed possessions, to his nephew, the second Frederick, who divided it equally among his three chil-dren— Frederick (3d), Mary, wife of Roger Morris, a colonel in the British army, and Susannah, wife of Colonel Beverly Robin-son, also a noted Tory. The whole patent Mas partitione…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] THE ARISTOCRATIC FAMILIES 259 Chester County until the election of 1726, being then returned as one of the four members from New York City. He occupied the speaker's chair until 1737, when he lost his seat; but at an election held soon afterward to till a vacancy from the city he was once more returned, although, it was charged, only by means of the "most …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] It is hence an extremely curi-ous fact that, six years before the removal of Lewis Morris from the chief justiceship, Adolph Philipse, the senior member of this family, gave his voice and exercised his official power in exactly the same cause as that to which Morris became a martyr— the cause of oppo-sition to the Court of Chancery as an extra-constitution…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] On the other hand, antago-nism to the Court of Chancery was emphatically a popular cause, only less so in degree (because of the less emergent circumstances) 260 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY in Burnet's time than in Cosby-s; and whatever personal motives may have influenced Philipse's course, that course could not be sepa-rated from association with the p…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] His parents were Philip, eldest son of Frederick and Margaret Philipse, and Maria, daughter of Governor Sparks, of Bar-badoes. Philip Philipse, born in New York City in 1663, went to THE ARISTOCRATIC FAMILIES 261 Barbadoes to reside on an estate of his father's called Spring Head. Frederick was the only child, and was left an orphan at the age of five. His…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] A broad, velvety lawn appeared skirted by garden ter-races, horse chestnuts, and the old Albany and New York Post Load, above which rose Locust Hill. To the right and left were laid out gardens and grounds, in which flourished valuable trees and choice shrubs and flowers, and through which, in all directions, stretched graveled walks, bordered with box. To…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] About the time of his return to America to claim his inheritance, young Frederick was married to Joanna, daughter of Lieutenant-Governor Anthony Brockholst, who also had been tenderly reared in England. During the first few years of his residence on his estate he took no part in public life. But from the time of his first election to the assembly, in 1726,…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] It is related in Governor Cosby 's official letter to the home government concerning Morris's famous decision that Jus-tice Philipse, in common with Justice de Lancey, heard k' with aston-ishment " the abrupt declaration by the chief justice that the Court of Chancery was not a legal tribunal; and this no doubt was a quite faithful representation of his me…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Judge Philipse is described in an official communication from the council to the English government as " a very worthy gentleman of plentiful fortune and good education." On his manor — or rather his section of the manor, for it was only during the last two years of his life, after the death of his uncle THE ARISTOCRATIC FAMILIES 263 Adolph, that he enjoye…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] finally, by his will he directed his executors to expend £4(10 for the erection of a church, he took care to specify that the money should come out of the rentals from tin-tenants, lie donated,, however, a farm, with residence and outbuildings, lying east of the Sawmill River, as a glebe for the minister. The church was promptly built (1752-53) by his heir…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] same as that of the ordinary rural sections of the county. The vil-lage of Mamaroneck, lying within its borders, but not belonging to the manorial estate, enjoyed steady but slow growth as one of the old com in unities on the Sound. Heathcote's daughters, Ann and Martha, married, respectively, James de Lancey, of New York City, and Dr. Lewis Johnston, of P…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] He was a member of the general assembly for many years, was a vestryman of Trinity Church in New York, and was noted for his public-spirited interest in the concerns of the city. He was a warm friend of the Huguenots of New Rochelle. In 1700 he married Ann, second daughter of Stephanus Van Cortlandt. James de Lancey, the future chief justice and governor, …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 266 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY sition until 1755, serving-so acceptably that when another vacancy occurred in 1757 the home government permitted him to practically succeed to the full dignity of governor, having decided to make no new appointment to the place during his lifetime. Thus de Lancey was the first native American to serve regularly as governo…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] He received a military education in England, and fought on the British side in the Revolution, but after the war retired from the army and returned to America, taking up his residence on the Ueathcote estates on Scarsdale Manor, which he inherited from his mother, and where he built the dwelling still known as Heathcote Hill. He married Elizabeth Floyd, da…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The de Lancey family, as a whole, was emphatically pro-British in the American struggle for independence, and contributed many brave officers to the armies of the king. In this latter respect the de Lanceys contrast with the Philipses, who, while Tory to the heart's core, were not fighters, and kept themselves at a safe distance from the scenes of carnage.…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Although after the death of Stephanus there was always a recognized ''head" of the Van Cortlandt family, there was never a second "lord" of the manor. Johannes, the eldest son of Stephanus, died at a comparatively early age, leaving one child, Gertrude, who married Philip Ver-planck, a descendant of one of the early Dutch settlers of New Am-sterdam1 and a …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Philip Verplanck1 6,831 £973 Margaret Bayard2 7,398 948 Stephen de Lancey3 7,377 999 Philip Van Cortlandt 0,(348 975 Stephen Van Cortlandt 6,894 972 John Miln4 7,714 988 Gertrude Beekman5 8,062 912 William Skinner6 8,163 951 Andrew Johnston" 9,023 889 John Schuyler, Jr. * 7,364 1,018 75,474 £9,625 1 Grandson of Johannes Van Cortlandt. 5 Husband of Gertrude…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The subsequent history of the whole great Van Cortlandt estate, from the proprietary point of view, is well repre-sented by that of the share which fell to young Stephen de Lancey, the son of the chief justice — a share, as already mentioned, embracing nearly all of the present Town of North Salem. We quote from Mr. Edward Floyd de Lancey's ki History of t…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] rolls and map showed the farms, which were all numbered, the tenants' names, and the rent payable by each. It was always understood that the tenants might buy " the soil right," as the fee was termed, at any time the parties could agree upon price. In practice, however, the tenants did not begin to apply for the fee till about the time of the Revolution, a…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Ii was not until 1788, under the regime of the State of New York, when Westchester County was divided into townships, that Cortlandt Manor ceased to exist. The apportionment to this manor of a separate assembly repre-sentative was conditioned upon the proviso thai no such repre-sentative should be chosen until the year 1717. In point of fact, the manor did…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] He was born in 1683. He was a merchant in New York, and has been described as " a man 272 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY of clear head, of good abilities, and possessed of great deci-sion of character." From 1730 until his death (1746) he was a member of the gubernatorial council. His eldest son, Stephen, died young, leaving a son, Philip, who succeeded as …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Not an old man, ami yet arrived at an age of gravity; not a politician in the common sense, but well experienced in public af-fairs and having a reputation for great judiciousness and virtuous love of truth and right; the head of a family as reputable and as highly and widely connected as any in the province, his example was of inestimable moral value to a…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] He had twenty-three children, twelve of English branch no male descendant of the whom reached maturity, the sons all attaining name is living.— The Van Cortlandt Family, by high rank in the British army and the daugh-Mrs. Pierre E. Van Cortlandt, Scharf, ii., 428. THE ARISTOCRATIC FAMILIES 273 my house and farm or lott of land, — being the east town lott f…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] He lies buried in the cemetery of the Van Cortlandts. The following is the inscription on his tomb: " Mark the perfect man and behold the upright; for the end of that man is peace." In memory of the Honorable Pierre Van Cortlandt, late Lieutenant-Governor of the State of New York, and President of the Convention that formed the Constitution thereof during …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] He promptly began to improve his estate. About 1700 he dammed Tippet's Brook, thus creating the present Van Cortlandt Lake; and probably not long afterward he erected below the dam the Van Cortlandt mill, which until as recent a date as 1889 (when it came into the posses-sion of the City of Xew York) continued to grind corn for the neighbor-ing farmers. Ja…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] It was erected in 1748 by Frederick Van Cortlandt — a stone on the southwest corner bears the date — and possesses within and without many peculiarities of the last century.... The style of architecture of the house is essentially Dutch. The old Dutch builders were thorough masters of their trade, and put up a structure which is as strong to-day as when Ne…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 1750. This Jacobus (third proprietor) anglicized his name to James; he was the highly respected and prominent Colonel James Van Cort-landl of the Revolution. Though an undoubted patriot, and resi-dent within the British lines, ho was not disturbed by the enemy in his possessions, and, indeed, so great was the respect in which his character was hold, was ab…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Moreover, the THE ARISTOCRATIC FAMILIES 275 successors of John Pell in its kk lordship " did not compare in influ-ence or public activity with the descendants of the founders of Mor-risania, Philipseburgh, Van Cortlandt, and Scarsdale Manors; and the roll of members of the colonial assembly from Westchester County during the eighteenth century does not con…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] This was the third recorded land grant in point of time with-in the borders of what subsequently be-came Westchester Comity, being antedated only by the grants to Jonas Bronck of Bronxland and to John Throckmorton and asso-ciates of Throgg's Neck. From Thomas Cornell the estate passed successively to his widow, to his two daughters, Sarah ami Re-becca, aii…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] relative influence and ability numbers. With all their boasts of superiority, the Tories of New York have left few names remarkable for anything more meritorious than proud faithfulness to the British monarchy, which faithfulness, moreover — as, for example, in the lamenta-ble case of our Frederick Philipse, — was p r o m p t e d quite as often by miscal-c…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] unjustified but the most trivial, have given a general tendency of such extreme unaccept ability to American readers. We have char-acterized his performance as astonishing, and we know of no other fitting term to be applied to a cynically pro-Tory account by an American historian, more than a century after the Revolutionary War, of the course of that strug…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] son of Peter and a nephew of the chief justice, in addition to his duties as high sheriff of Westchester County, represented a New York City constituency during the period in question. With the names of Philipse, the de Lanceys, Van Cortlandt, and Morris the reader is already familiar. They will recur prominently in the succeeding pages. Philipse and James…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] After a varied career, which com-prehended a prolonged residence (subsequently to the war) among the forlorn refugee Loyalists in Nova Scotia, he returned in 1798 to West-chester and became rector of Saint Peter's Church. In the historic assembly of 1775, when the issues for and against aggressive re-sistance to England were sharply drawn, Westchester Coun…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The Morrises were known chiefly as an aggressive polit-ical family, with a well-defined follow-ing, but hardly adapted to attract the normally conservative or as yet unde-cided classes. Thomas represented a constituency of sturdy settlers, mostly of New England antecedents and largely belonging to zealous religious sects. Van Cortlandt was in all re-spects…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] They remained for a night at the Manor House, and the next morning Governor Tryon proposed a walk. They all proceeded to one of the highest points on the estate, and, pausing, Tryon announced to the listening Van Cort-landt the great favors that would be granted to him if he would espouse the royal cause and give his adhesion to the king and the parliament…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] grandfather, Pierre Jay, a Huguenot of La Rochelle, France, emi-grated to England during the troublous times of Catholic persecu-tion, leaving a son, Augustus, who came to New York about 1686, married Anna Maria Bayard, daughter of Balthazar Bayard, and led a prosperous life as a merchant. Augustus's son, Peter, after ac-quiring a competency in business pu…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] eir an pest or, J a ci ilms V; in Cortlandt, •hnsed it of the Indian sa

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] "That they think it their greatest happiness to live under the illus-trious House of Hanover; and that they will steadfastly and uni-formly bear true and faithful allegiance to His Majesty, King George the Third, under the enjoyment of their constitutional rights and privileges as fellow-subjects with those of England." And the W'est-chester citizens decla…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] sembly of the Province of New York convened on the 10th of January, 1775, in New York City. Although the general aspect of affairs had undergone no improvement siuce the adjournment of the Philadelphia congress— and, indeed, the tendency had been toward a further estrangement from Great Britain, espe-cially through the operation of the "Association" recomm…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] But the house framed and passed a state of grievances, petition to the king, memorial to the lords, and rep-resentation or remonstrance to the commons, to which little or no exception could reasonably be taken. These papers were respectful, but comprehensive and firm, and did honor to the leaders of the ma-jority. The complaint made against the assembly of…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The committee decided that the delegates should be chosen this time not by the individual counties in an independent capacity, but by a provincial convention; and such a convention was called for the 20th of April, the counties being severally requested to send representatives to it. Circular letters to this end were dis-patched under date of March 16. The…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] ostentatious life of a country gentleman. Even in the first move-ment of protest against the policy of Great Britain organized in this county, resulting in the White Plains convention of August, 1774, he had not been specially conspicuous. But after the refusal of the assembly to identify itself in any manner with the prevailing senti-ment, he became profo…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] With the issues now more closely drawn by the unfriendly 298 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY attitude of the provincial assembly, it was certain that Philipse, Wil-kins, the de Lanceys, and their friends would assume to again control the course of Westchester County and to keep it well within the former moderate bounds. Principally through the efforts of Col…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] ed, " when the Non-Exportation Agreement takes place, we shall be in the situation of those who were obliged to make bricks without straw." Early on the morning of the 11th of April the rival forces began to gather at White Plains. The supporters of the announced busi-ness of the day made their headquarters at the tavern kept by Isaac Oakley, and the " fri…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] He informed them that, " as they had been unlawfully called together, and for an unlawful purpose, they [the friends of government] did not intend to contest the matter by a poll, which would be tacitly acknowledging 300 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY the authority that had summoned them hither; but that they came only with a design to protest against all s…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] In the address signed by " White Oak » the friends of government had been expressly solicited to rally at White Plains in order to give their votes on the vital question to be propounded there, and the conse-quences of failure to attend and declare their sentiments m control-ling numbers had been pictured in vivid words. Notwithstanding the organization of…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Eesolutions were adopted extend-ing thanks to " the virtuous minority of the general assembly of this province, and particularly to John Thomas and Pierre Van Cort-landt, Esquires, two of our representatives, for their firm attachment to and zeal for. on a late occasion, the preservation of the union of the colonies and the rights and liberties of America/…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The " friends of government,'' after leaving the court house, or-ganized an independent meeting and adopted the following decla-ration, to which all present signed their names: We, the undersigned, freeholders and inhabitants of the County of Westchester, having assembled at the White Plains in consequence of certain advertisements, do now declare that we …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Also in his published report of the events of the day Colonel Morris abstained from language that could possibly give offense, confining himself to

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] spirit than the spirit of loyalty. To give the appearance of dignity to these curious and very orderly protestors, the author has been very mindful to annex every man's addition to his name, upon a. pre-sumption perhaps that it would derive weight from the title of Mayor, Esquire, Captain, Lieutenant, Judge, etc. But it is not easy to con-ceive why the pub…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Luke Babcock, who preaches and prays for Colonel Philipse and his tenants at Philipse-burgh." Tn his analysis of the signers of the protest he showed that no fewer than one hundred and seventy of the three hundred and twelve were persons not possessing the least pretensions to a vote, many of them being lads under age; while of the one hundred and forty-tw…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] In New York City, the center of political agitation and manage-ment, the thrilling news from Lexington evoked more energetic and aggressive measures than had yet been attempted. Although a pro-vincial convention had just been held, and a continental congress was about to meet, it was decided to summon a provincial congress; and a call was promptly issued f…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Robert Graham, Colonel Lewis Graham, and Colonel James Van Cortlandt, all of the Town of Westchester; Stephen Ward and Joseph Drake, of East-chester; Major Philip Van Cortlandt, of Cortlandt Manor; Colonel James Holmes, of Bedford; John Thomas, Jr., of Rye; David Dayton, of North Castle; and William Paulding, of Philipseburgh Manor. It is noteworthy that a…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] men deserted in response to this appeal. In all the preliminary events of the devolution there is no more dramatic episode than this ex-ploit of Marinas Willett. It is typical of the whole course of the people of New York from the earliest period of the troubles with the mother country — a course of unfaltering aggression, taking no thought of consequences…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] tributed. The committee having iu charge the matter of advising as to forti-fying both banks of the Hudson in the neighborhood of the High-lands and obstructing the river navigation paved the way for equally important undertakings in that quarter. Expert commissioners who were sent to examine the country laid stress in their report upon the natural militar…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] In addition to its particular recommendations respecting Kings-bridge, the Highlands, and the Hudson, the continental congress ad-vised New York to have its militia thoroughly armed and trained, and placed in "constant readiness to act at a moment's warning"; and, as a final matter, the colony was summoned to enlist and equip three thousand volunteers, who…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] In the summer of 1775 the provincial congress ordered a complete reorganization of the militia of the colony, and required every mem-ber of that body, between the ages of sixteen and fifty, to provide himself with a musket and bayonet, a sword or tomahawk, a cartridge-box to contain twenty-three rounds of cartridges, a knapsack, one pound of gunpowder, and…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] provincial congress, or the committee of safety, and. if found guilty, were to be disarmed, to forfeit double the value of the articles furnished, and to be imprisoned not to exceed three months. In case of a second of-fense, the guilty person was to be banished from the colony for seven years. Continuing, the act declared that, tk although this congress, …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] manders maintained for political captives. The first list of suspects for the Comity of Westchester reported to the provincial congress was headed by the name of Colonel Fred-erick I'hilipse. Another conspicuous person denounced on the same occasion was the Rev. Samuel Seabury, of Eastchester, to whom Col-onel Lewis Morris had sarcastically alluded a few m…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] counties of New York, those in Westchester County occurring, as usual, at White Plains. The representatives chosen were Colonel Lewis Graham, Stephen Ward, Colonel Joseph Drake, Robert Gra-ham, John Thomas, Jr., William Paulding, Major Ebenezer Lockwood, •"' v... TEARING DOWN THE KING S STATUE NEW YORK CITY Colonel Pierre Van Cortlandt, and Colonel Gilbert…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] In the early part of this period the invasion of Canada by the American troops was brought to a disas-trous end before the walls of Quebec,1 but tin1 collapse in that quarter was more than compensated for by the surrender of Boston to Gen-eral Washington in March. Thereupon the war, which had previously been localized in New England, was terminated there f…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] month, and that each should receive, as a bounty, a felt hat, a pair of yarn stockings, a pair of shoes, and, if they could be procured, a hunting-shirt and a blanket. On the other hand, the men were to furnish their own arms, or, if too poor to do so, were to be armed at the public expense, the value of their weapons to be deducted from their pay. Concern…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] this County" were desirous to go thither and "reduce the Enemies to their Country before they are supported by the Regular Troops." Of course no attention was paid to the offer. In March, 1776, General Lee was superseded in command in New York City by General Lord Stirling, son of the famous colonial lawyer, James Alexander, lie was replaced by General Put…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 327 classes — private individuals and officers of the crown. A special com-mittee of the congress, known as the Committee to Detect Conspir-acies, was created to deal with all cases. John. Jay was made its chairman, and among its members were Gonverneur Morris and Lewis Graham, of Westchester County. In Westchester County the private persons designated as …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 328 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY of Admiralty under the new provisional government, In 1779 he became chief justice of the New York State Supreme Court, succeed-ing John Jay. The committee to detect conspiracies began its sessions on the 15th of June, with John Jay as its chairman. It sent summonses to all the Westchester County men named in the resolutio…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] New York at this time. I have had the misfortune, gentlemen, of being deprived, totally, of the sight of my left eye; and the other is so much affected and inflamed as to make me very cautious how I expose it, for fear of a total loss of sight. This being my real situation, I must request the favour of you to excuse my attendance to-morrow; but you may res…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] in which you suggest that you are authorized," etc. A naive interpretation, indeed, of a stern Revolu-FROM JANUARY, 1775, TO JULY 9, 177G 329 tionary summons. Finally, he dismisses the inconvenient matter by flattering himself that the committee really will not require his presence at all. The lord of Philipseburgh Manor deemed himself well within the boun…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] There, says a historian of Yonkers, " he was closely confined, under guard, for eleven days, when he was removed to Connecticut and gave his parole that he would not go beyond the limits of Middletown. lie was accompanied by Angevine, his faithful colored valet, who afterward went with Mr. Philipse to England, and survived him but one year. They are interr…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 330 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY mcned back, bu1 did not conic That settled everything.1 Shortly afterward the Slate of New York confiscated his property. He died at ('hosier, England, in LTS5, and was buried in the Cathedral Church of thai place, where the following tablet to his memory is to be seen :2 Sacred to the Memory of Frederick Philipse, Efquire…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] that calmness, Fortitude and Dignity which had distinguished Him through every former stage of Life. He was born at New York the 12th day of September in the year 1721); and Died in this Place the 30th day of April, in the Year 1785, Aged 65 Years. The British government, as a partial recompense to Philipse for his forfeited American estates, paid him a su…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] cient designation of the Province of New York, and that the original steps for the organization of the State machinery were taken. To the lasting regret of all who hold venerable associations dear, the historic court house where these ever-memorable events transpired ceased to exist very soon afterward, being burned by some vandal soldiers of Washington's …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] chester. For inveterate devotion to the king and scorn of all rebels he certainly yielded to none in all our County of Westchester. He relates in one of his letters thai as early as the end of the year 1773 he began to strongly suspect that -the leaders of opposition to govern-ment in America " were aiming at independence; whereupon he un-dertook to do all…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] After that he was escorted before the Westchester County commit-tee, on complaint made by the Cortlandt Manor committee, to be examined as to his political principles. These several unpleasant in-cidents all occurred in the months of May and June, 1776; and con sidering the respectable ami reverend character of Mr. Townsend, together with the circumstance …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] cerned about this movement up the Hudson. Referring to it in a letter to the convention dated the 11th, he expressed the opinion that the ships "may have carried up arms and ammunition to be dealt out to those who may favor their cause, and co-operate with them at a fixed time," and urged vigilant action for nipping so dan-gerous a scheme in the bad. He al…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] County is concerned, no evidence exists that any results to sustain him in such an expectation followed the undoubted attempts to stim-ulate Tory courage incidental to the dispatch of the " Phoenix " and kk Rose " up the Hudson. Too much praise can not be given the New York State convention for its vigorous and well-considered measures at this time of unce…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The convention pledged itself to defray the expenses of any practicable plans for obstructing the naviga-tion of the Hudson and annoying the enemy's ships. Not having sufficient ammunition for the militia, it requested Washington to loan what was needed, promising to replace it at the earliest oppor-tunity. It also advised Washington to use his offices wit…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] At Tarrytown, on the 4th of August, they were boldly engaged by a number of galleys — the " Washington," kk Lady Washington," kl Spit-fire," kk Whiting," kk Independence," and " (Vane " — which Washing-ton had procured from the governors of ( Connecticut and Rhode Island,

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Manhattan Island, it was now imperatively necessary for Washing-ton to withdraw his whole command to the northern portion of the island, which lie was fortunately able to do, following the Blooming-dale Koad on the west side, and camping on the evening of the 15th on Harlem Heights. Here he established his headquarters in the Roger Morris mansion, which af…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Beverly Robinson, between who of friendship subsisted, which, indeed, continued without severed by their opposite fortunes twenty years aft Revolution. It happened that Miss Mary Philipse, a sist Robinson, and a young lady of rare accomplishments, wa mate in the family. The charms of the lady made a deep sion upon the heart of the Virginia colonel, lie wen…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] LH 350 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY formed of every import nut event. In a few months intelligence came that a rival was in the field, and thai the consequences could not be answered for if he delayed to renew his visits to New York. Whether,„. the bustle of canip, or the scenes of war had moderated his Lmiration, or whether he despaired of success, is no…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] of emergency. The royal army made no attempt against the Amer-ican intrenchments, but contented itself with taking possession of the city and throwing up new defenses for its more adequate pro-tection, while gradually making ready to throw itself bodily into Washington's rear, and thus either entrap him or force him to give battle. After the defeat on Long…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] enforce both, in case the enemy landed; and that he should be sup-ported." Upon the arrangements thus made were to depend, a tew days later, perhaps the very salvation of the American army. Of the fio-ht which occurred there, Mr. Fordham Morris, in his -History of the Town of Westchester," appropriately says that it was the "Lexina-ton of Westchester," and…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The State convention, in ordering out these mili-tiamen, directed that if any of the men were without arms they should bring -a shovel, a pickaxes or scythe, straightened and fixed OI1 a poie." They were, moreover, to take with them all "disarmed and disaffected (Tory) male inhabitants between sixteen and fifty-five vears of age," who were to make themselv…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] the British commander in dispatching ships up the Hudson almost immediately after his arrival in New York Bay. During the pause after the bitter American defeat on Long Island, all the conditions seemed to indicate that whatever General Howe's preference might: be in the selection of a quarter from which to renew his direct oper-ations against Washington's…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The escape of Washington to New Jersey would then have been cut off, and he would have been obliged to retreal into New England, with the single alternative oi waging a defensive local war there or proceeding by a round-about northern route to the middle colonies, where

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Washington was entertained at the.Manor House either during the period under consideration or subsequently. Amid the consum-ing anxieties and incessant labors incident to the great military 384 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY operation in which he was engaged, he would hardly have turned aside to accept the cold courtesies of a Tory family resident at a poin…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Far be it from me to add to the dis-tresses of a lady who 1 am but too sensible must already have suffered much uneasiness, if not inconvenience, on account of Col. Phillips' absence." He adds that the seizures complained of were made not at his instance, but at that of the State convention; and the only satisfaction he affords her is the observation that …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] It is unquestionable, however, that on more than one occasion during the Revolution he was the guest of the patriotic Colonel James Van Cortlandt at the old Van Cortlandt mansion in the " Little Vonkers." The old Valentine house, from which Washington's Vonkers dis-patches were dated, was torn down many years ago. Headquarters were continued on Valentine's…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] the attacking general, unless blindly indifferent to his reputation, should not have hesitated to pursue that course rather than suffer the campaign to come to a humiliating end. finding that Washington had retired. General Howe, apparently with some realizing sense of his previous delinquency, and despite the continuance of the storm and the wretched cond…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Washington consequently, on October 31, sent General Rezin Beall, with three Maryland regiments, to that point; and in addition he ordered General Lord Stirling with his brigade "to keep pace with the enemy's left hank and to push up also to Croton Liver should he plainly perceive that the enemy's route lays thai way." Thus besides having gained a situatio…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] proceed up the Hudson River along its west bank and take posses-sion of the Highlands. In the case of an intended capture of Forts Washington and Lee it was manifestly impossible to do anything more toward retaining those positions than had already been done, as both of them were well garrisoned and it would have been inju-dicious to deplete the army for t…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] In making this disposition ho had two fundamental purposes — first, to keep Heath's body of 3,000 permanently in the Highlands, without drawing upon it in any event for the re-enforcement of the main operating army; and second, to have Lee remain at North Castle only for the time being, until Howe's intentions should be de-veloped. Upon (he latter point hi…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] About ten o'clock on the morning of the 12th he crossed the river to embark upon his ever memorable winter campaign in New Jersey. Allusion has been made in a previous chapter to the burning of

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] the boats to be kept in constant readiness for Lee at a point on the east bank of the stream. Lee's defiant behavior in tarrying in Westchester Connty was ag-gravated by everv circumstance of formal pretension and presump-tion. On the 20th he wrote the following astonishing words to Ben-jamin Rush, a member of congress: " I could say many things— let me ta…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] In a letter to Bowdom, then at the bead of the Massachusetts government, Lee characterized Washington's instructions to him to move from North Castle as « absolute insanitv," and complacently added that for himself, should the British move toward his quarter, he would entertain no expecta-tion of being succored by the « western army "-implying that there w…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Lee thereupon detached two of Heath's regiments for his own use but the next morning, after sober second thought, he concluded that he was playing too bold a part, and ordered them back to Heaths 410 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY camp. On the 4th, while at Haverstraw, says Bancroft, he intercepted 3,000 men who had been hurried down for Washington's relief…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] were given which entitled them to reimbursement upon application to the proper army authorities. CHAPTEK XIX THE STRATEGIC SITUATION — THE NEUTRAL GROUND I Til the breaking up of the North Castle camp and the de-parture of Lee, the military situation in Westchester County assumed a very simple complexion. Only the two extreme positions, Kingsbridge and Pee…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] the contending armies did not once take a direction east of the Hud-son River. And like the Rhode Island expedition, the various British attacks on Connecticut (with one minor exception) proceeded by water from New York, accomplishing nothing but local results. Con-sequently although Westchester County was continually exposed to the enemy at the south, and…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The lower river, all the way from New York Bay to Ver-planck's Point, was controlled absolutely by the British ships, and on account of its great width, as well as of the barrier from west to east interposed by the wide expanse of the Croton, was utterly un-available for American use after the removal of the army from Kings bridge and the fall of Fort Wash…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] It can not, however, be said of the main American position at Peekskill, as of the enemy's at Kingsbridge, that it was one upon which its possessors could rest in calm and undisturbed confidence and without reference to any of the ordinary possible developments of general strategy. Because of the natural location of New York City, with all its surrounding …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The safety of the Hudson was Washington's greatest concern, and with the beginning of each campaign he suf-fered torments on that subject. There was an incessant marching and countermarching of troops to and from Peekskill, and Washing-ton himself, except when during his campaign in Pennsylvania, in the southern part of New Jersey, and finally in Virginia,…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The fortification of the Highlands was begun under the auspices of the New York convention shortly after the arrival of the British invading expedition. At the time of Washington's visit to Peek-skill, in November, 1770, the work had made tolerable progress. Wash-ington, it will be remembered, spent one whole day and part of a second in reconnoitering this…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] This contrivance, besides being very costly, gave the American engineers a vast deal of trouble. On November 21, 1776, General Heath reported that it had li twice broke." Cables were stretched in front of the chain, says Irving, to break the force of any ship under way before she could strike it. 1 Thus there were two forts of this name In f erred to in th…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] This place, in common with Verplanck's Point, was not fortified at the beginning of the Revolution; but some time after the building of Fort Lafavette, on Verplanck's Point, works were begun on Stony Point, which, before their completion, were seized by the British, who then erected the famous citadel which Anthony Wayne stormed. Finally, above the chain, …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Prac-tically all of Westchester County was continually exposed to alternate American and British raids, forages, and ravages, to depre-dations by bands of irresponsible ruffians not regularly attached to either army, and to acts of neighborhood aggression and reprisal by the patriot upon the Tory inhabitants and vice versa. It is a fact that several of the…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The parties which reciprocally served for defense and offense on the enemy's side comprised several well known bodies of horse and foot — notably the Queen's Bangers under Simcoe, de Lancey's corps of Westchester County Befugees, and forces led by Tarleton, Emmerick, and others. The Americans were locally styled in Westchester County the Upper Parti/, and …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] This debatable land was overrim by predatory bands from either side; sacking henroosts, plundering-farmhouses, and driving off cattle. Hence arose those two great orders of bor-der chivalry, the Skinners and Cowboys, famous in the heroic annals of Westchester County. The former fought, or rather marauded, under the American, the latter under the British ba…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] nearer home. This was at Pawling, Dutchess County, and, fearing to trust himself again to the vengeance of Captain Townsend, he arranged with Colonel Morehouse, a VV hig of the neighborhood, to raise a body of volunteers and capture them. When their rendezvous was surrounded, Crosby, he having again made a false enlistment, was dragged out from under a bed…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] He had his ambuscade set for them and captured them all In the following; fall his enlistment expired and he retired to private life. His whole pay from the government was but two hundred and fifty dollars, so that any remuneration he received from the committee of safety must have been very little. In October, 1/81, m partnership with his brother Benjamin…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] died at Fordham in 1852; Cornelius Oakley, of White Plains; Brom Boyce, of the present Town of Mount Pleasant; Isaac Udell, of Yon-kers; and William Davids, of Tarrytown. 1 From an address, " Tarleton's Raid Through Chester County Historical Society in 1878. by Bedford in 1779," delivered before the West-the Rev. Lea Luquer, of Bedford. CHAPTER XX EVENTS O…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] By the ruse of lighting numer-

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 42(3 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY refugees from Westchester County were conspicuous members. As the spring approached many were the speculations indulged on the American side as to the probable intentions of the enemy. There were rumors of a formidable invasion from Canada, but it was some months before these became substantiated by intelligence of the ex…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Even should the enemy pursue their first plan of an invasion from Canada, the troops at Peeks-kill would not be badly placed to re-enforce Ticonderoga and cover the country around Albany." Heath was succeeded at Peeks-kill by Brigadier-General Mc-Dougall, who had commanded at the engagement on Chatterton's Hill. McDougall had scarcely become installed in t…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The next day there was a lively encounter between Willet and the foe near the Van Cortlandt mansion,1 which resulted in the rout of the latter. According to Irving the British lost nine killed and four wounded before they were able to escape to their shipping. The chief deposits at Continental Village were not touched. Thus the first attempt on the America…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Upon the occasion of the son's cap-ture it was the first time he had slept at his home in many months. The affair of March at Peekskill greatly agitated the State con-vention, which caused a portion of the militia of Orange, Dutchess, aud Westchester Counties to be called out, sent to the Highlands, and iThe Van Cortlandt mansion, near Peekskill, sultingly…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] their customary course of treatment, one in-2 See Scharf, ii., 713. 428 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY put to work at various duties — notably the strengthening of the chain. About the end of April several British transports advanced up the river, but came no farther than Dobbs Ferry. In May Washington dispatched Generals Greene and Knox to Peekskill, who, …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The organization of the civil government of the new State of New York, born at White Plains on the Oth day of July, 177(5, was delayed

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] the first judges, and designated as chief justice our John Jay, who opened the first session of the Supreme Court at Kingston in Septem-ber, 1777. He held tin1 office, however, for only two years, being suc-ceeded on the 23d of October, 1779, by Richard Morris, also a son of Westchester County.1 Chief Justice Morris remained at the head of the judiciary of…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Our county's members of the first assembly held under the State government were Thaddeus Crane, Samuel Drake, Robert Graham, Israel Honeywell, Jr., Zebadiah Mills, and Gouverneur Morris. The first county judge under the constitution was Lewis Morris (appointed by the State convention, May S. 1777); he was succeeded, February 17, 177S, by Robert Graham, who…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Maji >r Willi am Popham. 430 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY Throughout the Revolution, and for several years subsequently, there was no attempt made to reorganize the civil divisions of West-chester County. Previously to the war these divisions, as repre-sented in the board of supervisors, were the Manor of Cortlandt, Ryck's Patent [Peekskill], White Plains…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] assisted by the militia of the section through which he passed; but what were the intentions of Howe with his large New York com-mand? Would he co-operate with Burgoyne by ascending the Hud-son River? If so, would he use all his forces to that end, or only a portion, employing the remainder for an expedition by sea against Philadelphia or Boston? The more …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] From his own southern position in New Jersey he fell back to the Clove, a defile in the Highlands on the west side of the river, so as to be at hand for the defense of that region. But he did not remain there long. Sure that Philadelphia would be attacked, he began to move toward the Delaware before intelligence came of the appearance of Howe's fleet off t…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] be ordered there in case of neces-sity. On the 10th of August all uncertainty was ended by the reap-pearance of the fleet below Phila-delphia. From that time until his retirement to winter quarters at Valley Forge, he was engaged in a tremendous struggle with Howe around Philadelphia. This campaign included the battles of the Brandywine (September 11). and…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] But the humdrum life of these two months at Peekskill was re-lieved by one sensational incident, for which the pages not only of history but of literature are the richer. Early in August a spy, Edmund Palmer by name, was detected furtively collecting informa-tion as to the forces and condition of the Peekskill post. Putnam granted him a court-martial trial…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Bolton o-ives a pathetic account of the unavailing appeal made by his wife to Putnam for mercy.1 He was hanged on a little hill in the northern part of Cortlandtown, a great assemblage of country people being gathered to witness the event. The place still bears the name of Gallows Hill.. Another spy was executed by Putnam during his Peekskill admin-istrati…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] ton beaten in Pennsylvania, and both New York and Philadelphia in the hands of the British, the success of the startling enterprise would either have ended the Revolution or reduced it to mere insur-rectionary proportions? The plan had two weak points: first, due consideration was not given to the armed strength and varied re-sources of the Americans in th…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] If this is true, the re-enforcements came just in the nick of time— not, it is true, for Burgoyne's salvation, but for a judicious attack in the Highland quarter. When Sir Henry was prepared to move, Burgoyne was already doomed. On the other hand, if Sir Henry had moved a month earlier, when he might have boon of real service to Burgoyne, he would have boo…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] At the selected moment Put-nam had only 1,100 continentals and 400 militiamen at Peekskill, and the total garrisons of Forts Clinton and Montgomery were not in excess of (500, mostly New York militia hastily gathered by Governor George Clinton and his brother, Gen-eral James Clinton — the former commanding at Fort Montgomery and the latter at Fort Clinton.…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] He foil back to the passes, posted himself there, sent to Governor Clinton at Port Montgomery for all the soldiers he could spare, and awaited the convenience of the enemy, who meantime showed a sur-prisingly leisurely disposition. There was no attack that day, night fell, and Putnam looked for the morrow with hopeful expectancy. Put before daybreak Sir He…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Fort Independence, on the Westchester side above Peekskill, did not prove strong enough to prevent the passage of the warships belonging to the expedition. Two or three of these vessels ran by its batteries and co-operated with the land force. Governor Clinton was informed somewhat in advance of the coming of the enemy through the passes, and sent to Putna…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Two American ships and two armed galleys were stationed above the chain, and when the fate of the forts was decided they were set on fire to save them from the enemy. When the magazines were reached they blew up with terrific explosions, which long reverberated among the mountains. Continental Village, with its barracks, storehouses, and a number of loaded…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] These troops and many more, no longer needed at the North, should have been sent to Wash-ington, who, after the evacuation of Philadelphia, continued the un-equal struggle with Howe; but the jealousy of Gates deprived Wash-ington of them, as a year previously the ambition of Lee had pre-ilfter landing on Verplanck's Point, Sir of the river, but the state o…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 438 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY vented his needful re-enforcement in New Jersey. Thus at two criti-cal emergencies in two successive years Westchester County was made the&scene of a large and idle military establishment to gratify the personal spite of Washington's rivals. General Putnam, whose nature was noble and who was entirely loyal to his commander…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Hamilton was greatly enraged against Put-nam, and advised Washington to make an example of him, saying: -His blunders and caprices are endless." But Washington was un-willing to too deeplv wound the sensibilities of the old general, and contented himself with a mild reprimand. " I can not but say," he wrote, -there has been more delay in the march of the t…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] refit leaving General Sullivan in a dangerous situation from which he had much difficulty in extricating himself. The behavior of the French in this first test of the practical value of the alliance excited o'reat disgust throughout the country. b The departure of the French to Boston was followed in September bv a o-reat stir of British preparations in Ne…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] -The detachment on the east side of the Hudson ( we quote from Irving's Life of Washington) made a predatory and disgraceful foray from their lines at Kingsbridge toward the

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] fc A§ ^ ^ -^ * ^ ®! \3^ 442 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY chapter on the Indians transpired. A band of about sixty so-called Stockbridge Indians (descendants of the Mohican tribe which orig-inally possessed what is now Westchester County), under the com-mand of the Chief Nimham, was detached to the south from Wash-ington's army. On The 20th of August the I…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Reverends Samuel Seabury, of Westchester; Epenetus Townsend, oi Salem; and Ephraim Avery, of Rye, the Yonkers parson was per-severing in his devotion to the British cause, and suffered accordingly. Soon after the removal of the lord of the manor, Mr. Babcock was apprehended by a Revolutionary committee, his papers were ex-amined, and the interrogatory was …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The ardent Colonel Gist, during his occasional warlike employments below the lines, made his rendezvous at the foot of Wild Boar Hill, opposite the parsonage;

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] through White Plains to the Sawpits, or Rye," a distance of fourteen miles. Colonel Burr made his headquarters at White Plains. FROM JANUARY, 1779, TO SEPTEMBER, 1780 447 On the very morning of his assuming command, his predecessor left White Plains with a large party on a characteristic "scouting" ex-pedition to New Rochelle. This was an enterprise of pro…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] cut to proceed against him in front, while he would fall upon his rear. This well-laid plan, if it had been carried out, would probably have resulted in the capture of Tryon; but Putnam was unable to co-operate properly. Burr, however, performed his part so well that Tryon beat a hasty retreat, leaving most of his cattle and other plunder behind. The crown…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] William Hull. Considering the heavy odds brought against him by the enemy during the exciting campaign that followed, he made a very creditable record. In the rirst few months of 1770 Sir Henry Clinton confined himself to ravaging the shores of the Chesapeake Bay. Washington, whose headquarters were at Middlebrook, was not disturbed by these pro-ceedings, …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The American army was at this time on the west side of the Hudson in the vicinity of the Highlands. Sir Henry Clinton sailed up the Hudson on the 30th of May with a formidable expedition. The fleet, under the command of Admiral Sir George Collier, embraced about seventy vessels, great and small, and a hundred and fifty flatboats, and there was a land force…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] It is an interesting reminiscence that Major John Andre, who a year and some months later passed that locality on the errand that took him to his death, signed the articles of capitulation on be-half of the British. After the capture of the two promontories Sir Henry Clinton com-pleted the works on Stony Point, fortified them in a powerful man-ner (especia…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] But while waiting there the great achievement of Anthony Wayne at Stony Point compelled him once more to change his arrangements.1 The storming of Stony Point on the night of the 15th of July was wholly planned by Washington. He intrusted the execution of it to Wayne, who accepted the commission with the greatest alacrity, signifying his willingness to sto…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] engage the country people as lookouts alonK should be upon our watch this way. Your ac-the River— I could wish you to have such per-tivity and care I rely upon, sons on whose fidelity and vigilance you can 1 am Dr Sir depend stationed at different points as far Your Obedt. Servant, down as Fort Lee. that we may have the ear-Go: Washington. FROM JANUARY, 17…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Americans had arrived close to the outer works. Then, heedless of shot and shell, they made the assault in two columns, which ar-rived in the center of the works almost at the same instant. The garrison surrendered at discretion. The heroic Wayne, leading one of the columns, received a wound on the head, and, thinking he was dying, said: "Carry me into the…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] On the other hand, whilst the recollection of this prodigious 454 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY deed of valor was still fresh in men's minds, Major Andre, who was to be the next central object of sentimental attention, found it fitting to select Wayne, of all American generals, as the hero of his Hudibrasian poem, "The Cow Chace." Wayne happened to be dis-…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] It was estimated that a garrison of 1,500 would be required for it, which could not be spared from the army. So after trans-porting the cannon and stores to West Point, the works were de-molished.1 The loss of Stony Point caused Sir Henry Clinton to give up his design against New London, and that place was spared until Sep-tember of 1781, when the traitor …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] deck had been penetrated by a very large Wayne. The cannon brought up by the anchor auger, which encountered haul substances, and was doubtless one of these." its thread was shown with silver attached, FROM JANUARY, 1779, TO SEPTEMBER, 1780 455 strengthened Fort Lafayette and again drew his forces up the river to that neighborhood. Washington meantime had …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Consequently there was no further em-ployment for the British general on the Hudson, and indeed his occupation of Verplanck's and Stony Points, involving two succes-sive demonstrations with a loss of (500 men, proved to be an utter waste of time and energy. In the fall (October 21) he evacuated both the Points; for having, as it proved, permanently abandon…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] After that it looked for a time as though the northern part of West-chester County was to be the scene of large military operations. Washington detached Robert Howe to take Fort Lafayette on Ver-456 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY planck's Point; Clinton, besides re-enforcing that place, threatened the surrounding country; and then Washington recalled Heath …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] On the 11th of October, he says, fourteen British seamen were taken prison-ers at Teller's (Croton) Point by Captain Hallet's company of New York militia. From the time of the landing of the British expedition below Ver-planck's Point on the 31st of May until the ultimate withdrawal of Clinton to Xew York City in the latter part of July, our county suf-fer…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] gees in the British service. This was in the summer of 1781. It is but just to say that Colonel James Holmes was a type of the un-fortunate rather than the bloody-minded Westchester County Tories who ultimately took up arms against their country. Just previously to his raid on Poundridge and Bedford, Tarleton, in conjunction with Simcoe's Bangers, successf…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Martlinoli was a one-armed man. With Emmerich's troop from be-

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] lected and a skirmish ensued, in which the enemy had a number of men killed and wounded; our loss, two killed and two wounded." And on the 3d of October " Lieutenant Gill, of the dragoons, patrol-ing in Eastchester, found a superior force in his rear, and no alterna-tive but to surrender or cut his way through them. He chose the latter and forced his way, …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] But d'Estaing stopped at Savannah to assist General Lincoln in his effort to recover that place, and afterward, the joint operation having failed disastrously, returned to France. Clinton next carried his arms southward and besieged and took Charleston. He was occupied in the South from the beginning of 1780 until June. The winter of 1779-80 was the severe…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] This house, owned by Joseph Youngs, was situated about four miles east of Tarrytown and about the same distance northwest of White Plains, at the intersection of an east and west road from Tarrytown and a north and south road from Unionville; and the locality was hence called " The Four Corners.'' As a result of the conflict there the dwelling was burned, …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] which subsequently, with the whole property, was owned for many years by his son, the Rev. Alexander Van AYart. The house was in the present Town of Mount Pleasant, just beyond the Greenburgk border. " Youngs's House,'' being at an important cross-roads and on elevated ground, and having a number of outbuildings attached to it, which, with the dwelling, af…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] On the night of February 2, 1780, " a force of between four and five hundred in-fantry and one hundred horsemen, composed of British, Germans, and Colonel de Lancey's Tories, set out from Fort Knyphausen (for-merly Fort Washington), south of Spuyten Duyvil," to attack him, the whole expedition being commanded by Colonel Nelson, of the Guards. The weather w…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 462 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY and wounded was between thirty and fort}', about half the total number being killed on the spot or dying of their wounds. The enemy acknowledged losses of five killed and eighteen wounded. Lieutenant-Colonel Thomson and six other officers, with eighty-nine privates, were taken prisoners. The killed of both sides were burie…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Having knowledge of this fact, General Benedict Arnold (who had for several months been in traitorous correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton, the commander-in-chief of the British forces in America) re-solved to solicit the appointment to the command to this post in order that he might make it the subject of barter for British gold. From the time when offic…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] This was the post of honor, but still Arnold did not seem satisfied, and Washington, perceiving it, promised to meet him at his headquarters at the Birdsall house, Peekskill, and converse further on the subject. Finding Arnold's heart set on West Point, and having no suspicion of wrong, and believing, as Arnold claimed, that his wounded left leg unfitted h…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] On the afternoon of the day before, Arnold went down the river in his barge to the western landing of King's Ferry (Stony Point) and stayed overnight at the house of Joshua Hett Smith,' about two miles above llaverstraw. Smith had been introduced by General Howe to General Arnold, and recom-mended as a man who could be useful in securing important news of …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] ()u the 17th Arnold and his aide-de-camp, Colonel Richard Varick, came to Peekskill, went to Stony Point, there met Washington, Mar-quis de Lafayette, and Alexander Hamilton, conducted them in Ar-nold's barge across the river to Verplanck's Point, and accompanied them on horseback as far as Peekskill, where they passed the night at the Birdsall house, and …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] A second shot from Sherwood compelled the barge to return to the " Vulture." The British returned the fire, with no effect except to alarm the neighborhood. This occurrence, when told Andre upon his arrival, suggested (o him a method of notifying Arnold of his presence on board the " Vul-ture." On the morning of the 21st he addressed a letter to Arnold in …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Near midnight, Smith, in the boat thus obtained, rowed by two of bis tenants, Joseph and Samuel Colquhoun, with muffled oars, pro-ceeded on ebb tide to the " Vulture " and brought Andre on shore, where he found Arnold awaiting him in the darkness among the hr trees at a lonely unfrequented spot at the foot of the Long Clove Mountain south of Haverstraw vil…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The Americans fired with effect, shivering some of the spars of the vessel, and compelled, her to weigh anchor and drop down the river. One of the shots from the "Vul-ture" lodged in an oak tree, where it remained for more than half a century, when the oak tree, which had become decayed, was cut down, the ball removed and presented by William Underbill to …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Headquarters, Robinson House, September 22, 1780. Permit Mr. John Anderson to pass the guards to White Plains or below, if he chooses, he being' on public business by my direction. B. Arnold, Maj. Gen. Andre passed a lonely day, and as evening approached he became impatient and spoke to Smith about departure. Smith refused to take him on board the kt Vultu…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] When about three miles east of Peekskill on the Crompond Road they were stopped by a military patrol under command of Captain Ebenezer Boyd. This event is best told by Captain Boyd in his testimony on the subsequent trial of Joshua Hett Smith for treason: V/f/ry -'/"/? r/y / THE CAPTURE OF ANDRE 469 Last Friday, the 22d of September, between eight and nine…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] and Smith occupying the same bed. The Miller house was on the southerly side of Crompond Road in Yorktown, about one-third of a mile east of Lexington Avenue. It has been torn down, but the cellar is still to be seen. Saturday, September 23, they took an early departure. Passing through Crompond Corners, and when at the junction of the Somers-town Road, ne…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] THE CAPTURE OF ANDRE 473 a horse to bo saddled, mounted him, told Major Franks to inform General Washington that he had gone to West Point and would return in an hour, hurried down the steep road to the river, entered his barge at Beverly Dock, and seating himself in the bow directed his oarsmen to row to midstream. Then priming his pistols, he ordered the…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] to find Arnold. While Washington was across the river, Lieutenant-Colonel Jame-son's second messenger, Captain Jerome Hoogland, with the captured papers and a letter written on the 21th by Andre at Salem to Wash-ington, announcing who he was, arrived, and Alexander Hamilton, left at the Robinson house by Washington, opened them as his confi-dential aide. A…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Andre, with a strong cavalry escort under command of Major Ben-jamin Tallmadge of the 2d Light Dragoons, left South Salem a little after midnight on the morning of the 26th by way of Long Pond.Mountain, North Salem meeting-house, Oroton Falls, Lake Maho-pac, and Bed.Mills, where a halt was made at the house of Major James Cox. When Andre entered the house …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] In the evening he was taken To Fort Putnam, West Point, where he was confined until the morning of the 2Sth, when he was taken, still in charge of Major Tallmadge, in a barge down the river to Stony Point, and from thence on horseback to Tappan, Rockland County, X. V., where the headquarters of the American army were located. There, on September 29, he was…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Resolved, That Congress, having a high sense of the virtuous and patriotic conduct of the said John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart, In testimony whereof, ordered, That each of them receive annually out of the public treasury two hundred dollars in specie or an equivalent in current money of these States, during life, and that the Board of War…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Arnold came down the river on the afternoon of the 10th, spent that night at the Smith house near Haverstraw, and the next day went farther down and waited till night at a place opposite Dobbs Ferry. Andre did not come. Although the principals to the transaction were the British commander in New York and the American commander on the Hudson, it was not suc…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The great enterprise shown by the Americans on the Westchester shore in bringing a cannon down from Verplanck's Point and firing on the " Vulture " from Teller's (Croton) Point probably had quite as much to do with the ultimate capture of Andre and salvation of America as any other circumstance, not excepting the formal arrest by Paulding, Williams, and Va…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] tive. Hence the decision upon the fatal return journey by land. Although Arnold departed from Joshua Ilett Smith's house at ten o'clock on the morning of September 22, leaving passes for Smith and Andre, it was not until dusk that the pair ventured forth. Andre, the previous night, when coming ashore from the " Vulture/' had not removed his uniform, merely…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] William Abbatt, of Westchester, under the auspices of the Empire State Society Sons of the American Revolution, a work of eminent literary and artistic excellence, entitled "The Crisis of the Revolution; being the Story of Arnold and Andre, Now for the First Time Collected from All Sources, and Illustrated with Views of All Places Identified with It." This…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] John Paulding was born near Tarrytown, October 16, 1758, and at the time of Andre's capture was therefore not quite twenty-two years old. He was descended from early settlers of Philipseburgh Manor. FLis grandfather, Joseph Paulding, owned a large tract of land east of Tarrytown (where John was born), and had four sons, all of whom were patriot soldiers in…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] After the capture of Andre, he says, he was taken a third time, in a wounded condition, and " lay in the hospital in New York, and was discharged on the arrival of the news of peace there." The farm given him by the1 State was located in the Town of THE CAPTURE OF ANDRE 485 Cortlandt, and consisted of one hundred and sixty acres and sixteen roods, being th…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Warts were a patriotic family, residing in the present Town of Green-1 It is of interest that one of the principal that he wished Andre to conic ashore, was ad-benefactors of Saint Peter's Church was the dressed. Robinson presented to the church a Tory son-in-law of the third Frederick Phil-glebe of two hundred acres, lying in Putnam ipse, Beverly Robinson…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] have been duly reprimanded by his superior officer. On this point an intelligent writer remarks: They were branded as " cow-thieves," etc. Perhaps they were cow-thieves; but at that period the most honorable men, both Whigs and Tories, living between the lines, were cow-thieves. The British soldiers and American Tories stole cows from the Whigs; the Whigs …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Association to the Captors of Major Andre" was organized in the village, the most prominent promoters of the movement being Amos 494: HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY R. (Mark and N. Holmes Odell. The locality where the capture oc-curred was at that time owned by William Taylor, a colored man and ex-slave, and he donated sufficient land for the purpose. The c…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] interest was felt, and it was decided to hold a grand celebration at Tarrytown. With great propriety, the monument was first remod-eled. The original base was retained, but a bas-relief, depicting the capture, was inserted in one of its sides. The gravest one-like shaft was removed and a bronze statue (the gift of Mr. John Anderson, of Tarrytown), resting …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] part of our coast the expected fleet would arrive, or when. Upon his return Washington occupied himself with the details of improving the organization of his army, meantime giving such attention as he could to the situation at the South. Lafayette had been sent thither and had begun the brilliant work in Virginia which stands so much to his credit. 500 HIS…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] One of the enemy's mortally wounded on that occasion was Donop himself, whom Greene very tenderly cared for until his death. Greene, at his post on the Croton, says General Heath in his Memoirs, had "practiced the greatest vigilance in guarding this ford in the night time, taking off the guards after sunrise, appre-hending that the enemy would never presum…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] tional with him whether to come to New York Harbor or to Chesa-peake Bay. As we shall see, Washington remained in absolute un-certainty regarding the French admiral's intended destination until after the latter had sailed from the West Indies. The remainder of May and the first three weeks of June were em-ployed in preparations for the junction of the alli…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Washington had two immediate objects in view — first, to surprise and, if possible, capture the British position at Kingsbridge; second, to cut off de Lancey's large body of Refugees at Morrisania and any other troops of the enemy north of the Harlem River. The two schemes were to be carried out simultaneously and with great secrecy and rapidity. The Kings…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] with their main bodies, were to descend swiftly down through West-chester County and be ready for further immediate operations in force if Kingsbridge should be taken. It was a thorough plan of instant aggression, well calculated to cause Sir Henry Clinton the greatest concern whether it succeeded or failed. The date selected for the combined attempt was t…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] He was discovered by a strong foraying party of the enemy, which came across the bridge just about day-break, and skirmishing ensued the noise of which alarmed de Lancey at Morrisania. De Lauzun had arrived at Williams's Bridge during the night of the 2d, and after giving his men a few hours' rest, was just preparing to move against de Lancey. But the latt…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] on Manhattan Island. " By this date," he says, " all my boats were ready, viz.: One hundred new ones at Albany (constructed under the direction of General Schuyler), and the like number at Wapping's Creek, by the quartermaster-general; besides old ones, which have been repaired." On the 6th of August he supplemented the grand reconnoissance of the 22d of J…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] In this im-portant document (brought by the frigate "Concorde" from the West Indies to Newport, and thence forwarded to headquarters) the French admiral announced that he would set sail for Chesapeake Bay on the 3d of August with a fleet of twenty-six ships and with 3,500 land troops, but that his orders would not permit him to remain later than the 15th o…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] of the enemy and after desperate pretended efforts to escape were taken and reluctantly gave up their valuable papers. On the 19th of August Washington began the great movement which was to terminate in the capitulation of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown and the utter paralysis of Great Britain's armed power in the American States. All being in readiness for b…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The fleet of de -Grasse, com-prising twenty-eight ships of the line with some 4,000 troops on

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] and that a small party of infantry thus armed may successfully resist a strong body of cavalry." After the third charge the Americans fired with good effect, and the incident ended with the discomfiture of the British. At the end of January, 17S2, an expedition of fifty men left Peek-skill for West Farms, arriving there about midnight. This was one of the …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] portion of his New York command to the West Indies for the pur-pose of conquering several of the French islands. He thereupon ad-vised Rochambeau (still in Virginia) to march to the Hudson and again effect a junction with the American army in Westchester JOHN JAY S SNUFFBOX. County, so as to menace New York and prevent Carleton from ex-ecuting that design.…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] whole army marched before him and paid the usual salute and honors. Our troops were now in complete uniform, and exhibited every mark of soldierly discipline. Count Rochambeau was most highly gratified to perceive the* very great improvement which the army had made in appearance since he last reviewed them, and expressed his astonishment at their rapid pro…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] September 27, according to Heath, " General Washington, cov-ered by the Dragoons and light infantry, reconnoitered the grounds on the east side of the river below the White Plains." Record of this enterprise appears also in Washington's "Accounts with the United States," as follows: "September, 1782.— To the Expences of a Reconnoitre as low as Philipsburg …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 1 The Marquis de Chastellux, one of Rocham-ed., i.. 172) makes extracts from ir. which we beau's principal subordinates, has also left a commend to our readers, highly picturesque description. Bolton (rev. 522 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY It is regrettable that our entertaining author omits to record the names of the energetic local functionary and the cl…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] But though the 14th of May was Evacuation Day for Westchester County, it was not until the 25th of November that the British troofjs in New York City took their farewell. The deportation of the thou-sands of Tories to Nova Scotia, the West Indies, and Great Britain taxed all the shipping facilities of Sir Guy Carleton until that time. As the great day appr…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Frydav morning [21st] we rode in company with the Commander-in-Chief as far as the Widow Day's, at Harlem where we held a council.1 1 Irving sa ys tli at a fter Sir Guy Carleton m

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] nil official arrangements wer lording to Lieutenant-Goverm the n ting of tl ouncil f. is held on Manhattan Island. CHAPTER XXIY GENERAL HISTORY OF THE COUNTY CONTINUED FROM THE REVOLUTION TO THE COMPLETION OF THE CROTON AQUEDUCT (1842) N a previous chapter we have briefly noticed the organiza-tion of the State government of New York on the 20th of April, 1…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Abel Smith, Precinct of North Castle. Gilbert Budd, Town of Mamaroneek. Thomas Hunt, Borough Town of Westchester. Ebenezer S. Burling, Town of Eastchester. William Paulding, Manor of Philipseburgh. Daniel Horton, Precinct of White Plains. Jonathan (J. Tompkins, Manor of Scarsdale. Israel Honeywell, Yonkers. Tliaddeus Crane, Town of Upper Salem. John Thomas…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The eastern portion of Cortlandt Manor, however, comprehending the "Oblong" and considerable territory to the west, had acquired the local name id' Salem, and indeed there was an " Upper" Salem-and a " Lower'" Salem, each of which had its supervisor. The representative from the old confiscated Manor Much to the gene,

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] county, passed into the hands of private Beefeman's estate on the Hudson was, from her parties several years ago, ami the building was Christian name, styled Gertrudesborough, and torn down, carried off. anil passed into the what is now the Town of Somers was called unknown. The remembrance is all of the first Hanover and afterward Stephentown (for bistori…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] when it is remembered that many thousand acres of confiscated lands were sold after the war by the State at low prices. The principal confisca-tion by the State of lands of British adherents in Westchester County was thai of Philipseburgh Manor. The act forfeiting the manor was passed in 1779, whereupon all its lands, extending from the Spuyten Duyvil Cree…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Abigail Sherwood 125 Frederick Underbill 125 Hon. Richard Morris (estimated) 117 Henry Brown 113 Parsonage Lot 107 Elnatban Taylor 99 Frederick Van Cortlandt (about) 98 Margery Rich 92 John Gnerino 89 William Hyatt 89 Mary Valentine 76 Abijah Hammond 69 Jacobus Dyckman 45

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Total 9,785| "By the acts respectively of 1786 and 1792," says Allison, " tin-legislature first conveyed, and then continued, the property described as the Glebe to Saint John's Church forever. Two acres where the church stands, two where Thomas Sherwood, the gardener, lived, and about two acres of meadow adjoining the Saw Mill River and the road, being a …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] From the foregoing record it appears that in 1785 'the Yonkers,' as now bounded, was owned by between sixty and seventy persons, and a 530 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY study of the old map leads to the conclusion that the number of houses within the limits of the present city were in 1785 between three score and four score." The Manor House of the Philips…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Peter Huggeford in the Manor of Cortlandt, and the latter the estate of Edmund Ward in Eastchester. The famous Thomas Paine, author of "Common Sense," was presented with a tract of some three hundred acres in Upper New Iiochelle, which had previously belonged to one Frederic Deveau. About 1802, after his return to America, Paine took up his residence on th…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] passage of th, ' toWl 532 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY hounds of the said farm of the said William David to the road lead-in*, to the White Plains, and then easterly along the same road to the Bronx River." To Mount Pleasant was assigned the remainder of the manor. Out of its territory was constructed the new Town of Ossining by an act passed May.2, 1845.…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] By an act of April 6, 1806, its name was officially changed to South" Salem, and by a further act, February 13, 1840, to the present style of Lewisboro. The name of Lewisboro was given it in honor of John Lewis,1 a liberal benefactor of the public schools and donor of the glebe lands of Saint John's Protestant Episcopal Church at Salem. A portion of North …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] was ono of the • Eounders < if t GENERAL COUNTY HISTORY TO 1812 533 campaign. Stephentown — the present Somers — was named for Stephen Van Cortlandt. The present name was adopted April 6, 1808, in honor of Captain Richard Soniers, the hero of the Tripolitan war. A part of New ( 'astle was annexed to Soniers in 1846. Of the twenty-one original towns, North …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] ages of the contending forces during the Revolution were those showing the most satisfactory conditions of population. 534 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY The purely agricultural character of Westchester County at the end of the eighteenth century is perfectly demonstrated by these census returns. In truth, there was at that time no single village displaying…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] of its most distinguished and influential members, Gouverneur Mor-ris. It is true he sat in that body as a delegate from Pennsylvania, but, as has been aptly observed by one of our local historians, " it is a pleasure to remember that in the person of Gouverneur Morris, who was bom on Westchester soil and who returned again to represent her in the United S…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] With the incoming of Jefferson, however, the anti-Federalists, or Republicans, gained the ascendency, which they transmitted to their political heirs, the Democrats; and indeed since the beginning of its organization the Democratic party has lost but two presidential elections in Westchester County (1818 and 1896). The congressional district to which this …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] An exhaustive Manual and Civil List of Westchester County has recently been published by Mr. Henry 1 Philip Van Cortlandt was the eldest son of diet Arm. Id for improper conduct in 1779-SO. Lieutenant-Governor Pierre Van Cortlandt. Alluding to this trial he wrote: " Had all the He was born in the City of New York, Sep-court known Arnold's former conduct as…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] made in 1811 it had declined in the latter year to 20,307, a shrinkage of nearly 4,000. This loss is easily accounted for. Our county re-sponded with especial alacrity to the calls of the national and State governments for troops to serve in the second war with England. The decline in population was indeed considerable in almost every township. The figures…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Scarsdalc 259 292 Total 30,272 26,367 It is observable that during the twenty years from 1790 to 1810 there was, so far as can be discovered from the census figures, no change in the distinguishing aspect of population in Westchester County. Although the increases in several of the towns were con-siderable, clearly indicating the rise of hamlets, in no cas…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The wording of the act of incorporation is as follows: The district of country in the Town of Mount Pleasant, contained within the following limits, that is to say : Beginning at the Hudson River, where a run of water, hetween the lands of Daniel Delavan and Albert Orser, empties into the said Hudson River, north of Sing Sing, from thence eastwardly on a s…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The first village election of Sing Sing was hold on the first Tues-day of May, 1813, when " seven discreet freeholders " were elected trustees. Their names are not preserved, all the early records of the village having been destroyed by fire. In 1813 the celebrated authorization was made to Robert Macomb, from which resulted the construction of " Macomb's …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] ing power to grist and other mills; but in this grant also it was stipulated that the free navigation of the river should be preserved through a suitable opening. Under the provisions of the act of 1795 and subsequent legislation, Coles not only built the Harlem Bridge, but constructed a road leading from it to West Farms and East-chester. Coles's Bridge w…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] But no stops were taken at that time, or indeed until eleven years later, to carry the provisions of the measure into effect. The loss of population by the county during the War of 1812 was speedily recovered. In 1820 the census returns showed a total popu-lation of 32,038— a gain of 2,300 over that of 1810. Mount Pleasant, with its village of Sing Sing, s…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The principal event in Westchester County of the decade 1820-30 was the building of the State penitentiary at Sing Sing. By an act passed March 7, 1824, the construction of a new State prison was authorized in the 1st and 2d senatorial districts, and the Sing-Sing site was selected on account of its marble quarries — which afforded a means for the advantag…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] These cells are seven feet in depth, seven in height, and forty-two inches wide, which gives but one hundred and seventy-one cubic feet of space for each con-vict." The institution was long officially known as the "Mount Pleasant State Prison." and the substitution of the style of the "Sing Sing Prison " was distasteful to the citizens of the village. In c…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Isaac Coutant was the first keeper of the almshouse, receiving a salary of $300 per annum. The institution has always since been maintained at the original location. The village of IVekskill, whose incorporation was authorized in 1816 but was not effected under the original act, received a new charter from the legislature on the 9th of April, 1827, and sho…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] A visitor to the present village in 1781 described it as con-sisting of some twenty houses, quite close together. This considera-ble growth in population of the Town of Cortlandt, as evidenced by the census returns, between 1700 and 1820, was largely contributed by Peekskill village. According to the author of the article on the Town of Cortlandt in Scharf…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] hangs in the court house at White Plains. He was the father of i he very eminent Hon. John Jay of our own times (horn June 2.'*., 1817; died May 5, 1894), to whom he left the Bedford estate. Neither the figures of the State census of 1825 nor those of the federal census of 1830 show any significant changes in the distribu-THK JAY CKMKTKRY, RYE. tion of pop…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] capital. Meantime the New York and Albany Company found itself unable to carry out the provisions of its charter, and in 1838 sur-rendered its rights in AVestchester County to the New York and Harlem Company, which assumed the construction of the bridge across the river and the building of the road as far as a point on the southern boundary of Putnam Count…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] from the south side of the Harlem River Bridge to Williams's Bridge was $38,475 per mile, and from Williams's Bridge to White Plains $11,277 per mile. It is noteworthy that the tirst telegraph line through Westchester County was erected (1846) under the superintendence of Ezra Cornell (subsequently the founder of Cornell University), a descendant of Thomas…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Edward Wegmann (published in 1896), in which all the details of the earlier makeshift systems and schemes, and of the construction of both the old and the new aqueducts and the Bronx River conduit, with their associated dams, reservoirs, and other works in this county, Putnam, and New York City, are described.1 We shall briefly summarize this history, so f…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] After the Revolution frequent at-tention was given to the water problem, but it was not until 1798 that the necessity of ultimately solving the question by resorting to the streams of Westchester County was foreshadowed. In that year a committee of the common council approved a proposal which had been made by Dr. Joseph Brown for procuring a supply from th…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] to the legislature for authority to borrow |2,000,000, the sum es-timated as necessary to accomplish the object resolved upon. But the legislature discreetly declined to sanction the raising of such an amount " until it should be satisfactorily ascertained that the object in view, both as to the quantity and quality of water, could be accomplished by the e…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The public mind shrank from such a tremendous and seemingly fantastic pro-ceeding as the construction of an aqueduct from the far distant Croton; whereas the Bronx, running straight down into the Harlem River, seemed to have been appointed by nature for the exact emer-gency. Previously to the sending out of Colonel Clinton, the only thought bestowed upon t…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] This supply can be aug-mented by constructing reservoirs, and we have seen... that one reservoir could be constructed which would supply more than 7,000,000 of gallons per day within a few miles of Pine's Bridge. But if it were necessary, more than 7,000 acres could be ponded, and the water raised from six to sixteen feet; and also other supplies could be …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] They marked out a route from Macomb's Dam to the Bronx River, which they declared to be the proper one for the long desired supply, and added: "The Croton cannot be brought in by this route, and cannot ever be needed, seeing that the quantity which can be obtained at a moderate cost through the val-ley of the Bronx will be sufficient for all city purposes.…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] rat ^ii& ' i:sap;|# A If..t. 4m--^-" THE GREAT FIRE OF 1835 (NEW YORK CITY). mitted his report in the November following. " Major Douglass ad-hered unfalteringly to the conviction that the Croton, and the Croton only, should be looked to and relied on. Like the Roman Marcius,... who, when the decemvirs and sybils indicated the Anio as the stream which the …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The ponds and lakes de-lineated on the map, and spoken of in a former part of this report, are among the number of these springs; many of them three or four hundred acres in extent, and one as large as a thousand acres. All these ponds are surrounded by clear upland shores, without any inter-mixture of marsh; and the surrounding country, cultivated as it i…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] At its next session (May 2, 1834) the legislature passed an aei authorizing the reappointment of water commissioners, ami direct-ing the commissioners to adopt a definite plan " for procuring such supply of water," with estimates as to the cost, which plan was to be submitted to the electors of Now York City for approval or re-jection, by majority vote, at…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The commissioners selected Major Douglass as their chief engineer, and on the 6th of July, 1835, that gentleman, with fifteen assistants, took the field for preliminary work in our county. Their first care was to stake out the lake to bo formed by damming the Croton, which it was at first calculated would have an area of 496 acres. But it was nearly two ye…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] On the 26th of April, 1837, bids were opened " for furnish-ing the materials and completing the construction of twenty-three sections of the Croton Aqueduct, including the dam in the Croton, the aqueduct bridge over Sing Sing Kill, and the necessary excava-tions and tunneling on the line of about eight and one-half miles from the Croton to Sing Sing villag…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Harlem River, that misplaced, misshapen, ridiculous stream — a mere spew of Ilellgate, — worthless for navigation, a hindrance to com-merce, and now found unqualified to generate the required volume of power. This circumstance that the Bronx scheme involved, as one of its essential features, the conversion of the Harlem River into a mere producer of water …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] land-owners held a meeting at Christopher Walton's store, at Ford-ham Corners, and appointed a committee to memorialize the legis-lature against the proposed low bridge, and also to ascertain the best method of removing the existing obstructions in the Harlem River. The committee, acting on the advice of counsel, decided to proceed against Macomb's Dam as …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] a public navigable river. It was a public nuisance to obstruct the navigation thereof without authority of law." At the time of this famous expedition the water commissioners had already officially adopted the plan for a low siphon bridge, to be "built over an embankment of stone, filling up the whole of the natural channel, and with only one archway on th…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] ( >n the 3d of May, 1839, the legisla-ture passed the following law: The water commissioners shall construct an aqueduct over the Harlem River with arches and piers; the arches in the channel of said river shall he at least eighty feet span, and not less than one hundred feet from the usual high water mark of the river to the under side of the arches at th…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] prised in the earthen embankment gave way, and the whole country below was flooded. Three bridges — Tompkins's Bridge, the bridge at the Wire Mill, and Quaker's Bridge — were swept away, and several mills and dwelling houses were destroyed; but, so far as was known, only two residents lost their lives. This was the only serious casualty that occurred in co…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The quantity of water at first transmitted through the aqueduct did not exceed 12,000,000 gal-lons daily. The aqueduct was constructed to afford a maximum dis-charge of 72,000,000 United States gallons every twenty-four hours, and it. was thought utterly impossible that such a supply would be required for generations to come. But within thirty years even t…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] No new village incor-poration was effected after that of Peekskill until 1853, when Mount Vernon was organized. It is a curious fact that our large City of Yonkers, which now is unapproached by any other municipality of the county, did not have its beginning as an organized village until 1855, and in that respect was preceded by three other communities. At…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] have arrived in our general narra-tive, Yonkers, destined to a posi-tion of unquestioned supremacy among the municipalities ofWest-chester County, was just prepar-ing to emerge from a primitive condition of absolute insignifi-cance..Mount Vernon was still nn-tlionght of. The representative villages for local enterprise wore Sing Sing and Peekskill on the H…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Thereupon John Henry, one of the chief members of the syndicate, acquired substantially the whole of the Point, and proceeded to organize the brick-making industry which has since become so extensive at Verplanck's. lie was tolerably successful from the start, and within a few years the brick yards of Verplanck's Point were yielding a large output and givi…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] In 1832 he began operations with the steamboat •• Westchester," having, as he avers in a card to the public-some time later, no interest in any other boat in the North River. He met with a rival in the "Water-Witch," a steamboat which was owned by an association of the people all along the river, and farmers back in the country, and which was designed to e…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Jacob Vanderbilt, brother of Cornelius, was captain of the boat, and escaped without injury. Many other interesting particulars of the Hudson River traffic be-fore the era of railways might bo added. Peekskill had no monopoly of sloop proprietorship. Prom various points all the way down to i W, J. Gumming, ii., 406. 564 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY Yonker…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The old property qualification for the suffrage was practically abolished in 1821. For the purpose of representation in the State senate. Westchester Comity was from 1777 to 1815 associated with New York, Kings, Queens, Suffolk, and Richmond, in the so-called Southern district. From 1815 to 1821 the Comities of Dutchess, Putnam, and Rockland were added to …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] the Revolution, and after the begin-ning of the present century there was scarcely a farmhouse that did not receive some newspaper from New York. There were several early enter-prises in the line of local newspaper publication in the Westchester vil-lages. According to a generally re-liable chronicler, a journal called the Vomers Museum was published by Mi…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] year 183G. Irving was born in New York City, April 3, 1783. He " first came to Tarrytown and Sleepy Hollow when a lad ot fourteen or fifteen. He spent some of his holidays here, and formed an attach-ment for the spot which never left him." At frequent intervals in his literary career he visited Tarrytown, sometimes as a guest of his nephew, Oscar Irving. I…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Interesting reminiscences of his Sunnyside years appear in Scharf's History.2 He was " a regular

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Samuel Woodworth, author of the " Old Oaken Bucket," who lived a) Westchester; and James K. Paulding, the friend of Irving and a very forcible and esteemed writer, who was of Westchester County extraction and received his education in this county. CHAPTER XXV GENERAL HISTORY OF THE COUNTY CONCLUDED T the time of the introduction of the Croton water into Ne…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] In the early years of the New York and Harlem enterprise the idea of another line following the river shore had been scouted as both chimerical and inexpedient. In a sober official report it was declared that the chief value of a river route would be its " novelty," whereas the already chartered road "leading from the City of New York through the heart of …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Jervis, the engineer of the Croton Aqueduct, being em-ployed as chief engineer. Work was begun toward the middle of 1847, the entire line being placed under contract by sections, and the work was prosecuted so diligently that by the 29th of September, 1840, passenger travel was commenced between New York and Peek-skill. " The average number of passengers p…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Omnibuses will be provided at the junction of Chambers Street and Hudson Street to convey passengers who furnish themselves with tickets at the engine-house, at Thirty-first Street, until the rails are laid to that point. Trains will start at 8 a.m., 12 noon, and 4 p.m. N. B.— Stockholders during the present week free of charge." ~ Originally the Hudson Ri…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] development was effected by the extension of the line from High Bridge to the terminus of the Elevated Railway at One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Street, and by the building of the branch from Van Cort-landt Station to Yonkers. In common with the New York and Har-lem, the Now York and Putnam is now incorporated in the New York Central and Hudson River system, …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Schoolcraft in 1844, at the request of General Aaron Ward, member of congress from this district at the time. We arc told that the word ossin, in the Chippeway language, signifies 'a stone'; that ossinee or ossineen is the plural for 'stones.' This etymology was accepted, and in May, 1845, when our town was taken from Mount Pleasant, it received the name o…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] of New York. Judges, district attorneys, and other officers formerly appointive were made elective. The first county judge elected in Westchester County was John W. Mills, of White Plains (1851-56); the first surrogate, Lewis C. Piatt, of White Plains (1848-56); the first district attorney, William W. Scrugham,1 of Yonkers (1848-51); the first county treas…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Morrisania 1... Mount Pleasant.

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] During the ten years the total population increased 32,284, of which increase 22,401 was in the Towns of West Farms (including West-chester), Yonkers, Eastchester, and Greenburgh — that is, in the localities brought within a comparatively short and inexpensive rail-way ride of New York. In former times, before railways existed, the local gains in populatio…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Pouudridge, Somers, and York-town. Pouudridge, not entered by any railway line, actually lost some 300 people in the ten years. Amongst the significant local results thus brought to pass, the most interesting and important, whether considered in its original from 1842 to 1900 579 aspects or ill relation to its later developments, was unquestionably the fou…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] the history of our county. His labors also included " personal visita-tion of every spot of interest and nearly every person of advanced age.'' In addition to his History of the county, he published a " Guide to New Kochelle " and a " History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Westchester County." At the time of his death he had nearly completed a revis…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Mount Pleasant, in the house built by General James Watson Webb.— Seharf, L, 599. 2 It is of interest to record the names of the delegates from Westchester County to the State conventions held for the purpose of from 1842 to 1900 589 The congressional district to which Westchester County belonged was represented at Washington by William Nelson, of Peekskil…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] extracted from a valuable work published at Syracuse in 1800 — the "Gazetteer of the State of New York," by J. II. French. THE TOWNS AND THEIR VILLAGES IN 1800. Bedford. Population, 3,639. Local particulars: — 1. Bedford; contained a court house (still in use in 1860), two churches, the Bedford Academy, a Eemale Institute, and thirty houses. 2 Bedford Stat…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The Westchester County delegates to the Democratic Stale convention were Thomas Smith, Gilherl S. Lyon, and Abraham Hyatt. William Radford, of Yonkers, was a contesting delegate from the nth congressional district (embracing Westchester County) to the Charles-ton national convention. To the Republican

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] the sembly district. 590 HISTORY OP WESTCIIKSTHR COUNTY nually from 80,000,000 to 90,000,000|bricks. 3. Croton (formerly called Collaberg Land-ing); population, 400; a station on the Hudson River Railroad; contained four churches, a rolling mill, wire mill, and several brickyards. 4. Crugers J (Boscobel p. o. ); a landing and railroad station. 5. Annsville…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] southwest of the village, on a small island connected with the main land by a stone cause-way." 2. West New Rochelle, 3. Petersville,5 and 4. Upper New Rochelle were scattered villages, mostly inhabited by Germans. North Castle. — Population, 2,487. Local particulars: — 1. North Castle; contained a church and a few houses. 2. Armonk; 6 contained three chur…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Pelham Priory; the seat of a young ladies' seminary, "established by the late Rev. Robert Bolton, and conducted by his daughters." Poundridge. — Population, 1,471. Local particulars: — 1. Poundridge; a small settlement with two churches. 2. Boretontown; a hamlet on the northern corner.

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] pal owner. 592 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY tensive manufactories, which included a foundry, edge tool factory, tide gristmill, and a last and shoe factory. 5. King Street; "a fine agricultural district, extending nearly seven miles north of Port Chester." 0. Glenville; a hamlet on the Byram River. Scarsdale. — Population, 548. Local particulars: — 1. Sca…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] seminaries," and having a population of about 1,000. Yonkers. — Population, 11,848. Local particulars: — 1. Yonkers; an incorporated village; population in 1859, 0,800; contained nine churches, several private seminaries, two banks, two newspaper offices, and various manufactories 2. Spuyten Duyvil; the seat of several large foundries; inhabited chiefly by…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] It was a spirit conspicuously manifest in the editorial conduct of very able newspapers in New York City, which gave nearly thirty thousand majority against Lin-coln. The dominant political party of the metropolis had always been the dominant political party of Westchester County; and opinions which had been insisted on and stood the test of popular

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] being the first of the thirty-nine old regiments to report for duty:" The number of men lost by the regiment at the second Bull Run was almost half the whole number who went into the battle. 590 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY Mr. Frederick Wkittaker, author of the article on the Civil War in Scharfs History, after giving the particulars of the organization …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Yorktown also lost a great number of men in the same way, no mention of them being found in the official records of the two years' volunteers; and of other towns there is still less trace in any documents by which official proof can be furnished of the facts. The whole history of the two years' volunteers, in Westchester County, is one of men pressing thei…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Whittaker, ''concludes the three years' volunteers in Westchester County as organizations of whi(di the records are accessible in an official form," up to the enlistment of the famous (itli New York Heavy Artillery. The 6th New York Heavy Artillery was recruited obediently to a call issued by the president in 1S62 for 300,000 volunteers for three years. Go…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] from 1842 to 1900 597 the 8th senatorial district — then comprising the Counties of West-chester, Rockland, and Putnam — which proceeded to raise the troops required to make up the quota of the district. " It began its work by promptly effecting the organization of an infantry regi-ment of ten full companies of more than one hundred men each, enlisted to s…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] (Nyack, Rockland County): Captain Wilson Defendorf, Lieutenants John Davidson and Frederic Shonnard, of Yonkers. The villages mentioned in this list were the places where the various companies were raised. Absolutely every township of the county, and probably every hamlet, was represented among the volunteers. It was distinctively a Westchester County regi…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Point (Rockland County). 598 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY States volunteers. To General Morris belongs the honor of having attained the highest rank awarded to any citizen of Westchester County during the War of the Rebellion. The appointment of lieu-tenant-colonel of the regiment was given to Captain Ralph E. Prime, then of White Plains, now of Yonkers, …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] says Baird, tk had its origin in the fact that a spot on Lyon's Point, now part of the Village of Port Chester, was occupied in ancient' times for the building of boats." The present name was adopted in 1837. Port Chester's growth has been rapid, owing to the develop-ment of its manufacturing industries, and, with the exception of New Rochelle, it is now t…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Although elected school commissioner of the 3d district of Westchester County in 1859, it was not until eleven years later that he began his phenomenal 604 HISTORY OF WESTCHESTER COUNTY career in the assembly. Meantime, however, he held important ap-pointive positions under the State government. " He was first elected

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] tory of theState — twenty-two years; he also had the distinction of hav-ing been speaker more times than any other man."1 He was only once defeated as a candidate for the assembly — in 1882, by John Hoag. In 18G8 John Thompson Hoffman, a native of Westchester County, Smith's Manual of Westchest from 1812 to 1900 605 was elected governor of the State. He wa…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 1 Mayors of the City of Yonkers to the present Samuel Swift: 1884-86. William G. Stahlnecker; time: 1872-74, James C. Courter; 1874-76, Joseph 1S86-90, J. Harvey Bell; 1890-92. James Mill-Masten; 1876-78, William A. Gibson; 1878-80, ward: 1892-94. James II. Weller; 1896-98. John Joseph Masten; 1s,nii-nl'. Norton P. Otis; 1882 S4, G. Peene; 1S9S-1900, Lesli…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] New York lawyer. Westchester JP" 'H^ County gave Mr. Tilden, at the elec-w~ AJ^ tiou of 1870, 12,050 votes, a majority ^0 igj fc|< of 2,17b over Mr. Hayes, his principal I ^ **pw opponent. ( 3&^ lj Peter Cooper, in his boyhood, lived in Peekskill, where his father con-\=^\^fi> ducted a small beer brewery. Fie sQiS^ -> went to New York City at the age of Jm…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] North Tarrytown (1875), and Hastings (1879). It is noteworthy that four of these places belonged to the Town of Greenburgh, while a fifth was located on its borders. Population of Westchester County in 1880: towns POPULATION Bedford 3>731 Mount Kisco Village 728 Cortlandt 12>664 Peekskill Village ^ M93 Eastchester 8'737 Mount Vernon Milage ^ 4,686 Greenbur…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Mount Pleasant 5'450 North Tarrytown Village New Castle 2>297 New Rochelle °>276 North Castle i'818 North Salem 1>693 Ossining 8>769 Sing Sing Village 6>578 Pelham 2>5^ Poundridge 1'°^ 6,576 Rye Port Chester Village

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] WILLIAM H. ROBERTSON. Democratic party back to power. Judge Robertson's part in the political strife of those memorable times has been reviewed with great fairness and discrimination in a public address by the Hon. Chauncey M. Depew.1 In theVear 1880 works for increasing New York City's water supply from Westchester County were commenced, which are still i…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] the legis-lature authorized the construction of the necessary works, and on the 21th of June, 1891, the second aqueduct was finished and turned over to the department of public works of New York City. Since 1888 the building of subsidiary basins and reservoirs in Westchester and Putnam Counties has been steadily prosecuted. It was originally proposed to co…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Takings, under provisions of Chapter 490 of the Laws of 1883, were commenced in the years 1892, 1891, 1895, and 1897. " Many attractive residence localities in the territory taken will soon be, if not so already, among the things of the past. What was known as the Village of Katonah, in the Town of Bedford, has be-come extinct, and is now only a matter of …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] A tribute has also been laid upon Golden' s Bridge, in the Town of Lewisboro, and it will relinquish a portion of its land, near the railroad station. The Huntersville section of the Town of Cort-landt, well known to sportsmen, as it is famous for its excellent trout brooks; the Quaker Meeting House locality, in the Town of New Castle, the Wiremill Bridge,…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The old highways on the condemned land, taken by the city, have been left open for public travel until such time as the city shall substitute others, which right the city is now endeavoring to obtain from property-owners." 1 The daily delivering capacities of the three aqueducts leading through Westchester to New York City are, according to Wegman: Old Cro…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The local water supply systems of the cities and principal villages of Westchester County are entirely independent of the New York City system. To Y'onkers belongs the credit of having been the first community to erect waterworks of any dignified character. The Yonkers water board was organized in 1873, the year after the in-corporation of the city, and in…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] When the commis-sioners visited Peekskill they at once recognized the unequaled ad-vantages of the site suggested by Mr. Sutton, and on the 30th of May they leased the ground for three years with the privilege of purchase. The place was immediately prepared for occupation, and on the 1st of July the 23d Regiment arrived and inaugurated the camp. In April, …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] This action was instrumental in stimulating interest in the early history of Yonkers, and it was decided to hold a grand celebration of the bicentennial of the founding of the Manor House. The 18th of October, 1882, was selected as the date for the important event. The resulting demonstration was the greatest in

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] FROM 1842 TO 1900 619 her in that respect, and many other small eities almost equaling her. The movement for locating new parks on the north side of the Harlem was started by some public spirited citizens of that sec-tion, and on the 19th of April, 1883, the legislature passed an act authorizing the appointment of commissioners to select park lands. The co…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Crotona Park, at the intersection of Third and Tre-mont Avenues, is the seat of the tine municipal building of the Borough of the Bronx. No new village was incorporated in Westchester County between 1880 and 1890. The population of the county in 1890 was 146,772, distributed as follows: POPULATION TOWNS Bedford or-Q Part of Katonah Village jj<° Mount Kisco…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] The trolley is likewise exercising a peculiar developing influence in the Hudson River municipalities, where the steepness of the ascent from the railway and from the village centers to many of the resi-dence localities has always been a hindrance to diversified progress. Two trolley routes now cross the county: one from Yonkers through Mount Vernon to New…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] VILLAGES POPULATION New Rochelle (Town of New Rochelle) 12,297 Peekskill (Town of Cortlandt) 9,496 Sinn Sing (Town of Ossining) 8,160 White Plains (Town of White' Plains) 7,363 Port Chester (Town of Rye) 7>25 ' Tarrytown (Town of Greenbnrgh) 4,674 North Tarrytown (Town of Mount Pleasant) 4,011 Mamaroneck (Towns of Mamaroneck and Rye) 3,729 Dobbs Ferry (Tow…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] mes, 241, 244, 248.;, zo. Ports Clinton and Montgomery, 433: rout of Donop's yagers, 440; tin-Ward's House affair, -142: ambuscade of the Stockbridge Indians at Cortlandt's Ridge, 37. 442: the Babeoek's House affair, 443: Burr's capture of the West Farms Allison, C. E. (Rev.), 261, 329, 528, 538. 559, 582, blockhouse, 4)\; storming of Stony Point, 452: "■-…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 353; battle of Westchester Creek. 353, 365: en-Boston Post Road, 146, 195. 291. gagement at Pelham (October IS, 1770), 375; at-Boundaries of Westchester County, 1, 6, 197. tack on the Queen's Rangers at Mamaroneck, Boudary dispute, The. 120, 132, 136, 199. 382: engagement at Hart's Corners. 389; battle Boyce, Broni, 424. of White Plains. 3N9: fall of Fort …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Page 501, and succeeding pages— for " Weathers-1 field" read " Wethersfield." Page 511, foot-note— for "Philip Freeman" reacj " Philip Forman." Pages 627, 623, City of New Rochelle— the firsi| city election was held April 18, 1899, and the city gov' ernment was organized April 25, 1899. Page 638, top of second column— for " movement a Crompond " read " mon…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 1781), 507: engagement Somers, 533: of portions of Westchester County in the Town of Rye (1781), 517: the surprise at to New York city. 608, 621. Orser's (January. 1782), 517; American attacks Ann-Hoock, 27. 92, 115. on Morrisania (17s2i. 518. Anthony's Nose. 2. 4. 8, 5.",. 310, 341. 415. Bayard, Nicholas. 168, 204, 205. Appleby Island. 532. Bedford (towns…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] against Peek Bartow. John (Rev.). 233, 203. skill. 420. Battles and engagements:— Slaughter of In-Birdsali House. 427. dians by Captain John Underbill in Bedford 101; battle of Golden Hill. 2S0; affair of the tire

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 353; battle of Westchester Creek. 353. 365: en-Boston Post Road. 146. 195. 291. gagemenl at Pelham (October lx. 1770). 375: at-Boundaries of Westchester County, 1. 6. 197. tack on the Queen's Rangers at Mamaroneck, Herniary dispute. The. 120. 132, 136, 199. 382: engagement at Hart's Corners. 389; battle Boyce, Brom, 424. of "White Plains 389; fall of Fort …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Burgoyue's expedition, 433. Burr, Aaron, 419, 446. 549. Byram Lake. 13. Byram Point. 2. Byram River, 11, 124, 200, 450. Carleton, Sir Guy, 51S, 522. Castle Philipse, 160, 162, 530. Cauldwell, William, 602, 60S. Cedar Tree Brook, 115, 129, 141. Chappaqua, 16. 518, 591, 607. 620. Chatterton's Hill. 388, 389, 393. 395. 506, 550. Chenowith, Alexander C, 21. 42…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Cooper, Peter, 611. Cornell, Alonzo B.. 94, 612. Cornell, Ezra, 94, 548. Cornell. Thomas. 93. Cornell's Neck, 5. 93, 116, 138, 228. 275. 622. Cornwallis, Lord. 399. Corsa, Andrew. 424, 509. Cortlandt (township), created a town by the act of 1788. 532: the town and its villages in 1860, 589; population at various periods, 533, 539, 542, 577, 589, 605, 611, …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Fordham (ancient settlement), 1. 145. Fordham (station). 547. 569. Haskin. John P.. 593. 602. Fordham Manor, 113, 117. 531. 570. 606. Haslet,' Colonel, :>2. 389. Forfeiture. Commissioners of. 52s. Hastings (ancient village on the Sound), 125. Forman. General David. 511. 513. Hastings-ou-the-Hudson (incorporated vil-Fort Clinton. 110. 125. 434. ].,-ei. :«4.…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Highland Democrat, The. 592, 601. on (17S1), 504; Macomb's tide mill, 541; set off Highland Patent, The Great, 258. from Yonkers as a town, 606; annexed to New Highlands of the Hudson, 2. 310, 401, 41 i, 415. York, 609; various references. 5. 74, 113, 144. 156, 42S. 433, 438, 517. 350, 372, 380, 381, 386, 417. 418, 432, 438, 442, 508, Hoffman, John T., 604…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] GENERAL INDEX 633 Mamaroneck Harbor, 6, 368. Mamaroneck River, 11, 137. Manhattan Island, purchase of, 30; origin of the name. 39; settlement, 71. Manors of Westchester County, General ob-servations mi, 185; sec also Cortlandt Manor, Fordham Manor, Morrisania Manor. Pelham Manor, Philipseburgh Manor, and Scarsdale Manor. Manussing Island. 124. Martling, Is…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Mile Square, The, 144. 37:;. 377. 406, 156..Mills. Richard. Petition of to Governor Stuy-vesant, 120. Minerals of Westchester County, 15. Mohansic Lake. 13. Mohawk Indians, 21. Mohican Indians. 21. Mompesson, Roger, 221. Montgomery, Richard (General), 321. Morris. Fordham. 232. 351. 540, 556. 597. Morris, Gouverneur, 254. 305, 306, 307, 308, 311, 327, 336,…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] the act of 1788. but restored to Westchester in 1791, 531; set off from West Farms (1S55), 585: incorporation of Morrisania village, 603: an-nexation to New York. 610; population at vari-ous periods, 226. 591. 605: various references. 425. 461). 462, 565, 591, 597, 602. Morrisania Manor. 154. 228, 235, 253, 527, 576. Mount Kisco (incorporated village), 589…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] i: 106, 443, 50 416, 446. 514, 561, New Amsterdam, 108. Xew Castle (township), set off as a town from North Castle (1791), 532; population at various periods. 539, 577, 591. 605. 612. 620; other references, 129, 600, 614. New Netherland. 61. 69. ■• New Netherland." The, 71. New Netherland Company, 61 New Rochelle (township, village, and city), settlement, …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Oblenus's Ford. 500. Oblong. The. 201, 225, 527. Odell Mansion. The, 507. O'Neale. Hugh. 113. 114. oostdorp, 116. Orser's. The surprise at, 517. ossining (township), set off as a town from Mount Pleasant (1845). 575: population at vari-ous periods, 578, 591. 605. 612, 620. Oyster Bay (Long Island). 126. 131, 218. Paine, Thomas. 531. Palisades. 4. 13. Papir…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Parks in the Annexed Districts. 617. Parsons, Samuel H. (General), 389, 420. 474. Patents (see also Purchases and Settle-ments) :— to John Throckmorton, 92; to Thomas Cornell. 93; to Adrian Van der Donck, 106; to Hush O'Neale and wife, 113: to John Richbell, 129: to Westchester Town. 138, 228. 229; to William Willett, 139; to John Archer of Fordham Manor. …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 438: military operations of 1779, 455; Washington's preparations in 1780 to attack New York, 463-Washington prepares to attack New York in conjunction with the French (1781), 504; encampments at and near in 1782, 519, 520; incorporation. 512, 544: the village in 1860. 589; various references. 26. 167. 226, 271, 354. 431. 440, 466. 468, 563, 565. 597. 605, …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] IN 4 ha m Neck. 5. 92. 142. 366, 375. 622. Pell, John, 129. 173, 209. Pell. Philip, 275. 301. 535. Pell, Thomas. 92, 115, 138, 141. Poningo Neck, 124. Penn, William, 153. Philipse, Adolph, 160, 256. Philipse. Catherina (wife of Frederick 1st). 159, 163. 256. 1st. 144, 156, 204. 2d. 160, 241, 243, 260. 3d, 289, 293, 297, 29< 330, 383. 529, 226. 255. Philips…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 87; of Bronxland by Jonas Bronck, SS: of Colon Donck by Adrian Van der Donck, 106; of Weckquaesgeck by Stuyvesant, 114: of lands by Thomas Pell, 115; Turner's purchase, 115; of Rye and adjacent lands by Peter Disbrow and others, 124: of Mamaroneck lands by John Richbell, 126: of Eastchester lands from Thomas Pell, 140: of Fordham Manor lands by John Archer…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Reconnoissanee of Now York. 509. •• Restless," The 59. Revel), Thomas. 127. Revere, Paul, 291. Richardson, John, of West Farms, 150. Richbell, John, 126, 176.

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] acl of 1788, 532; occupation by the British army, 379: General Howe's march from, 3S9: population at v 592, 605. 612. 62 " Sehuldham." Capture of the, 144. Seaburv, Samuel (Rev.), 301, 302, 313. 315. Sears. Isaac (Captain), Westchestci Raid of. See, Isaac, 470. Segur, < ottnt, 520. Senasqua, 26, 166. Settlements (see also Patents and Pur chases):— of Manha…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Silliman. Gold Selleck (General), 380. Shnooe Lieutenant-Colonel, 37..382. 442, 443. otts periods, 226. 533, 539, 578. various references, 129, 182, Scarsdale Manor. 130, 180, 203. 5: Siwanovs, an Indian tribe, 26. Sin-Sin-(incorporated village), 14, 16. 26, 105, 150. 540. 543. 553. 565. 591. 597, 612. 620, 627. Sing Sing Kill. 10. Sint Sines, an Indian tr…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Steenwyck, Cornelius, 129, 147, 148, 196. Stepkentown, see Somers. Stevens, John. 579. Stirling, General Lord, 380, 382, 399, 401, 474. Stockbridge Indians. 37, 442. Stone Hills. 7. Stony Point, 3, 57. 410, 451. 454, 474. Strang, Daniel. 432. Tallinadge, Benjamin (Major). 423. 457. 479, 482, 480, 497. Tankitekos. an Indian tribe. 20. Tappan (Rockland Count…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Underhill, John (Captain), 90, 100. Underhill, Nathaniel (Mayor). 301. 315, 327 Underhill, Nathaniel, of Yonkers. 459. Unionville, 401, 591. Upper Party, The, 417. Upper Salem, sec North Salem. Valentine's Hill (Kingsbridge), 323. Valentine's Hill (Yonkers), 373, 383, 400, 505. 514, 520. Valhalla Lake. 13. Van Bursum, Cornelius, 106. Van Cortlandt, Frederi…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Verplanck's Point, Sir Henry Clinton's oper-tions of 1777, 435; military operations of 1779, 451, 455; junction of Washington's and Rocham-beau's armies (1782), 519; sale to a New York syndicate, 562; the brickmaking industry, 563, 5S9: various references, 2, 57, 166, 170, 344, 413, 116, 460. ION. 473. 476. 596. 619. Verveelen, Johannes, 142, 140. Vowles, …

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] 426; his reproof of General Putnam. 43V; the operations of 1779 an-und Verplanck's Point, 451: his communications to congress on the capture of Andre, 475. 470: operations of 17X1 in Westchester Comity. 501-516: reeonnots-sauce of New York. 509: his preparations for news from de Grace's fleet. 511. 513; on the action at Tarrytown. 50S; on the physical feat…

[Frederic Shonnard & W.W. Spooner (1900)] Williams, Daniel (Captain), 517. Williams. David. 470. 470. 485, 487. Williams. Roger, 93. 99. Williams's Bridge, 323. 400. 505, 592, 602, 606. Wood. James, 57. Woodworth, Samuel, 572. Wright's Mills. Six. Yelks. J, dm, 470. Yoiikers (township, village, ami city), origin of the nana'. 107: the Philips.-purchase. 150: the arrest of Frederick Philipse. 329; …