[Robert S. Grumet (2014)] BEYOND MANHATTAN: A Gazetteer of Delaware Indian History Reflected In Modern-Day Place Names by Robert S. Grumet Munsee and Northern Unami Interpretations by Ray Whritenour NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM RECORD 5 The New York State Museum is a program of The University of the State of New York The State Education Department l Office of Cultural Education iii BEYOND MANHATTAN: A GAZETTEER OF DELAWARE INDIAN HISTORY REFLECTED IN MODERN-DAY PLACE NAMES by Robert S. Grumet Munsee and Northern Unami Interpretations by Ray Whritenour New York State Museum Record 5 iv Beyond Manhattan, Robert S. Grumet © 2014 The New York State Education Department v Also by Robert S. Grumet Native Americans of the Northwest Coast (1979) Native American Place Names in New York City (1981) The Lenapes (1989) Historic Contact (1995) Northeastern Indian Lives (Editor, 1996) Journey on the Forbidden Path (Editor, 1999) Bay, Plain, and Piedmont (2000) Voices from the Delaware Big House Ceremony (Editor, 2001) Revitalizations and Mazeways (Editor, 2003) Modernity and Mind (Editor, 2004) The Munsee Indians (2009) First Manhattans (2010) From Manhattan to Minisink (2013) vi Beyond Manhattan, Robert S. Grumet completed the project in 1972. Around that time, I also met Frederick J. Dockstader, Director of the Museum of the American Indian, who arranged for a Research Associateship that made museum resources available for studies that ultimately resulted in the publication of Native American Place Names in New York City (Grumet 1981). Although other things claimed much of my time and energy over the next 30 years, I never completely stopped thinking about Delaware Indian names and naming. The free time afforded by retirement that permitted completion of a survey of colonial-era Munsee Indian history (Grumet 2009; 2011) finally provided the opportunity to revisit, revise, and expand upon earlier work. This resulted in the publication of Manhattan to x Minisink: American Indian Place Names in Greater New York and Vicinity (Grumet 2013) by the University of Oklahoma Press. Intrigued by the many Delaware names first mentioned in primary sources dating to colonial times recorded within the ancestral Delaware Indian homeland. These are presented in a directional north-south order beginning in southeastern New York, and followed by Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania. Those in New Jersey have been apportioned among northern, central, and southern sections broadly reflecting Delaware language dialect boundaries. The names in New Jersey North are located in the Hackensack, Passaic, Wallkill, and upper Delaware river valleys where Munsee was primarily spoken. Those presented in New Jersey Central are located in the area where people speaking the Northern Unami dialect lived in the Musconetcong, Raritan, and Assunpink river valleys. The New Jersey South section contains names where the Southern Unami dialect predominated along the Atlantic shore to the east and below Crosswicks Creek in the lower Delaware River valley. Pennsylvania in Part 1 has been divided into northern and southern sections. Pennsylvania South mostly contains Southern Unami dialect names recorded along the lower Delaware River within and below the Schuylkill River valley. Names from the Northern Unami and Munsee dialects predominate in Pennsylvania North in the Lehigh and upper Delaware valleys. Part 2 contains place names marking the presence of Delaware Indian communities and people along their path into exile and others noting Delaware trappers, traders and others who traveled farther west to places like California and Alaska. These are presented by state or province in the chronological order of their appearance in written records. Entries in this section in Pennsylvania are divided into those situated in the Susquehanna River valley in the central part of the state and those within the Ohio Valley watershed in western Pennsylvania. Part 3 presents Delaware Indian transfer names like Manhattan, Lehigh, and Tuxedo transplanted far from their places of origin, frequently to locales where Delawares never lived or worked. Also included in this section are names on present-day maps drawn Like all members of linguistic families, Algonquian languages both share many similar root words and maintain distinct word order rules, vocabulary items, and pronunciation styles. Speakers and philologists trace similarities broadly linking the Central Algonquian Ojibwa term for “stream outlet,” saginaw, for example, with its Eastern Algonquian Delaware cognate, sakona. The sum totals of unique features characterizing each language, however, make it necessary for people to learn to speak it like a foreign language in order to clearly understand one another. Identification of just what linguistically constitutes Delaware as a language depends on one’s point of view. Linguistic “splitters” emphasizing the significance of differences (i.e., Goddard 1978) regard Delaware as it was traditionally spoken in the lower Delaware River valley as separate and distinct from Munsee. Munsee and Wampano are very similar dialects spoken by closely related people living north and east of the Unami-speaking area. Holders of this view identify Delaware whose known dialects include