[Robert S. Grumet (2014)] referred to were forced from their lands. Other spellings of the name include the railroad town of Lenapah founded in Nowata County, Oklahoma, in 1889; Lenni-Lenape Island in Lake George in Warren County, New York; and Lenapeeuw Road in the Moraviantown Reserve Indian community in Ontario. In all, the U.S. Board on Geographic Names’ Geographic Names Information System (the database maintained by the official federal clearing house for place names and place name spellings; hereafter cited as the GNIS) list 39 places named Lenape at various locales in the United States. Inclusion of the many instances of the application of Lenape and other Delaware place names to municipally maintained streets, which do not appear in the GNIS database, would increase numbers significantly. Delawares noted in places like the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes also were often variously identified by such general names as Woapanachke, Loups, Grandfathers, and Mahikanders or Mohicans. Woapanachke is generally translated as “people of the eastern Beyond Manhattan, Robert S. Grumet country” (Goddard 1978:236). Loup is a French word for “wolf,” the totem animal of one of their three main kin groups and a translation of ma’iigan, an Ojibwa word for the animal. The Munsee word for wolf is wiixcheew (O’Meara 1996:654). The term grandfather was an honorific acknowledging their lengthier experience in dealings with Europeans. Mahikander was a general term lumping Delawares and Mahican-speaking Indian people from the Hudson River valley together with other expatriates from the east forced from their lands by Europeans. Mahikander and Mohican look like written representations of the way their word Muhheakunnuck sounded to Europeans. The name is often translated as a word referring to the tidal ebb and flow of the Hudson River that coursed through the heart of the Mahican upper Hudson Valley homeland. Most nineteenth-century writers thought that all Indians living on both banks of the Hudson River above the Catskill Mountains and along the entire east bank of its estuary south to New York Harbor spoke languages they identified as Mahican, Mohican, or Mohegan (the latter name is often confused with the altogether different Southern New England Eastern Algonquian-speaking Mohegan Indian nation in eastern Connecticut). Present-day investigators regard the Mahican or Mohican language spoken in the upper Hudson River valley as closely related to but separate from the Delaware Indian dialects spoken by Munsees and other people living on both sides of the Hudson estuary (Masthay 1991). The name spread even farther after the 1826 publication of James Fenimore Cooper’s hit novel, Last of the Mohicans, propelled it to a level of popularity that endures to this day. This popularity is reflected by the presence of the name in 13 states in the GNIS, whose number not only includes places where Mohicans lived in New York and Ohio, but other spots as far afield as Mohican Mills, North Carolina; Mohican Creek, Montana; and Cape Mohican, Alaska. The Iroquois, whose languages belonged to a different language family that differs from Algonquian perhaps as much as English differs from Japanese, sometimes used words meaning “stutterer” when talking about Algonquian-speakers. They were not the only people who gave less than complementary names to those entered into the GNIS on July 14, 2012, showed that a majority of the 310 places bearing the name Mohawk occur in and around their Mohawk River valley homeland in upstate New York. The query further revealed that this Delaware Indian name of an Iroquois nation also appears, sometimes with considerable frequency, in 35 other states. Ménkwe, another Southern Unami Delaware name, this one a generic term used to identify people speaking Iroquoian languages that Goddard (in Fenton 1978:320) thinks has no traceable etymology, was rendered as Mingo by colonists. Albert Anthony, a fluent speaker of Munsee, wrote that mengwe, the word his people used to identify the Iroquois, meant “glans penis” in Delaware (Brinton and Anthony 1888:81). The name Mingo was used during 3 the eighteenth century to identify mostly Seneca and Cayuga Iroquois expatriates living beyond the borders of the Confederacy’s central New York heartland in the Ohio River valley. Although the name still clusters in the Ohio Valley, it also occurs in one form or another in 24 states from Maine to California, appearing as a name 6 Beyond Manhattan, Robert S. Grumet NEW YORK AMAWALK (Westchester County). Whritenour thinks that Appamankaogh, an early spelling of Amawalk, sounds very much like the Munsee words *apaamaapoxkw, “rock here and there,” and *ahpeemaapoxkw, “upon the overlying rock.” Amawalk is presently the name of a village, a dam, a hill, and a Friends meetinghouse built in 1831 in northern Westchester County. The original community of Amawalk now lies beneath the waters impounded by the Amawalk Dam built across the Muscoot River (see below) in 1897 as part of New York City’s Croton Reservoir system. Amawalk was