[Robert S. Grumet (2014)] Maryland, is probably an English rendering of the Iroquoian term ganawagha (Kenny 1961:5-6). Whatever its etymology, Canarsie has become a byword for Brooklyn. Ask anyone in the borough— most will tell you that the Canarsees were Brooklyn’s original inhabitants. The name more properly refers to a place rather than a polity. Like Minisink far to the west (see below), the Canarsie section in modern-day Brooklyn became the last refuge of the borough’s first people. Dutch purchase of three flats that Indians variously identified as Castuteeuw and Keskateuw on the island they noted as Sewanhacky (present-day Long Island) in 1636 (Gehring 1980:5-6) represents the earliest known record of a transaction involving Indians in the area. The name itself first appeared in something more closely resembling its current form in a January 21, 1647, deed to “a certain tract of land on the south side of Long Island called Canarise” (Gehring 1980:45). English settlers moving to present-day Jamaica in 1656 initially adopted Canarise as the name for their settlement. The Dutch had previously called the place Rustdorp, “restful village”; the English briefly called it Crawford before finally deciding in favor of Jamaica (see in New York in Part 3 below). English settlers in 1666 also creatively mangled Canarsie into Conarie See (Canarsee Sea), their equally short-lived name for Jamaica Bay (Grumet 1981:5-9). Standardized as Canarsie by the time the local post office adopted the name between 1850 and 1855, it of fact behind them, extant records simply state that Canarsie was a place where colonists noted the presence of an Indian settlement between 1647 and 1684. Beyond Manhattan, Robert S. Grumet CANOPUS (Putnam County). Horton’s Pond and Horton Creek were both given the name Canopus when the Clarence Fahnestock Memorial State Park was built in 1929. Although Canopus was not the name of what local name-givers thought was a local sachem, it also does not seem likely that the name celebrated the Canopus Branch of the lower Nile River delta in Egypt. Canopus appears to have originated closer to home, appearing in references documenting Canope, an Indian man who lived on the Delaware River. Killed by a vengeful settler in 1789, he was one of several members of his nation murdered while trying to return to homes in the upper Delaware River valley following the end of the Revolutionary War (Goodrich 1880:158, 221). CANTIAGUE (Nassau County). Whritenour thinks that one of Cantiague’s defunct colonial-era variants, Ciscascata, resembles a Munsee word, *asiiskuwaskat, “it is muddy grass.” Cantiague Rock is a boulder that has marked the border between the towns of North Hempstead and Oyster Bay since 1745. It was moved in 1964 to its current location in Cantiague Park, a 127-acre recreation area opened three years earlier in Hicksville. Although the story of the rock was probably invented sometime during the 1700s, the place was first mentioned a century earlier on May 20, 1648, as “a point of trees called by the Indians Ciscascata or Cantiag” (Cox 19161940 1:625-626). The same place, identified this time as Canteaiug, was reaffirmed as a point of trees in the 1653 Oyster Bay Old Purchase deed (Cox 1916-1940 1:670-671). In 1698, descendants of the original Indian deed signers identified a marked white oak at the place where the old point of trees was thought to stand as “the right or true Cantiague” (Cox 1916-1940 2:244). CANTITOE. See KATONAH they acquired Field’s estate for a state park in 1961. The Caumsett facility was designated a State Historic Park Preserve in 2010. CHAPPAQUA (Westchester County). Whritenour thinks that Chappaqua may be an anglicized equivalent of a Munsee word, *shapakw, “mountain laurel.” Today, Chappaqua is the name of a hamlet, a hill, a stream, and much else in the area. At least one document noted by Robert Bolton (1881 1:361) indicates that the ridgeline today called Chappaqua Hill was known as the Shappequa Hills during colonial times. Other records show that Quakers, who moved to the locale during the 1720s, established a meeting at a place they variously referred to as Shapiqua and Shapequa by 1745. The Chappaqua Friends Meetinghouse was built in 1753. The name was already being used in its present-day form at its current location by the time the Chappequa Mineral Spring resort was noted in Gordon’s (1836:768) gazetteer. Etymologically similar Eastern Algonquian place names include Chappaquiddick and Chappaquoit in Massachusetts. CHEECHUNK (Orange County). Whritenour suggests that Cheechunk may be derived from a Munsee word, *chiichangw, “mirror.” Cheechunk Creek in the Town of Goshen is a tributary of the Wallkill River that was canalized to drain the Drowned Lands, today known as the Black Dirt District, during the early nineteenth century. The name also adorns the two-mile-long Cheechunk Road that crosses the creek on its way from the City of Goshen to the river. John Reading, Jr.