[Robert S. Grumet (2014)] area feared attack when war with France and her Indian allies again broke out in 1744. Local authorities, claiming that Moravians might be French spies, saw to it that the missionaries were deported in 1746. Many POTAKE (Rockland County). Whritenour thinks that Pothat, an of their Indian converts, whose numbers included Schebosch, a de- early orthography of Potake preserved as a street name in the Vilscendant of Mamanuchqua, a Munsee Delaware-speaking Esopus lage of Sloatsburg, sounds somewhat like a Munsee word, pahthaat, Beyond Manhattan, Robert S. Grumet 25 perhaps a personal name meaning “he who hits someone by accident.” The name currently adorns Potake Pond (locally pronounced po-tacky) located astride the New York–New Jersey state line, and Potake Brook, which runs from the pond north to flow into the Ramapo River at Sloatsburg. area granted on May 5, 1683 (O’Callaghan and Fernow 1853-1887 13:57). Although spellings of Poughkeepsie’s name have varied considerably over time, the name in one form or another has remained at its current locale up to the present day. POUGHQUAG (Dutchess County). Trumbull (1881:44) suggested a translation of “a flaggy meadow,” from a similar Massachusetts Nipmuck word, ap’paquaog. Whritenour thinks the earliest known variant of the word recorded in New York, Pahsicogoweenog, sounds like a Munsee word, *pasiikaaxkweenaxk, “fence of boards.” The latter name appeared as a reference to a locale called “Wombeeg [see Wappinger below] at a particular place called Pahsicogoweenog” mentioned in a deed to land in the present-day Poughquag area dated June 11, 1683 (in Wojciechowski 1985:107). The name next appeared a year later on June 16, 1684, as a place near the “Hutson River called Pawchequage” (J. Davis 1885:122137). Neither word closely resembled Poughquag, the name as it was spelled by immigrants coming to New York from New England. Such immigrants were probably more apt to use more familiar Southern New England Algonquian -quag and -ague locative suffixes when recording similar sounds representing Munsee and Mahican words. New Englanders spelling words in this manner began moving into lands within the Beekman Patent awarded on April 22, 1697. Several places in and around the Beekman Patent have been given the name of Poughquag at various times. Sylvan Lake (earlier called Silver Lake), for example, was called Poughquag Pond. Variant spellings of the name appeared in local records in 26 the southeastern corner of Dutchess County. POUND RIDGE (Westchester County). Pound Ridge is the name of a town, a village, a county park, and several nearby roads in a part of the Westchester uplands noted as Nanichiestawak on Jansson-Visscher maps published between 1650 and 1777 (Campbell 1965). Long tradition holds that Nanichiestawak was the town situated a hard day’s march northwest of Greenwich where nearly all of as many as 700 Indian people gathered “to celebrate one of their festivals” were killed by a mixed force of Dutch and English colonists in the winter of 1644 at the height of Kieft’s War (Anonymous in Jameson 1909:282-285). No primary references, however, precisely locate the place or explicitly note the name of the massacre site. Although Indians may have sold land in the modern-day Pound Ridge area as early as 1640, a place name containing the word Pound did not appear until June 11, 1701, when a locale called Pound Swamp was noted in a manuscript copy of an Indian deed to land at the uppermost part of the Town of Rye (Westchester County Archives, Deed Book G:108). Robert Bolton (1881 2:143) later Rippowam Creek across the state line in Connecticut. ROCKAWAY (Kings, Nassau, and Queens counties). Rockaway is one of the most popular and widespread Delaware place names, occurring in no fewer than 16 states documented in the GNIS as far from New York as California, Oregon, and Washington (see in Part 3). The name first appeared on western Long Island as “a place called Reckouw Hacky” in the January 15, 1639, Indian deed (Gehring 1980:9). Whritenour thinks this spelling most closely resembles a Munsee word, leekuwahkuy, “sandy land,” a fair description of the place. Hamill Kenny (1976:96) thought that early spellings of present-day Rockaway farther west across the Hudson River (see in New Jersey North and South in Part 1 below), such as Rachawak documented on November 10, 1701 (New Jersey Archives, Liber H:37-39), and Rechawak, mentioned in a deed to land dated July 29, 1702 (New Jersey Archives, Liber M:555-556), came from a different Munsee word, lechauwaak, “fork, branch.” Observing that the Munsee word for “fork” sounds more like leexaweek, Whritenour thinks that the names in New York and New Jersey both represent the way the Munsee word *leekuwi, “sandy or gravelly,” sounded to Europeans. New York colonists frequently referred to native people at the western end of Jamaica Bay as Rockaway Indians. Today, their name adorns Rockaway Parkway and other places in Canarsie