[Robert S. Grumet (2014)] a deed to land at a place called Neycusick signed on February 13, 1679 (State of New Jersey 1880-1949 21:225) on the north side of the then-contested border with New Jersey. Neycusick may have been the same place identified as Navish, mentioned as the Indian name of Verdrida Hook in the June 23, 1682, deed to a different tract of land located on the opposite bank of the Hudson River (Westchester County Records, Deed Book A:181-184). Verdrida Hook, whose name in Dutch translates as “tedious or troublesome to navigation point or hook” (Gehring, personal communication, 2012), is today called Stony Point. Places identified as Neejak in 1725 (Wardell 2009:71), and Niack in 1764 (Green 1886:335) were located south of Stony Point where a post office named Nyack was opened a couple of years after construction began on the Nyack Turnpike in 1830. Enough of the route was completed to warrant opening of the Nyack Turnpike post Part 2 for further information on places bearing the name. OSCAWANA (Putnam and Westchester counties). Places bearing the name Oscawana currently cluster in two locales in the highlands just to the east of the Hudson River. A lake and several nearby places in the Town of Putnam are adorned with the name. Farther south, a park and a nature preserve in the hamlet of Crugers also are known by the name. Both places preserve the memory of a Kichtawanck sachem (see Kitchawan above) named Askawanos who put his mark on several deeds conveying land in the area to colonists between 1682 and 1690. The name had long lain dormant in papers stored in county archives when a local entrepreneur gave it to his Oscawana Lake House built on what was then called Horton Pond during the mid-1850s. Horton Pond was soon known as Lake Oscawana. At around the same time, the Hudson River Railroad adopted the name to adorn its Oscawana-on-Hudson station several miles to the south. Pegg Island, located just across an inlet from the station, was soon renamed Oscawana Island. Both Oscawanas became popular tourist destinations. Lake Oscawanna’s location in a wet town during the Prohibition Era helped the more northerly resort attract appreciative celebrities such as Babe Ruth, who rented a summer cottage on the lake between 1920 and 1933. Tough times brought on by the Depression put resorts at Lake Oscawana and Oscawana Island out of business by the 1940s. Today, Lake Oscawana is a densely populated year-round residential community. Farther south, Westchester County acquired Oscawana Island and the former resort properties on the adjacent mainland in 1958. The Town of Cortlandt currently operates the 161-acre Oscawana County Park and the nearby Oscawana Island Nature Preserve at the locale. OSSINING (Westchester County). Whritenour thinks that Ossining sounds almost exactly like asunung, a Munsee word meaning “place of stones.” The Delaware Indian place name Ossining and its most widely known variant, Sing Sing (see below), have been fixed to a number of places in and around the lower Hudson Valley in New York since colonial times. Today, Ossining is most notably associated with the incorporated village and town of the same name in Westchester County. Etymologically similar names include the Delaware place name Assunpink (see in New Jersey South in Part 1) and the Central Algonquian Ojibwa names Assiniboin, Assinika, and Assinins in the Great Plains and upper Midwest (in Bright 2004:51). PAKANASINK (Ulster County). Pakanasink Creek is a five-milelong tributary of the Shawangunk Kill (see below) that flows north through the Town of Crawford to its junction with the Shawangunk just south of the hamlet of Pine Bush. The name in the form of Pakanasinck first appeared in records of a Nicolls Treaty renewal meeting with Esopus Indians held at Kingston on September 3, 1683 (Ulster County Records, Kingston Town Records 1:239-240). 23 A stream identified as the Paekaensink River was mentioned in New York governor Thomas Dongan’s massive land purchase made a year later on September 10, 1684 (New York State Library, Ulster County Patents:43-44). Early settlers referred to the Shawangunk Kill as the Big Pakadasink Kill. Present-day Pakanasink Creek was known as the Little Pakadasink Kill. Colonists noted that the sachem Maringomahan, who signed the 1684 deed and several others in the area between the 1680s and the 1720s, resided at Pakanasink as late as 1736 (Goshen Public Library, Minisink Patent Papers). Settlers moving to Maringomahan’s old home along Pakanasink Creek just before the Revolutionary War gave the name Peconasink to the small hamlet they built on its banks just one mile west of today’s Pine Bush (Spafford 1813:297). By 1815, the people of Peconasink adopted New Prospect, the hamlet’s current name, to adorn their church and community. was drawn from a list of Indian signatories to the November 22, 1683, Indian deed to the area published in