[Robert S. Grumet (2014)] an upper branch of the Rondout Creek called Kahakasink, in the minutes of a Nicolls Treaty renewal meeting held on April 27, 1677 (Christoph, Christoph, and Gehring 1989-1991 2:57-59). A 60-acre tract noted as “Kahakasins, being the first land at said Kahankisins,” was subsequently identified in an April 18, 1683, Indian deed to land at present-day Kerhonkson (Ulster County Records, Kingston Town Records I:43-44). Delaware and Hudson Canal workers gave the name Middleport to the village they built at the locale after completing the towpath section run through the area in 1831. Fried (2005:42) shows that residents resurrected the place’s long-forgotten Indian name just a few years before French (1860:668) listed it in his gazetteer. As with other communities along the railroad line that replaced the canal, Kerhonkson transformed itself into a service community for the many resorts that began opening nearby during the late 1800s. Although the local resort business has not entirely disappeared, most modern-day residents of Kerhonkson commute to workplaces farther from their homes. KISCO (Westchester County). Whritenour thinks that early spellings of this place name sound like a Munsee word, asiiskuw, “mud.” Today, the name most prominently graces Mount Kisco, a town in northern Westchester located near the place where the threemile-long Kisco River flows into the Croton Reservoir. The name Kisco first appeared in colonial records as a meadow and stream called Cisqua mentioned in the September 6, 1700, Indian deed to land in the area (Marshall, et al. 1962-1978 2:161). The local postmaster used the spelling Mount Kisko when he opened a post office at the village that had grown up along the rail line that had reached the area in 1850 (Kaiser 1965). The name took on its current spelling around the time that Mount Kisco was formally incorporated as a village in 1875. The village became the freestanding Town of Mount Kisco in 1978. used variants of a name they spelled as Kichtawanck when they began documenting relations with Indians living in and around today’s Croton Valley during the war years of the 1640s. Although many writers, including me, have identified Kichtawanck as an Indian name for the Croton River, specific reference to a stream “called Ketchawan and called by the Indians Sint Sinck” in the August 25, 1685, deed to land in the area (Robert Bolton 1881 2:2-3) suggests that, much as the sizable Wiechquaesgeck nation was named for diminutive Wickers Creek (see below), colonists may have associated the Kichtawanck Indian community with the small stream today known as Sing Sing Creek (see below) located just to the south of the much larger Croton River. Whatever river they were associated with, Kichtawancks, devastated by frontier warfare and epidemic disease, sold their last small tracts of land in Westchester and withdrew farther into the interior sometime during the first French and Indian War between 1689 and 1697. Those trying to return to their homes after the war most closely affiliated themselves with the Wappinger community led by members of the Nimham family (see below). Nearly all of these people ultimately joined Wappingers who moved between the Indian mission at Stockbridge (see in Massachusetts in Part 1 below) and the Indian towns beyond the Catskill Mountains along the upper branches of the Susquehanna River before moving farther west where their descendants live today. LACKAWACK (Ulster County). The place name Lackawack in present-day Ulster County looks like a truncated version of lechauwêksink, a Delaware Indian word that Heckewelder a stockade they christened Fort Lackawack during the Revolutionary War. The fort subsequently became the focal point of a small community of locals called Lackawack. By 1835, the settlement at Lackawack had grown large enough to warrant the opening of a post office bearing its name (Kaiser 1965). Both the community and the post office had to move to their present locations when construction of today’s Rondout Reservoir, planned as early as 1909, finally began during the late 1930s. KITCHAWAN (Westchester County). Whritenour thinks that Kichtawanck, the spelling of Kitchawan thought to most closely approximate the original sound of the name, closely resembles a Munsee word, *kihtaawunge, “big hill.” The present form of the name is currently fixed to two places in Westchester. The best known of these is the 208-acre Kitchawan Preserve on the south shore of the Croton Reservoir. Established as a research station by the Brooklyn Botanical Garden, the facility is now operated as a county forest preserve. Kitchawan Pond, located near the Connecticut state line at the other end of Westchester, was created in the early 1900s as the focal point of a camp and cottage resort. LACKAWAXEN (Sullivan County). The Lackawaxen Aqueduct Spellings of the name in both places indicate that each was is a restored and repurposed bridge originally built to float Delaware directly drawn from Robert Bolton’s (1881 1:35)