[Robert S. Grumet (2014)] notable event. Particularly dense clusters of places named Delaware counties mark locales where Delawares lived with Shawnees, Nanticokes, Mingos, and other Indian expatriates on Miami Indian land along the upper reaches of the Maumee River (Tanner 1978). Many Delaware warriors from these communities followed their war leader Buckongkehelas (see Bokengehalas above), who together with warriors led by Miami leader Little Turtle and Shawnee leader Blue Jacket, defeated the two American armies sent to drive them away in 1789 and 1791. Finally defeated by the third army led by General Anthony Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers (see below) on August 20, 1794, the Delawares and their allies were forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville (see below) that surrendered much of their land in present-day Ohio in 1795 (Oklahoma State University Library 1999-2000). The Sandusky River valley (see below) is the other northwestern Ohio locale where many places presently bear the name 123 Delaware. Delawares from Pennsylvania began moving to Wyandot lands at Sandusky during the final French and Indian War. The area became a major refuge for Delaware people led by Captain Pipe body of the Delaware Indian Nation relocating west of the Mississippi River to new towns along the James River in Missouri and Arkansas during the 1820s. FALLEN TIMBERS (Lucas County). The Fallen Timbers Battlefield Park, jointly managed by Metroparks of the Toledo Area and the National Park Service, encompasses 185 acres of ground where a force of some 1,500 Delaware, Shawnee, Miami, and other Northern Confederacy warriors was defeated on August 20, 1794 by an American army of 4,600 men led by General Anthony Wayne. Wayne subsequently compelled the Indians to sign the August 3, 1795 Treaty of Greenville (see below) giving up most of their lands GREEN (Ashland County). Green Township in Ashland County in Ohio. preserves the memory of the large multi-cultural Greentown Indian community located on the Black Fork of the Mohican River (see GNADENHUTTEN (Tuscarawas County). The present-day Vil- below) several miles south of the modern-day Perrysville commulage of Gnadenhutten (Gnadenhütten is German for “tents of nity. Also called Armstrong Town (Luckenbach in Gipson grace”) on the banks of the Tuscarawas River is located where 1938:632) for the Delaware Indian leader of the community, the Moravians built the second mission of that name (the first, in Weis- place was also referred to as the Lower Delaware Town to distinsport, Pennsylvania, was destroyed by Indian raiders in 1755). The guish it from the more northerly Delaware settlement at Jeromes etymology of Tuscarawas is uncertain. Established in 1772, this sec- Town (see below). ond Gnadenhutten became the center of Moravian mission efforts Greentown was probably named for Thomas Green, a among the Delawares in the Tuscarawas Valley. English traveler Connecticut Tory married to an Indian woman from the area who Nicholas Cresswell briefly described the meetinghouse at the place fought alongside the Indians during the Revolution (Howe whose name he spelled as Kenaughhtonhead, during his visit to the 1888:255-256). Greentown was a large settlement established by community between September 4 and 6, 1775 (in Gill and Curtis Delawares, Mohicans, Mingos, and other expatriates at the end of 2009:77-78). the Revolutionary War. In 1806, Montgomery Montour, a Delaware The Moravian missionaries and their Indian converts were grandson of Madam Montour (see Montour in Pennsylvania Central well-known pacifists who did not openly take sides in the Revolu- above) living on the Walhonding River (see below), traveled to tionary War. British authorities, however, knew that the missionaries Washington, D. C. to help secure his people’s rights to upper Mofavored the rebel cause. Determined to keep closer tabs on the com- hican River valley lands they had not relinquished by treaty agreemunity, the British forced the inhabitants of Gnadenhutten and the ment (Lowrie and Clarke 1832:744). Delawares living at other Tuscarawas Valley mission towns to move closer to their Greentown were subsequently granted nine tracts totaling 26,000 stronghold at Detroit in 1781. Settled at Captives Town on the acres on March 3, 1807 (another 2,500 acres were set aside for InUpper Sandusky River and soon reduced to a starving condition, a dians living at Jeromes Town). large party of Moravian Delawares returned to Gnadenhutten in the Several years later, state authorities suspecting Greentown spring of 1782 to gather what they could from their fields and stor- Indians of pro-British sympathies forcibly removed its population age pits. On March 9, 1782, American militiamen who marched into at the beginning of the War of 1812. Local settlers soon set fire to the town the day before murdered all of the 96 Moravian Indians the empty town. Most of these people subsequently took refuge at they took prisoner there in the single most reprehensible mass Pipestown (see Hopocan and Pipe below) in the upper Sandusky killing of the war. River