Beyond Manhattan: A Gazetteer of Delaware Indian History
[Robert S. Grumet (2014)] a name that means “where the white nit (i.e., chestnut) trees grow” in Northern Unami and Munsee (McCafferty 2008:92-93), on land within the limits of the city that today bears his name. Moravians maintained what they called their Little Indian Congregation on the White River at a small mission settlement located three or four miles from Anderson’s Town between 1801 and 1806 (Gipson 1938:381, 606). Anderson was a traditionalist who, along with the prominent war captain Buckongkehelas (who died in 1805; see Bokengehalas above in Ohio), shared the belief widely held by Indians on the White River that Moravians bore the blame for the slaughter of what they identified as “tamed” Delaware converts killed by American militiamen at Gnadenhutten in 1782 (see in Ohio above). Politely but firmly keeping his distance from his Moravian neighbors, he did not stop their removal from the area after becoming principal William were sons of Richard Conner, an American trader with close ties to Moravians and their Delaware Indian brethren in Ohio who ransomed, married, and raised a family with Margaret Boyer, a frontier woman taken captive by the Shawnees. Richard Conner’s sons moved to Anderson’s Town (see above) on the White River during the winter of 1800-1801, where each married a Delaware woman. Operating as American agents during the War of 1812, they afterwards served as interpreters at several treaty meetings leading up to the final Delaware Indian cessions of their lands in Indiana made at the Treaty of St. Mary’s on October 3, 1818 (Oklahoma State University Library 1999-2000). William Conner married Mekinges, Ma-cun-chis, “the last born,” a woman variously identified as Turkey phratry chief William Anderson’s youngest daughter and as a sister of Turtle phratry leader Captain Ketchum (Weslager 1978:73-75). Mekinges and her six children left Conner and moved west to Missouri with the rest of the Delaware Indian main body a few years after the treaty ratification. Several of these children grew up to become influential figures among Delaware Indian people in Texas and Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). Their father William stayed in Indiana, where he married a non-Indian woman and built an estate he called Conner’s Prairie. He lived there with his second wife from 1823 to 1837. The Conner Prairie historic restoration, started by industrialist and preservationist Eli Lily in 1934 and deeded over to Earlham College in 1964, has been operating as an independent interactive history park since 2003. Conner Avenue in the nearby City of Noblesville is one of several roads bearing the family’s name in Indiana. Beyond Manhattan, Robert S. Grumet 131 Lake and Kekionga Dam in the City of Fort Wayne, and Kekionga Street in nearby Decatur, preserve an English representation of a Delaware word spelled Gigeyunk by Zeisberger. McCafferty (2008:79-81) thinks that Kekionga comes from the Munsee word kihkay, “elder.” He further suggests that the name represents a Miami-Illinois rendering of kihkay that probably sounded much like kiihkayonki, a loan word in Miami that does not otherwise exist in the language. Zeisberger first used the name Gigeyunk on August 26, 1784, to identify the mostly Delaware town recently built where the St. Joseph and St. Mary’s rivers join to form the Maumee River on land granted by the Miami Nation (in Bliss 1885 1:200). Writing in name. MORAVIAN (Madison County). Moravian Street in downtown Anderson (see above) preserves the memory of the small short-lived mission located a few miles east of the city established in the midst of the Delaware Indian towns along the White River in 1801. MUNCIE (Delaware and Noble counties). Places named Muncie cluster along the upper forks of the White River where Munsee and other Delaware people, invited by the Miami Indians in 1791, lived until most left the area after signing the Treaty of St. Mary’s in 1818. The City of Muncie (incorporated in 1865), and the many roads, neighborhoods, parks, bodies of water, and other places in the area that also bear the name, preserve the memory of the closely knit cluster of communities collectively called Wapicomekoke (see Wapihani below) by the Delawares. Also referred to as Wapikamikunk and Woapicamikunk, translations of the name include “at the white place” (Weslager 1978:57), and “place on the White Clay River” or “the white grave” (Luckenbach in Gipson 1938:24, 604). Wapicomekoke and the other towns along the West Fork of the White River were culturally diverse communities where Delawares lived alongside Nanticokes, Cherokees, Shawnees, and a number of French, English, and American traders. Its core constituent communities included Munsee Town, home of the principal Delaware leader Tetepachksit, and nearby Buckongkehelas Town (see Bokengehalas above in West Virginia). Wapicomekoke became the central gathering point and meeting place of the main body of the Delaware Indian nation. Federal authorities ordered the residents of Wapicomekoke and the other White River towns were ordered