[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] IN THE VALLEY OF HUDSON'S RIVER, THE VALLEY OF THE MOHAWK, AND ON THE DELAWARE: THEIR LOCATION AND THE PROBABLE MEANING OF SOME OF THEM. * * * * * BY E. M. RUTTENBER, _Author of "History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River."_ * * * * * "Indian place-names are not proper names, that is unmeaning words, but significant appellatives each conveying a description of…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Probably the reader will find geographical descriptions that do not apply to the places where the name is now met. The early settlers made many transfers as well as extensions of names from a specific place to a large district of country. It must be remembered that original applications were specific to the places which they described even though they were generic…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] There is no poetry in them--no "glittering waterfalls," no "beautiful rivers," no "smile of the Great Spirit," no "Holy place of sacred feasts and dances," but plain terms that have their equivalents in our own language for a small hill, a high hill, a mountain, a brook, a creek, a kill, a river, a pond, a lake, a swamp, a large stone, a place of small stones, a s…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] That spoken around New York on both sides of the river, was classed by the early Dutch writers as Manhattan, as distinguished from dialects in the Highlands and from the Savano or dialects of the East New England coast. North of the Highlands on both sides of the river, they classed the dialect as Wapping, and from the Katskills north as Mahican or Mohegan, preser…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Initials are badly mixed, presumably due in part at least, to the habit of Indian speakers in throwing the sound of the word forward to the penult; in some cases to the lack of an "Indian ear" on the part of the hearer. In structure all Algonquian dialects are Polysynthetic, _i. e.,_ words composed wholly or in part of other words or generic roots. Pronunciations …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Most of these latter, however," he adds, "may be shown by strict analysis to belong to one of the two preceding classes, which comprise at least nine-tenths of all Algonquian local names which have been preserved." For example, in Class I, _Wapan-aki_ is a combination of _Wapan,_ "the Orient," "the East," and _aki,_ "Land, place or country," _unlimited;_ with loca…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] mountain." In some cases the locative takes the verbal form indicating place or country, Williams wrote "_Sachimauónck,_ a Kingdom or Monarchy." Dr. Schoolcraft wrote: "From _Ojibwai_ (Chippeway) is formed _Ojib-wain-ong,_ 'Place of the Chippeways;' _Monominikaun-ing,_ 'In the place of wild rice,'" Dr. Brinton wrote "_Walum-ink,_ 'The place of paint.'" The letter …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] "The adjective," wrote Horatio Hale, "when employed in an isolated form, follows the substantive, as _Kanonsa,_ 'house;' _Kanonsa-kowa,_ 'large house;' but in general the substantive and adjective coalesce." In some cases the adjective is split in two, and the substantive inserted, as in _Tiogen,_ a composition of _Te,_ "two," and _ogen,_ "to separate," which is s…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] The diacritical marks employed by Williams and Eliot in the English alphabet, and by Zeisberger and Heckewelder in the German alphabet, are helpful in pronunciations, but as a rule the corrupt local record orthographies are a law unto themselves. In quoting diacritical marks the forms of the learned linguists who gave their idea of how the word was pronounced, hav…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] A few Dutch names that are regarded by some as Indian, have been noticed, and also some Indian names on the Delaware River which, from the associations of that river with the history of the State, as in part one of its boundary streams, as well as the intimate associations of the names with the history of the valley of Hudson's River, become of especial interest. …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Albert S. Gatschet and J. B. N. Hewitt, and to Mr. William R. Gerard, of New York. The compilation of names and the ascertaining of their locatives and probable meanings has interested me. Where those names have been preserved in place they are certain descriptive landmarks above all others. The results of my amateur labors may be useful to others in the same fiel…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Hudson's River and Its Islands. Muhheakun'nuk, "The great waters or sea, which are constantly in motion, either ebbing or flowing," was written by Chief Hendrick Aupaumut, in his history of the Muhheakun'nuk nation, as the name of Hudson's River, in the Stockbridge dialect, and its meaning. The first word, _Muhheakun,_ was the national name of the people occupying…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] record on the river which now bears his name. Five years after Hudson's advent Adriaen Block wrote _Manhates_ as the name of what is now New York Island, and later, De Vries wrote _Manates_ as the name of Staten Island, both forms having the same meaning, _i. e.,_ "Small island." There have been several interpretations of Mannahatin, the most analytical and most g…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Powell, Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me: "In the alphabet of this office the name may be transliterated _Kanoñnò'ge._ It signifies 'Place of Reeds.'" Perhaps what was known as the "Reed Valley" was referred to, near which Van Twiller had a tobacco plantation where the Indians of all nations came to trade. (See Saponickan.) The lower part of the islan…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Hackinsacks. Minnisais is not a record name. It was conferred on Bedloe's Island by Dr. Schoolcraft from the Ojibwe or Chippeway dialect, [FN] in which it means "Small island." * * * * * [FN] The Objibwe (Objibwai) were a nation of three tribes living northwest of the great lakes, of which the Ojibwai or Chippeway represented the Eagle totem. It is claimed by some…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] of Helle"--now known as the Dardanelles--which received its Greek name from _Helle,_ daughter of Athamas, King of Thebes, who, the fable tells us, was drowned in passing over it. Probably the Dutch sailors regarded the strait as the "Gate of Hell," but that is not the meaning of the name--"a dangerous strait or passage." In some records the strait is called _Hurlg…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] (Nelson's "Indians of New Jersey," 122.) In other words, the Indians conveyed places on the island, including specifically their "bushnet fishing-place," and by the later deed to Lovelace, conveyed all unsold places. The island was owned by the Raritans who resided "behind the Kol," and the adjoining Hackensacks. (Deed of 1655.) Its last Indian

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Minnahanock, given as the name of Blackwell's Island, was interpreted by Dr. Trumbull from _Munnŏhan,_ Mass., the indefinite form of _Munnŏh,_ "Island," and _auke,_ Mass., "Land" or place. Dr. O'Callaghan's "Island home," is not in the composition. (See Mannhonake.) * * * * * On Manhattan Island. Kapsee, Kapsick, etc., the name of what was the extreme point of lan…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] on their way north and east." (Van Tienhoven, 1650.) "Where the Indians cross to bring their pelteries." (De Laet, 1635.) The crossing-place is now known as Pavonia. The path crossed the Spuyten Duyvil at Harlem and extended along the coast east. To and from it ran many "paths and roads" on Manhattan, which, under the grant to Van Twiller, were to "forever remain …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] which it describes.

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] "_Moskehtu,_ a meadow." (Eliot.) Papinemen (1646), Pahparinnamen (1693), Papirinimen (modern), are forms of the Indian name used interchangeably by the Dutch with Spuyten Duivel to designate a place where the tide-overflow of the Harlem River is turned aside by a ridge and unites with Tibbet's Brook, constituting what is known as the Spuyten Duivel Kill, correctly…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Mr. Riker's assignment of the name to the Spuyten Duivel passage is probably correct. The "neck, island or hummock" was a low elevation in a salt marsh or meadow. It was utilized as a landing place by the Indians whose path ran from thence across the marsh "to the main." Later, the path was converted to a causeway or road-approach to what is still known as King's …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] better discharge of his duty, built fires at night, armed himself with sword and firebrands, vociferated loudly, and acted the character of a devil very well. At all events the African is the only historical devil that had an existence at the ford, and he finally ran away and became merged with the Indians. _Spiting Devil,_ an English corruption, ran naturally int…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Gerard suggests "_P'skurikûppog_ (Lenape), 'forked, fine harbor,' so called because it was safely shut in by Tubby Hook, [FN-1] and another Hook at the north, the current taking a bend around the curved point of rock (covered at high tide) that forked or divided the harbor at the back." Dr. Brinton wrote: "_W'shakuppek,_ 'Smooth still water;' _pek,_ a lake, cove o…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Wickquaskeck is entered on Van der Donck's map as the name of an Indian village or castle the location of which is claimed by Bolton to have been at Dobb's Ferry, where the name is of record. It was, however, the name of a place from which it was extended by the early Dutch to a very considerable representative clan or family of Indians whose jurisdiction extended…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] A part of the territory of this tribe is loosely described in a deed of 1682, as extending--"from the rock Sighes, on Hudson's River, to the Neperah, and thence north until you come to the eastward of the head of the creek, called by the Indians Wiequaskeck, [FN] stretching through the woods to a kill called Seweruc," including "a piece of land about Wighqueskeck,…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Wetquescheck." He did so, but the castles, three in number, strongly palisaded, were found empty. Two of them were burned. The inmates, it was learned, had gathered at a large castle or village on Patucquapaug, now known as Dumpling Pond, in Greenwich, Ct., to celebrate a festival. They were attacked there and slaughtered in great numbers. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv, 2…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] [FN-1] December 1st, 1680, Frederick Phillips petitioned for liberty to purchase "a parcel of land on each side of the creek called by the Indians Pocanteco,... adjoining the land he hath already purchased; there to build and erect a saw-mill." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 546.) [FN-2] "Far in the foldings of the hills winds this wizard stream--sometimes silently and …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Y., ii, 237.) It seems to have been from the name of a sachem, otherwise known as Weskora, Weskheun, Weskomen, in 1685. _Wuski,_ Len., "New, young;" _Wuske'éne_ Williams, "A youth." [Illustration: SOUTHERN GATEWAY OF THE HIGHLANDS] Shildrake, or Sheldrake, given as the name of Furnace Brook, takes that name from an extended forest known in local records as "The Fu…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] and for making bread, or round loaves. (See Tuckahoe, L. I.) Kitchiwan, modern form; _Kitchawanc,_ treaty of 1643; _Kichtawanghs,_ treaty of 1645; _Kitchiwan,_ deed of 1645; _Kitchawan,_ treaty of 1664; the name of a stream in Westchester County from which extended to an Indian clan, "Is," writes Dr. Albert S. Gatschet of the Bureau of Ethnology, "an equivalent of…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Schoolcraft of _Noten,_ Chip., "The wind." "Bounded on the south by Scroton's River" (deed of 1703); "Called by the Indians Kightawank, and by the English Knotrus River." (Col. N. Y, Land Papers, 79.) * * * * * [FN] Dr. Trumbull wrote in the Natick (Mass.) dialect, "_Kussitchuan, -uwan,_ impersonal verb, 'It flows in a rapid stream,' a current; it continues flowin…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] It is an equivalent of _Newás_ (Len.), "promontory." (See Nyack-on-the-Hudson.) Nannakans, given as the name of a clan residing on Croton River, is an equivalent of _Narragans_ (_s_ foreign plural), meaning "People of the point," the locative being Croton Point. (See Nyack.) This clan, crushed by the war of 1643-5, removed to the Raritan country, where, by dialect…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Peppeneghek is a record form of the name quoted as that of what is now known as Cross-river. Kewighecack, the name of a boundmark of Van Cortlandt's Manor, is written on the map of the Manor _Keweghteuack_ as the name of a bend in the Croton west of Pine Bridge. It is from _Koua, Kowa, Cuwé,_ "Pine"--_Cuwé-uchac,_ "Pine wood, pine logs." (Zeisb.) Kestaubniuk is en…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Appamaghpogh, now _Amawalk,_ seems to have been extended to a tract of land without specific location. It is presumed to have been the name of a fishing place on what is now known as Mohegan Lake _Appéh-ama-paug,_ "Trap fishing place," or pond. _Amawalk,_ is from _Nam'e-auke,_ "Fishing-place," (Trumbull.) In the Massachusetts dialect _-pogh_ stands for "pond," or …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] _Sachus_ and _Sachoes_ are equivalents, and probably refer to the mouth or outlet of the small or MacGregorie's Creek--_Sakoes_ or _Saukoes._ _Sackonck_ has substantially the same meaning--_Sakunk,_ "At the mouth or outlet of a creek or river." There was, however, a resident sachem who was called _Sachoes,_ probably from his place of residence, but which can be re…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] [FN-2] Peake, an orthography of _Peak,_ English; Dutch, _Piek_; pronounced _Pek_ (_e_ as _e_ in wet); English, _Pek_ or _Peck._ Kittatinny, erroneously claimed to mean "Endless hills," and to describe the Highlands as a continuation of the Allegheny range, belongs to Anthony's Nose [FN-1] to which, however, it has no very early record application. It is from _Kits…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] designated certain peaks by specific names. "Among these aboriginal people," wrote Heckewelder, "every tree was not the tree, and every mountain the mountain; but, on the contrary, everything is distinguished by its specific name." Kittatinny was and is the most conspicuous or greatest hill of the particular group of hills in its proximity and was spoken of as suc…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] (See Titicus.) Aquehung, Acqueahounck, etc., was translated by Dr. O'Callaghan, "The place of peace." from _Aquene,_ Nar., "peace," and _unk,_ locative. Dr. Trumbull wrote, "A place _on this side_ of some other place," from the generic _Acq._ The description in N. Y. Land Papers reads, "Bounded on the east by the river called by the Indians Aquehung," the river ta…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Mass., "A high place," "A height." (Trumbull.) See Ishpatinau. Quarepos, of record as the name of the district of country called by the English "White Plains," from the primary prevalence there of white balsam (Dr. O'Callaghan), seems to have been the name of the lake now known as St. Mary's. _Quar_ is a form of _Quin, Quan,_ etc., meaning "Long," and _pos_ stands…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Armonck, claimed as the name of Byram's River, was probably that of a fishing place. In 1649 the name of the stream is of record, "Called by the Indians _Seweyruck._" In the same record the land is called _Haseco_ and a meadow _Misosehasakey,_ interpreted by Dr. Trumbull, "Great fresh meadow," or low wet lands. _Haseco_ has no meaning; it is now assigned to Port C…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Gerard explains: "The dissyllabic root, _mamal,_ or _mamar,_ means 'To stripe;' _Mamar-a-nak,_ 'striped arms,' or eyebrows, as the name of an Indian chief who painted his arms in stripes or radiated his eyebrows," a custom noted by several early writers. There is no evidence that the Kitchtawanuck sachem had either residence or jurisdiction here, nor is his name s…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] 'Menhaden country,' from _Munongutteau,_ 'that which fertalizes or manures land,' the Indian name for white fish or bony fish, which were taken in great numbers by the Indians, on the shores of the Sound, for manuring their corn lands." Moharsic is said to have been the name of what is now known as Crom-pond, in the town of Yorktown. The pond is in two parts, and …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] (See Tappan.) Katonah, the name of a sachem, is preserved in that of a village in the town of Bedford. The district was known as "Katonah's land." In deed of 1680, the orthography is Katōōnah--oo as in food. Succabonk, a place-name in the town of Bedford, stands for Sagabonak-ong, "Place of ground nuts," or wild potatoes. (See Sagabonock.) Wequehackhe is written b…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] not scarce in present times. [FN] The lake is ten miles in circumference and lies sixteen hundred feet above the level of Hudson's River. It contains two or three small islands, on the largest of which is the traditionally famous "Chieftain's Rock." * * * * * [FN] A wild, wet region among the hills, where the rattlesnake abounded. They were formerly found in all p…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] The name, however, has no reference to a pass, path, village or chief; it is a pronunciation of _Wecuppe,_ "The place of basswoods or linden trees," from the inner bark of which (_wikopi_) "the Indians made ropes and mats--their tying bark par excellence." (Trumbull.) "_Wikbi_, bast, the inner bark of trees." (Zeisberger.) In Webster and The Century the name is ap…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Gerard is certainly right when he explains the radix _mat--mata_--by confluence, junction, debouching, and forming verbs as well as roots and nouns." _-A'wan, -wan -uan,_ etc., is an impersonal verb termination; it appears only in connection with impersonal verbs. (See Waronawanka.) Matteawan is met in several forms--Matawa and Mattawan, Ontario, Canada; Mattawan,…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] [FN] Rack is obsolete; the present word is _Recht._ It describes an almost straight part of the river. Woranecks, Carte Figurative 1614-16; _Waoranecks,_ 1621-25; _Warenecker,_ Wassenaer; _Waoranekye,_ De Laet, 1633-40; _Waoranecks,_ Van der Donck's map, 1656--is located on the Carte Figurative north of latitude 42-15, on the east side of the river. De Laet and Va…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] The same adjectival appears in _Waronawanka_ at Kingston, and the same word in _Woronake_ on the Sound

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] creek, indicating the inclusion in the tribal jurisdiction of the lands as far south as the Highlands. From Kregier's Journal of the "Second Esopus War" (1663), it is learned that they had a principal castle in the vicinity of Low Point and that they maintained a crossing-place to Dans Kamer Point. Their name is presumed to have been derived from generic _Wapan,_ …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] At their northern bound they met the tribe known to the Dutch as the Mahicans, a people of eastern origin and dialect, whose eastern limit included the valley of the Housatonic at least, and with them in alliance formed the "Mahican nation" of Dutch history, as stated by King Ninham of the Wappingers, in an affidavit in 1757, and who also stated that the language …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Trumbull ("Indian Names in Connecticut") wrote: "_Wassiog,_ (Moh.), alternate _Washiack,_ a west bound of the Mohegan country claimed by Uncas; 'the south end of a very high hill' very near the line between Glastonbury and Hebron," a place near Hartford, Conn., but failed to give explanation of the name. * * * * * [FN] _Wallam_--the initial _W_ dropped--literally,…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] of the village were "Mahicander Indians." * * * * * [FN-1] The field of the labors of the Moravian missionaries extended to Wechquadnach, Pachquadnach, Potatik, Westenhoek and Wehtak, on the Housatenuc. _Wechquadnach_ (Wechquetank, Loskiel) was at the end of what is now known as Indian Pond, lying partly in the town of North East, Duchess County, and partly in Sha…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] xiii, 545, 572), does not mean that the kill was called Wynachkee, but the flat of land, to which the name itself shows that it belonged. The derivatives are _Winne,_ "good, fine, pleasant," and _-aki_ (auke, ohke), "land" or place; literally, "land." [FN] * * * * * [FN] From the root _Wulit,_ Del. From the same root _Winne, Willi, Wirri, Waure, Wule,_ etc. The na…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] (Trumbull.) In Lenape _Aan_ is a radical meaning, "To move; to go." _Paan,_ "To come; to get to"; _Wiket-pann,_ "To get home"; _Paancep,_ "Arrived"; _Mattalan,_ "To come upto some body"; logically, _Mattappan,_ "To stop," to sit down, to land, a landing place. Minnissingh is written as the name of a tract conveyed to Peter Lansing and Jan Smedes by gift deed in 16…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] "eddying," as a current in a bend of a river. The second, _-tan, -ten, -ton_ means "current," by metonymie, "river," and _ock,_ means "land" or place--"A bend-of-the-river place." The same name is met in Wawiachtanos, in the Ohio country, [FN-2] and the prefix in many places. (See Wawayanda.) * * * * * [FN-1] Westenhoek is Dutch. It means "West corner." It was giv…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] In Shawano, _Wawia'tan_ describes bending or eddying water--with locative, "Where the current winds about." The name is applicable at any place where the features exist. Metambeson, a creek so called in Duchess County, is now known as Sawkill. It is the outlet of a lake called Long Pond. The Indian name is from _Matt,_ negative and depreciatory, "Small, unfavorabl…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] New York and Massachusetts and seems to have been one of the several small streams that flow down the bluff from the surface, apparently about two miles and a half north of Roelof Jansen's Kill, in the vicinity of the old Oak Hill station [FN-2] on the H. R. R., later known as Catskill station. While referred to in connection with the boundmark to identify its loc…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Surveyor Beatty's description, "Beginning at a place where," and the omission of the stream on his map, and its omission on subsequent maps of the manor, and the specific entry in the amended patent of 1715, "Beginning at a certain place called by the Indians Wahankassek," admit of no other conclusion, and the conclusion is, apparently, sustained by the name itsel…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Hawley, in 1758, was not attended by a better result. [FN-3] The heaps were usually met at resting places on the path and the custom of throwing the stone a sign-language indicating that one of the tribe had passed and which way he was going, but further than the explanation that the casting of the stone was "an ancient custom," nothing may be claimed with any aut…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Mahaskakook, a boundmark in the Livingston Patent, is described, in one entry, as "A copse," _i. e._ "A thicket of underbrush," and in another entry, "A cripple bush," _i. e._ "A patch of low timber growth"--Dutch, _Kreupelbosch,_ "Underwood." Probably the Indian name has, substantially, the same moaning. _Manask_ (Del.), "Second crop"; _-ask,_ "Green, raw, immatu…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Twastawekah and Tawastawekah, given, in the Livingston Patent, as the name of Claverack Creek, is described as a place that was below Shaukook, The root is _Tawa,_ an "open space," and the name apparently an equivalent of Lenape _Tawatawikunk,_ "At an open place," or an uninhabited place, a wilderness. _Tauwata-wique-ak,_ "A place in the wilderness." (Gerard.) Sah…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Kesieway's Kil, described in an Indian deed to Garritt van Suchtenhorst, 1667-8. "A certain piece of land at Claverack between the bouwery of Jan Roother and Major Abraham Staats, beginning at a fall at the kil called Kesieway's Kil." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 51, 57.) The tract seems to have been on Claverack Creek south of Stockport "Jan Roothers" is otherwise wr…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Machachoesk, a place so called in Columbia County, has not been located. It is described of record as a place "lying on both sides of Kinderhook Creek," and may have taken its name from an adjacent feature. Wapemwatsjo, the name of a hill in Columbia County, is a Dutch orthography of _Wapim-wadchu,_ "Chestnut Hill." The interpretation is correctly given in the acc…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Kaphack, on Westenhook River, a place described as "Beginning at an Indian burying-place hard by Kaphack," probably means "A separate place"--"land not occupied." The tract began at "an Indian burying-place," and presumably took its name therefrom. _Chépeck,_ "The dead;" _Chépeack,_ "Place of the dead." (See Shapequa.) Valatie, the name of a village in Columbia Co…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] _Esquatak_ is pretty certainly an equivalent of _Ashpohtag_ (Mass.), meaning "A high place." Dropping the initial _A,_ and also the letter _p_ and the second _h,_ leaves Schotack or Shotag; by pronunciation Schodac. Eshodac, of which Meshodack [FN-2] is another form, the name of a high peak in the town of Nassau, Rensselaer County, has become Schodac by pronunciat…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] In the same capacity he was at Esopus in 1660. He could hardly have been the "old man" whom Hudson met in 1609. In one entry his name is written "Eskuvius, alias Aepjin (Little Ape)," and in another "Called by the Dutch Apeje's (Little Ape's) Island." He may have been given that name from his personal appearance, or it may have been a substitute for a name which t…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] forms of the name illustrate the effort on the part of the early Dutch, who were then limitedly acquainted with the Indian tongue, to give orthographies to the names which they heard spoken. Passapenoc, Pahpapaenpenock and Sapanakock, forms of the name of Beeren Island, lying opposite Coeymans, is from an edible tuber which was indigenous on it. [FN] The Dutch nam…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] The original was, no doubt, _Patuckquapaug,_ as in Greenwich, Ct., meaning "Round pond." The Dutch changed _paug_ to _paen_ descriptive of the land--low land--so we have, as it stands, "Round land," "elevated hassocks of earth, roots," etc. (See Patuckquapaug.) The second name is written in several forms--Taescameatuck, Taescameesick, and Gessmesseecks. _Greenbush…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] "fine, handsome rocks." [FN-2] An interpretation of the name from the form Wallumscnaik, in Thompson's Hist. Vermont, states that "The termination _'chaik'_ signifies in the Dutch language, 'scrip.' or 'patent.'" This is erroneous. There is no such word as _chaik_ in the Dutch language. The _ch_ in the name here stands for _k_ and belongs to _'ompsk._ Tomhenack, T…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] of record in 1685, its application was probably as early as 1675, when the Pennacooks of Connecticut, fleeing from the disastrous results of King Phillip's War in which they were allies, found refuge among their kindred Mahicans, and later were assigned lands at Schaghticoke by Governor Andros, where they were to serve as allies of the Mohawks. They seem to have s…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] (See Shekomeko.) * * * * * [FN] The root of the name is _Peske_ or _Piske_ (_Paske,_ Zeisb.), meaning, primarily, "To split," "To divide forcibly or abruptly." (Trumbull.) In Abnaki, _Peskétekwa,_ a "divided tidal or broad river or estuary"--_Peskahakan_ (Rale), "branche." In the Delaware, Zeisberger wrote _Pasketiwi,_ "The division or branch of a stream." _Pascat…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] 1688, known by the Indian name of Hoosack." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 27, 74.) The head of the stream appears to have been the outlet of a lake now called _Pontoosuc_ from the name of a certain fall on its outlet called _Pontoosuck,_ "A corruption," wrote Dr. Trumbull, "of _Powntucksuck,_ 'falls of a brook,' or outlet." "_Powntuck,_ a general name for all falls," a…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Still, it cannot be said that the tradition was not familiar to all Algonquians in their mythical lore. Heckewelder's tradition, "The Naked or Hairless Bear," has its culmination at a place "lying east of the Hudson," where the last one of those fabulous animals was killed. "The story," writes Dr. Brinton, "was that the bear was immense in size and the most viciou…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Fort Massachusetts, in the present town of Adams, Mass., was on its borders and in some records was called Fort Hoosick. It was captured by the French and their Indians in 1746. The general course of the stream is north, west, and south to the Hudson in the northwest corner of Rensselaer County, directly opposite the village of Stillwater, Saratoga County. There a…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] its conical hills (_ononda_). The late Horatio Hale wrote me: "_Ti-ononda-howe_ is evidently a compound term involving the word _ononda_ (or _ononta_), 'hill or mountain.' _Ti-oneenda-howe,_ in like manner, includes the word _onenda_ (or _onenta_), 'hemlock.' There may have been certain notable hills or hemlocks which as landmarks gave names to the streams or loca…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] from a correct reading of the suffix _octe_ (_okte,_ Bruyas), meaning "end," or, in this connection, "Where the lake ends." _Caniade,_ a form of _Kaniatare,_ is an Iroquoian generic, meaning "lake." The lake never had a specific name. _Horicon,_ which some writers have endeavored to attach to it, does not belong to it. It is not Iroquoian, does not mean "north," n…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] The novelist, Cooper, gave life to De Laet's orthography in his "Last of the Mohegans." Ticonderoga, familiar as the name of the historic fortress at Lake George, was written by Sir William Johnson, in 1756, _Tionderogue_ and _Ticonderoro,_ and in grant of lands in 1760, "near the fort at _Ticonderoga._" Gov. Golden wrote _Ticontarogen,_ and an Iroquoian sachem is…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] castles--sometimes written Theonondiogo. In like manner, _Kaniatare,_ 'lake,' thus compounded, yields _Te-kaniatare-oken,_ 'Between two lakes.' In the Huron dialect _Kaniatare_ is contracted to _Yontare_ or _Ontare,_ from which, with _io_ or _iyo,_ 'great,' we get _Ontario_ (pronounced Ontareeyo), 'Great lake' which, combined with _Tioken,_ becomes _Ti-onteroken,_…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Later, it became a link in the great highway of travel and commerce between

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] islands, or broken land, on which a nation of savages have their abode, who are called Matouwacks; they obtain a livelihood by fishing within the bay, whence the most easterly point of the land received the name of Fisher's Hook and also Cape de Bay." Van der Donck entered on his map, "t' Lange Eyland, alias, Matouwacks." "Situate on the island called by the India…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] They were almost constantly at war with the Pequods and Narragansetts, but there is no evidence that they were ever conquered, and much less that they were conquered by the Iroquois, to whom they paid tribute for protection in later years, as they had to the Pequods and to the English; nor is there evidence that their intercourse with the river tribes immediately …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] That several of the sachems did sign their names, or that their names were signed by some one for them, "Sachem of Pammananuck," proves nothing in regard to the application of that name to the island. Wompenanit is of record as the name of "the utmost end eastward" of the Montauk Peninsula. The description reads: "From the utmost end of the neck eastward, called W…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] but those features are not referred to in _Wompenanit,_ except, perhaps, as represented by the glittering sun-light, the material emblem of the mystery of light--"where day-light appears." Montauk, now so written--in early orthographies _Meantacut,_ _Meantacquit,_ etc.--was not the name of the peninsula to which it is now applied, but was extended to it by modern …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Unto the east side of Napeak, next unto Meantacut high lands." In other words the high lands bounded the place called Meantacqu, the suffix _-it_ or _-ut_ meaning "at" that place. The precise place referred to was then and is now a marsh on which is a growth of shrub pines, and cedars. Obviously, therefore, _Meantac_ or _Meantacqu,_ is an equivalent of Mass. _Mana…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] northward side of a cove of meadow"--means "A cove." It is an equivalent of _Aucûp_ (Williams), "A little cove or creek." "_Aspatuck_ river" is also of record here, and probably takes that name from a hill or height in proximity. "Aspatuck hill," New Millford, Conn. Shinnecock, now preserved as the name of an Indian village in the town of Southampton, on the east …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] The record reads: "Whiteneymen, sachem of Mochgonnekonck, situate on Long Island." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 60.) Whiteneymen, whose name is written Mayawetinnemin in treaty of 1645, and "Meantinnemen, alias Tapousagh, chief of Marsepinck and Rechawyck," in 1660 (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 58), was son of Mechowodt, sachem of Marsepingh, and probably succeeded his fath…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] He was elected "sachem of sachems" by the sachems of the western clans on the island, about the time the jurisdiction of the island was divided between the English at New Haven and the Dutch at Manhattan, the former taking the eastern clans under Wyandanch, and as such appears in the treaties with the Dutch in 1645, '56--His record name is variously written--Tapou…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Tooker translated the former from _Quaneuntéow-unk,_ (Eliot), "Where the fence is," the reference being to a certain fence of lopped trees which existed on the north end of the pond, [FN-1] and the latter from _Kuhkunhunganash_ (Eliot), "bounds," "At the boundary place." The present name of the pond is from two Indian forts, one known as the Old Fort, on the west,…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] _Wompaskit,_ "At or in the swamp, or marsh." Poosepatuck, a place so called and now known as the Indian Reservation, back of Forge River at Mastick, probably means "On the other side," or

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] a village, peninsula or neck of land and harbor on the east side of the pond. Probably from _Pohqu'unantak,_ "Cleared of trees," a marshy neck which had been cleared or was naturally open. The same name is met in Brookhaven. Cataconoche, given as the name of the Great Neck bounding Smithtown on the east, has been translated by Dr. Tooker from _Kehte-komuk,_ "Great…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] _Aumsûog,_ Mass., "small fishes." As a generic suffix, _-ama'ug,_ Mass., _-ama'uk,_ Del., "fishing-place." "_Ama'ug_ is only used at the end of a compound name, where it is equivalent to _Nameaug,_ at the beginning." (Trumbull.) The final syllable, _-ug, -uk,_ etc., is an animate plural. On Long Island, _-Ama'ug_ is frequently met in _-amuck;_ in other places, _-a…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] The tradition has no other merit than the fact that Niamug was a place at which canoes were hauled across the island. Sicktew-hacky (deed of 1638); _Sicketewackey_ (Van der Donck, 1656): "All the lands from Rockaway eastward to Sicktew-hackey, or Fire Island Bay"; "On the south coast of Long Island, at a place called Sicktewacky, or Secontague, near Fire Island In…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Mattatuck, Ct., written Matetacoke, 1637, Matitacoocke, 1673, which was translated by Dr. Trumbull from Eliot's _Mat-uh'tugh-auke,_ "A place without wood," or badly wooded. (See Titicus.) Cutchogue, Plymouth Records, 1637; "_Curchaug,_ or Fort Neck;" _Corch'aki,_ deed of 1648; now Cutchogue, a village in Southold, in the vicinity of which was an Indian fort, the r…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Its native name was _taw-kee._" ("The Lenape and their Legends.") The name of another place on Long Island, written _Hogonock,_ is probably an equivalent of Delaware _Hóbbenac_ (Zeisb.), "Potatoes," or "Ground-nuts"; _Hóbbenis,_ "Turnips." (See Passapenoc.) Sagabonock has left only the remnant of its name to Sag-pond and Sag-harbor. It is from _Sagabonak,_ "Ground…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] equivalent of _Mas._ Massepe, quoted in Dutch records as the name of the Indian fort on Fort Neck, where it seems to have been the name of Stony Brook, is also met in Jamaica Records (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 505) as the name of a creek forming a mowing boundary or division line extending from a certain place "Eastward to ye great creek called Massepe." The name is …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] O'Callaghan in his translation of the treaty between the Western Long Island clans, in 1656, is noted in "North and South Hempstead Records," p. 60, "A neck of land called

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] "Flats" is inferred. A considerable division of the Long Island Indians was located in the vicinity, or, as described by De Vries, who visited them in 1643, "near the sea-shore." He found thirty wigwams and three hundred Indians, who were known in the treaty of 1645, as Marechkawicks, and in the treaty of 1656 as Rockaways. [FN] * * * * * [FN] The names in the tre…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] settlers." On Delaware Bay it is written _Canaresse_ (1651, not 1656 as stated by Dr. Tooker), and applied to a specific place, described in exact terms: "To the mouth of the bay or river called Bomptjes Hoeck, in the Indian language _Canaresse._" (Col. Hist. N. Y. xii, 166.) "Bomptjes Hoeck" is Dutch and in that language describes a low island, neck or point of l…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] i.), the locative on the Delaware is described: "From Christina Creek to _Canarose_ or _Bambo_ Hook." In "Century Dictionary" _Bambo_ is explained: "From the native East Indian name, Malay and Java _bambu_, Canarese _banbu_ or _bonwu._" Dr. Brinton translated _Ganawese_ from _Guneu_ (Del.), "Long," but did not add that the suffix--_wese,_ or as Roger Williams wrot…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] the name was that of an Indian owner is not well sustained. The evidence of the Dutch description of the bay as Boompje Hoek, meaning, literally, "Small tree cape, corner or angle," and the fact that small pines did abound there, seems to establish _Koua_ as the derivative of the name. Marechkawick, treaty of 1645--_Mereckawack,_ Breeden Raddt, 1649; _Mareckawick_…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] The early Dutch navigators were no doubt familiar with it in application to the Widgeon, a species of wild duck, and employed it in connection with the word _-wijk._ Until between 1645 and 1656, the Indians residing on the west end of Long Island were known as Marechkawicks; after 1656 they were called Canorise. (See Canar'sie.) Brooklyn is from Dutch _Breukelen,_…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] In this instance it seems to have been applied to the water of a spring or well on the rising ground which they regarded as of surpassing excellence; from the spring transferred to the hill.

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] island called Najack.... Continuing onward from there, we came to the plantation of the Najack Indians, which was planted with maize, or Turkish Wheat." The Nayacks removed to Staten Island after the sale of their lands at New Utrecht. (See Narrioch.) Nissequague, now so written, the name of a hamlet in Smithtown, and of record as the name of a river and of a neck…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] The suffix _-set,_ cannot be applied to an animate object; it is a locative meaning "Less than at." In addition to this objection, Nassaconset is otherwise written Nessaquauke-ecoompt-set, showing that the name belonged to a place that was "On the other side" of Nessaquauke. Neesaquauke stands for _Neese-saqû-auke,_ from _Nisse,_ "two," _Sauk,_ "Outlet," and _-auk…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] (See Massepe.) Unsheamuck, otherwise written Unthemamuk, given as the name of Fresh Pond, on the boundary line between Huntington and Smithtown, means "Eel-fishing place." (Tooker.) Suggamuck, the name of what is now known as Birch Creek, in Southampton,

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] land lying upon the north side of Long Island, within the township of Oyster Bay, in Queens County, and known by the name of Matinicock," and in another survey: "A certain small neck of land at a place called Mattinicock." Extended also to an island and to an Indian clan. Cornelius van Tienhoven wrote in 1650: "Martin Garritson's Bay, or Martinnehouck, [FN-1] is m…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] N. Y., is recorded "Podunk Brook." (Cal. Land Papers.) The meaning of the name is uncertain, but from its wide distribution it is obviously from a generic--presumably a corruption of _P'tuk-ohke,_ a neck or corner of land. "The neck next east of Onuck is known by the Indian name of Potunk." (Local History.) Mannhonake, the name of Gardiner's Island--"called by the…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Manah-ackaquasu-wanock, given as the name of Shelter Island, is a composition of two names, as shown by the record entry, "All that their island of _Ahaquasu-wamuck,_ otherwise called _Manhansack._" _Ahaquasu-wamuck_ is no doubt the equivalent of _Aúhaquassu_ (Nar.), "Sheltered," and _-amuck_ is an equivalent of _amaug,_ "Fishing-place," literally, "Sheltered fish…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] * * * * * Hudson's River on the West. Neversink, now so written as the name of the hills on the south side of the lower or Raritan Bay, is written _Neuversin_ by Van der Donck, _Neyswesinck_ by Van Tienhoven, _Newasons_ by Ogilby, 1671, and more generally in early records Naver, Neuver, Newe, and Naoshink. The original was no doubt the Lenape Newas-ink, "At the po…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Verdrietig Hoek, or "Tedious Point," of Dutch notation, where, after several forms it culminates in _Navish._ Lindstrom's _Naratic-on,_ on the lower Delaware, was probably Cape May, and an equivalent substantially of the New England _Nayantukq-ut,_ "A point on a tidal river," and Raritan was the point of the peninsula which the clan occupied terminating on Raritan…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] (See Nanakan, Nyack-on-the-Hudson, and Orange.) Orange, a familiar name in eastern New Jersey and supposed to refer to the two mountains that bound the Raritan Valley, may have been from the name of a sachem or place or both. In Breeden Raedt it is written: "The delegates from all the savage tribes, such as the Raritans, whose chiefs called themselves Oringkes fro…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Watchung (Wacht-unk, Del.) is from _Wachtschu_ (Zeisb.), "Hill or mountain," and _-unk,_ locative, "at" or "on." _Wachtsûnk,_ "On the mountain" (Zeisb.); otherwise written _Wakhunk._ The original application was to a hill some twelve miles west of the Hudson. The first deed (1667) placed the boundmark of the tract "At the foot of the great mountain," and the secon…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] * * * * * [FN-1] Before entering New York Harbor, Hudson anchored his ship below the Narrows and sent out an exploring party in a boat, who entered the Narrows and ascended as far as Bergen Point, where they encountered a second channel which they explored as far as Newark Bay. The place where the second channel was met they called "The Kils," or channels, and so …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] known in their order as Commoenapa, Aresseck, Bergen, Ahasimus, Hoboken-Hackingh, and Awiehacken. Commoenapa is now preserved as the name of the upland between Communipaw Avenue and Walnut Street, Jersey City, but was primarily applied to the arm of the main land beginning at Konstabel's Hoek, and later to the site of the ancient Dutch village of Gamœnapa, as writ…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] It is almost an hour broad, but has large salt meadows or marshes on the Kil van Kol. It is everywhere accessible by water from the city." Ahasimus--_Achassemus_ in deed to Michael Pauw, 1630--now preserved in Harsimus, was a place lying west of the "Little Island, Aressick;" later described as "The corn-land of the Indians," indicating that the name was from Lena…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] description reads: "A certain parcel of land called Pauwels Hoek, situated westward of the Island Manhates and eastward of Ahasimus, extending from the North River into the valley which runs around it there." (Col. Hist. N, Y., xiii, 3.) The Indian name, _Arisheck_ or _Aresseck,_ is so badly corrupted that the original cannot be satisfactorily detected, but, by ex…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] extending on the south side to Ahasimus; eastward to the river Mauritus, and on the west side surrounded by a valley or morass through which the boundary can be seen with sufficient clearness." (Winfield's Hist. Hudson Co.; Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 2, 3, 4.) In "Freedoms and Exemptions," 1635; "But every one is notified that the Company reserves, unto itself the Is…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] 'elevation' in most of them. _Buckel_ (Germ.), _Bochel_ (Dutch), means 'hump,' 'hump-back.' _Hump_ (Low German) is 'heap,' 'hill.' _Ho-bok-an_ locates a place that is distinguished by a hill, or by a hill in some way associated with it." Presumably from the ancient village of Hoboken came to Manhattan, about 1655, one Harmon van Hobocoon, a schoolmaster, who evide…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] _Hacking_ was dropped from the name in 1635. * * * * * [FN-1] An ancient view of the shore-line represents it as a considerable elevation--a hill. [FN-2] Castle Point is just below Wehawken Cove in which Hudson is supposed to have anchored his ship in 1609. In Juet's Journal this land is described as "beautiful" and the cliff as of "the color of white

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] varied, as beautiful a scene as one could wish to see. The rocks rise almost perpendicularly to one hundred and fifty feet above the river. Under these heights, about twenty feet above the water, on a shelf about six feet wide and eleven paces long, reached by an almost inaccessible flight of steps, was the dueling ground." South of King's Point were the famed Ely…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Trumbull wrote that _Wehawing_ "Seemed" to him as "most probably from _Wehoak,_ Mohegan, and _-ing,_ Lenape, locative, 'At the end (of the Palisades)'" and in his interpretation violated his own rules of interpretation which require that translation of Indian names must be sought in the dialect spoken in the district where the name appears. The word for "End," in …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] It is from _Sikkâkâskeg,_ meaning "Salt sedge marsh." (Gerard.) The Dutch found snakes on Snake Hill and called it Slangberg, literally, "Snake Hill." Passaic is a modern orthography of _Pasaeck_ (Unami-Lenape), German notation, signifying "Vale or valley." Zeisberger wrote _Pachsójeck_ in the Minsi dialect. The valley gave name to the stream. In Rockland County i…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] with the Passaic, and also as the name of a town in Passaic County, N. J., as well as in Pompton Falls, Pompton Plains, etc., and historically as the name of an Indian clan, appears primarily as the name of the Ramapo River as now known. It is not met in early New York Records, but in English Records, in 1694, a tract of land is described as being "On a river call…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Fifty years later the tribal title is entered in the treaty of Easton (1758) as the "Wappings, Opings or Pomptons," [FN-2] as claimants of an interest in lands in northern New Jersey, [FN-3] subordinately to the "Minsis, Monseys or Minisinks," with whom the treaty was made. The clan was then living at Otsiningo as ward's of the Senecas, and seems to have been comp…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] County. The tract to which the name was extended in Rockland County is described, "Commonly called by the Indians _Kackyachteweke,_ on a neck of land which runs under a great hill, bounded on the north by a creek called Sheamaweck or Peasqua." Hackyackawack is another orthography. The name seems to be from _Schach-achgeu-ackey,_ meaning "Straight land," "Straight …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] The suffix _-ook, -oke, -aki,_ etc., shows that it was the name of land or place (N. J., _-ahke;_ Len. _-aki_). It is probably met in _Cheshek-ohke,_ Ct., translated by Dr. Trumbull from _Kussukoe,_ Moh., "High," and _-ohke,_ "Land or place"--literally, high land or upland. The final _s_ in some forms, is

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] The tract is now known as Strickland Plain, [FN-3] and is described as "Plain and water-land"--"A valley but little above tidewater; on the southwest an extended marsh now reclaimed in part." The same general features were met in _Petuckquapaen,_ now Greenbath, opposite Albany, N. Y. Dr. Trumbull also wrote, "The Dutch met on Long Island the word _Seaump_ as the n…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] rock on the top of the hill," called Mattasinck. In the surveyor's notes the rock is described as "a certain rock in the form of a sugar loaf." The name is probably an equivalent of _Mat-assin-ink,_ "At (or to) a bad rock," or a rock of unusual form. _Mattac-onck_ seems to be an orthography of _Maskék-onck,_ "At a swamp or hassocky meadow." Surd mutes and linguals…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Adriaen Block wrote, in 1614-16, _Nahicans_ as the name of the people on Montauk Point; Eliot wrote _Naiyag_ (_-ag_ formative); Roger Williams wrote _Nanhigan_ and _Narragan;_ Van der Donck wrote _Narratschoan_ on the Verdrietig Hoek Mountain on the Hudson; _Naraticon_ appears on the lower Delaware, and _Narraoch_ and _Njack_ (Nyack) are met on Long Island. The ro…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Gerard wrote: "The Algonquian root _Ne_ (written by the English _Náï_) means 'To come to a point,' or 'To form a point.' From this came Ojibwe _Naiá-shi,_ 'Point of land in a body of water.' The Lenape _Newás,_ with the locative affix, makes _Newás-ing,_ 'At the promontory.' The Lenape had another word for 'Point of land.' This was _Néïak_ (corrupted to Nyack). It…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] * * * * * [FN] The equivalent Mass. word is _paug,_ "Where water is," or "Place of water." (Trumbull.) Quassa-paug or Quas-paug, is the largest lake in Woodbury, Ct. Dr. Trumbull failed to detect the derivative of _Quas,_ but suggested, Kiche, "Great." Probably a satisfactory interpretation will be found in _Kussûk,_ "High." (See Quassaick.) Menisak-cungue, so wri…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] They are from the root _Mawe,_ "Meeting," _Mawewi,_ "Assembly" (Zeisb.), _i. e._ "Brought together," as "Where paths or streams or boundaries come together." The reference may have been to the place where the stream unites with Demarest's Kill, as shown on a map of survey in "History of Rockland County." Welch's Island was so called from its enclosure by streams a…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Land Papers, 162.) The south side of Stony Point was then accepted as the "North side of the land called Haverstraw." The hills in immediate proximity, at varying points of compass, are the Bochberg (Dutch, _Bochelberg,_ "Humpback hill"), and the Donderberg, neither of which, however, have connection with Stony Point, leaving the conclusion certain that from the f…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Dongan in 1694, and vacated by act of the Colonial Assembly in 1708, approved by the Queen in 1708. It included Gov. Dongan's two purchases of 1784-85. {_sic_} It was not surveyed; its southeast, or properly its northwest line was never satisfactorily determined, but was supposed to run from Stony Point to a certain pond called Maretanze in the present town of Gre…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Reckgawank, of record in 1645 as the name of Haverstraw, appears in several later forms. Dr. O'Callaghan (Hist. New Neth.) noted: "Sessegehout, chief of Rewechnong of Haverstraw." In Col. Hist. N. Y., "Keseshout [FN-1] chief of Rewechnough, or Haverstraw," "Curruppin, brother, and representative of the chief of Rumachnanck, alias Haverstraw." In the treaty of 1645…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] The deed reads: "A piece of land and meadow lying upon Hudson's River in several parcels, called by the Indians Nawasink, Yan Dakah, Caquaney, and Aquamack, within the limits of Averstraw, bounded on the east and north by Hudson's River, on the west by a creek called Menisakcungue, and on the south by the mountain." The mountain on the south could have been no oth…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] The tract was known for years as "The end place." Sankapogh, Indian deed to Van Cortlandt, 1683--Sinkapogh, Songepogh, Tongapogh--is given as the name of a small stream flowing to the Hudson south of the stream called Assinapink, locally now known as Swamp Kill and Snake-hole Creek. The stream is the outlet of a pool or spring which forms a marsh at or near the fo…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Papers, 99.) Long known as Buttermilk Falls and more recently as Highland Falls. In early days the falls were one of the most noted features on the lower Hudson. They were formed by the discharge over a precipice of the outlet waters of Bog-meadow Brook. They were called Prince's Falls in honor of Prince Maurice of Holland. The name was extended to the creek in th…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] the traditionary abundance of rattle-snakes on it, though few have been seen there in later years. * * * * * [FN] "I think your reading of _Muchattoos_ as an orthography of original _Matchatchu's,_ is very plausible. I think _Massachusetts_ is the same word, plus a locative suffix and English sign of the plural. It was formerly spelled in many ways: Mattachusetts,…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Tans Kamer," or River of the Dance Chamber, and the point immediately south of its mouth, "de Bedrieghlyke Hoek" (Dutch, Bedrieglijk), meaning "a deceitful, fraudulent hook," or corner, cape, or angle. Presumably the Dutch navigator was deceived by the pleasant appearance of the bay, sailed into it and found his vessel in the mouth of the Warrelgat. Tradition affi…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] as "The High Hills to the west of the Highlands." 'In a legal brief in the controversy to determine finally the northwest line of the Evans Patent, the name is written Skonanake, and the claim made that it was the hill named Skoonnemoghky in the deed from the Indians to Governor Dongan, in 1685, and therein given as the southeast boundmark of the lands of "The Mur…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] McKnight (1898) on the north side of the Cornwall and Monroe line and very near the present road past the Houghton farm, near which the castle stood. The later "cabin" of the early sachem is plainly located. * * * * * [FN] Van Dam Patent (1709) and Mompesson Patent (1709-12). The late Hon. George W. Tuthill wrote me in 1858: "On the northwestern bank of Murderers'…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] opposite the house where John McLean now (1756) dwells, near the said hill, and also lived on the north bank of Murderers' Creek, where Colonel Mathews lives. The first station of his boundaries is a stone set in the ground at Maringoman's castle." Winegtekonck, 1709--_Wenighkonck,_ 1726; _Wienackonck,_ 1739--is quoted as the name of what is now known as Woodcock …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] the chief may have resided. _Rombout_ (Dutch) means "Bull-fly." It could hardly have been the name of a run of water. Mistucky, the name of a small stream in the town of Warwick, has lost some of its letters. _Mishquawtucke_ (Nar.), would read, "Place of red cedars." Pochuck, given as the name of "A wild, rugged and romantic region" in Sussex County, N. J., to a c…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] [FN] * * * * * [FN] The traditional places of residence of several of the sachems who signed the Wawayanda deed is stated by a writer in "Magazine of American History," and may be repeated on that authority, viz: "Oshaquememus, chief of a village, near the point where the Beaver-dam Brook empties into Murderers' Creek near Campbell Hall; Moshopuck, on the flats no…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Y.--the first form, one of the most familiar names in Orange County, is preserved as that of a town, a stream of water, and of a large district of country known as the Wawayanda Patent, in which latter connection it appears of record, first, in 1702, in a petition of Dr. Samuel Staats, of Albany, and others, for license to purchase "A tract of land called Wawayand…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Orange County and is now in Vernon, New Jersey, where it is still known as the "Wawayanda Homestead." Within a musket-shot of the site of the ancient dwelling flows Wawayanda Creek, and with the exception of the meadows through which it flows in a remarkably sinuous course, is the only object in proximity to the place where DeKay lived, except the meadow and the v…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] _Waway,_ "Winding around many times";--_-anda,_ "action, motion" (radical _-an,_ "to move, to go"), and, inferentially, the place where the action of the verb is performed, as in _Guttanda,_ "Taste it," the action of the throat in tasting being referred to, and in _Popachándamen,_ "To beat; to strike." As the verb termination of _Waway,_ "Round about many times,"

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] [FN-7] From Jacobus Bruyn came the ancient hamlet still known as Bruynswick. He erected a stone mansion on the tract, in the front wall of which was cut on a marble tablet, "Jacobus Bruyn. 1724." The house was destroyed by fire in 1870 (about), and a frame dwelling erected on its old foundation. It is about half-way between Bruynswick and Tuthilltown; owned later …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Soc." Memorasink, Kahogh, Gatawanuk, and Ghittatawagh, names handed down in the Indian deed to Governor Dongan in 1684, have no other record, nor were they ever specifically located. The lands conveyed to him extended from the Shawangunk range to the Hudson, bounded on the north by the line of the Paltz Patent, and south by a line drawn from about the Dans Kamer. …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] The name, probably, describes this ridge as "High lands," an equivalent of _Esquatak_ and _Eskwatack_ on the Upper Hudson; _Ashpotag,_

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] a line from "about the Dancing Chamber" on the Hudson to Sam's Point on the Shawongunk range on the southwest, and on the west by that range and the river Peakadasank. The Peakadasank is now known as Shawangunk Kill. The pond "called Meretange," is claimed by some authorities, as that now known as Binnen-water in the town of Mount Hope, Orange County. On Sauthier'…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] _Awoss_ means "Beyond," surely, but must be followed by a substantive telling what it is that is "beyond." The particular features of the Shawongunk range covered by the boundary line of the deed are "The Traps," a cleft which divides the range a short distance south of Mohunk, and Sam's Point, [FN-2] about nine miles south of Mohunk. The latter stands out very co…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] "These are to certify, that the inhabitants of the town of New Paltz, being desirous that the first station of their patent, named Moggonck, might be kept in remembrance, did desire us, Joseph Horsbrouck, John Hardenburgh, and Roeloff Elting, Esqs., Justices of the Peace, to accompany them, and there being Ancrop, the Indian, then brought us to the High Mountain, …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Locations of boundmarks were then frequently changed by patentees who desired to increase their holdings, by "Taking some Indians in a public manner to show such places as they might name to them," wrote Sir William Johnson, for many years Superintendent of Indian Affairs, adding that it was "Well known" that an Indian "Would shew any place by any name you please …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Trumbull: "From _Mogki,_ 'Great,' and _-unk,_ 'A tree while standing.'" It is met as the name of a boundmark on the Connecticut, and on the east side of the Hudson, within forty miles of the locative here, _Moghongh-kamigh_, "Place of a great tree," is met as the name of a boundmark. _Mogkunk_ is also in the Natick dialect, and there is no good reason for saying t…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] The first word, _Maggean,_ is an orthography of _Machen_ (_Meechin,_ Zeisb.; _Mashkan,_ Chippeway), meaning "Great," big, large, strong, hard, occupying chief position, etc., and the second, _-apogh,_ written in other local names _-apugh, -apick,_ etc., is from _-ápughk_ (_-ápuchk,_ Zeisb.), meaning "Rock," the combination reading, literally, "A great rock." In th…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] word of the Indian name, _Magaat,_ stands for _Maghaak_ (Moh.), _Machak_ (Zeisb., the hard surd mutes _k_ and _t_ exchanged), meaning "Great," large, extended, occupying chief position. The second word, _Ramis_ is obscure. It has the appearance of a mishearing of the native word. What that word was, however, may be inferred from the description, "Juffrou's Hook, i…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Rappoos, which formed the northeast boundmark of the Paltz Patent, is specifically located in the Indian deed "Thence north [from Juffrou's Hook] along the river to the island called Rappoos, lying in the Kromme Elbow, at the commencement of the Long Reach." The island is now known

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] A good parallel are the _Wawenocks_ of S. W. Maine, now living at St. Francis, who call themselves _Walinaki,_ or those living on a cove--'cove dwellers'--in referring to their old home on the Atlantic coast near Portland. In the Micmac (N. S.) dialect _Walini_ is 'bay, cove,' and even the large Bay of Fundy is called so. The meaning of _k_ or _ka_ is not clear, b…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] On the latter, near Port Jervis, is met of record _Warin-sags-kameck,_ which is surely the equivalent of _Walina-ask-kameck,_ "A hollowing or concave site, a meadow or field." It was written by Arent Schuyler, the noted interpreter, as the name of a field which he described as "A meadow or vly." _Vly_ is a contraction of Dutch _Vallei,_ meaning "A hollow or depres…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Vernoy and Rondout kills, is of doubtful correctness, as is also his statement that it was "The council-house of all the Esopus Indians." Its location was about two (Dutch) miles from Wildwyck, or about six or seven English miles. Judge Schoonmaker wrote: "Supposed to have been located in Marbletown." Preumaker's Land, a tract described as "Lying upon Esopus Kil, …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Y., xiii.) Supposed to have been at LeFever's Falls in Rosendale. (Schoonmaker.) Frudyachkamik, so written in treaty--deed of 1677 as the name of a place on the Hudson at the mouth of Esopus (now Saugerties) Creek, is written Tintiagquanneck in deed of 1767 (Cal. Land Papers, 454), and by the late John W. Hasbrouck, _Tendeyachameck._ The deed orthography of 1677 i…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] In 1683, in a survey of the Meals Patent, covering lands now included in Saugerties, it is written: "Being part of the land called Sagers," and in another, "Between Cattskill and Sager's Kill." It is also of record that a man known by the surname of Zager located on the stream prior to 1663, obtained a cession of the lands on the kill from Kaelcop, an Esopus sache…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] described included other figures commemorative of the deeds of a warrior designed to be honored. Sometimes the paintings were drawn by a member of the clan or family to which the subject belonged, and sometimes by the hero himself, who was flattered by the expectation that his memory would thereby be preserved, or his importance or prowess impressed upon his assoc…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Its origin is, of course, uncertain. Reasonably and presumably it was a colloquial form of Katerakts Kil--reasonably, because the falls on that stream would have naturally attracted the attention of the early Dutch navigators, as they have attracted the attention of many thousands of modern travelers. It was the absence of an authoritative explanation that led Jud…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Katarakts Kil, as it is met of record--now Judge Benson's Kauter Kil--is formed by the outlets of two small lakes lying west of the well-known Mountain House. A little below the lakes the united streams leap over a ledge and fall 175 feet to a shelf of rock, and a few rod's below fall 85 feet to a ravine from which they find their way to the Kat's Kil. Beautiful a…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] seems to be from _Quana_ (_Quinnih,_ Eliot), "Long"; _-ask,_ the radical of all names meaning grass, marsh, meadow, etc., and _-ek,_ formative--literally, "Long marsh or meadow." The early settlement at Athens was called Loonenburgh, from one Jan van Loon, who located there in 1706. Esperanza succeeded this name and was followed by Athens. The particular place of …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] [FN-2] He was engaged in similar work in negotiating the Esopus treaty of 1664; signed the deed for Kaniskek in 1665, and disappears of record after that date. In "History of Greene County," he is confused with Aepjen, a peace chief of the Mahicans, and in some records is classed as a Mahican, which he no doubt was tribally, but not the less "a Katskil Indian." Be…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] It was the name of a noted fishing place, now known as Black Rock, in the south part of Athens. The prefix _Macha,_ is the equivalent of _Massa_ (Natick _Mogge_), meaning "Great," and _-ameck_ is an equivalent of _-ameek_ (_-amuk,_ Del.), "Fishing-place." As the root, _-am,_ means "To take by the mouth," the place would seem to have been noted for fish of the smal…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] In 1718 it was given as the name of a bound-mark of a tract described as "having on the east the land called Vlackte and Coxsackie." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 124.) _Vlackte_ (Vlakte) is Dutch for "Plain or flat," and no doubt described the Great Nutten Hoek Flat which lies fronting Coxsackie Landing, and Coxackie described the clay bluff which skirts the river ris…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] unintelligible. _Sapanak-ock_ means, "Place of wild potatoes," or bulbous roots. (See Passapenoc.) Barrent's is from Barrent Coeymans, the founder of the village of Coeymans. The earlier Dutch name was Beerin Island, or "She-bear's Island," usually read Bear's Island. Achquetuck is given as the name of the flat at Coeyman's Hollow. The suffix _-tuck_ probably stan…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] that nation consented there, under advisement of the Dutch, to take the rank of women, _i. e._ a nation without authority to make war or sell lands. The tradition is worthless. The Dutch did make "covenants of friendship" here with several tribes as early as 1625 (Doc Hist. N. Y. iii, 51), but none of the character stated. All the tribes were treated as equals in …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Monemius Island, otherwise Cohoes Island and Haver Island, just below Cohoes Falls, the site of Monemius's Castle, or residence of Monemius or Moenemines, a sachem of the Mahicans in 1630, so entered on Van Rensselaer's map. Haver is Dutch, "Oat straw." (See Haverstraw.) Saratoga, now so written, was, primarily, the name of a specific place extended to a district …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] condition of their return, and which he described as a tract of land "called Serachtogue, lying upon Hudson's River, about forty miles above Albany," and for the protection of which Fort Saratoga was erected in 1709; noted by Governor Cornbury in 1703, as "A place called Saractoga, which is the northernmost settlement we have"; topographically described, in later …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Schoolcraft "From _Assarat,_ 'Sparkling water,' and _Oga,_ 'place,' 'the place of the sparkling water,'" the reference being to the mineral springs, one of which. "High Rock," was, traditionally, known to the Indians, who, it is said, conveyed Sir William Johnson thither, in 1767, to test the medicinal virtues of the water; but, while the tradition may recite a fa…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] This form is _Ochsechrage._ The 'digraph' _ch_ in this word evidently

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] (pronounced with an aspirate) became _Hochelaga,_ the well-known aboriginal name of what is now Montreal. That this name meant simply 'At the beaver-dam' is not questioned. It is rather curious, though not surprising, that two such noted Indian names as _Saratoga_ and _Hochelaga_ should have the same origin. In _Ochseratongue_ the name is lengthened by an addition…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] It certainly begins with the element _Amik, Amisk_ or _Amisque,_ 'Beaver,' and terminates with the locative _ck_ or _k._ The intermediate portion I am not clear about. There is probably considerable garbling of the middle syllables, and this obscures their forms. In a general way, however, it means 'Place where beavers live,' or 'are found.'" Father Le June wrote …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] rocks and great falls therein." (Col. Hist. N. Y., x, 194.) [FN-2] The war in which the Mahicans lost and the Mohawks gained possession of the lands here occurred in 1627, as stated in Dutch records (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 48), sustained by the deed to King George in 1701. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., i, 773.) There was no conquest on the Hudson south of Cohoes Falls. Sacon…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] name of _Teohoken,_ from Iroquois generic _De-ya-oken,_ meaning "Where it forks," or "Where the stream forks or enters the Hudson." (J. B. N. Hewitt.) The little valley is described as "a picture of beauty and repose in strong contrast with the rugged hills around." (Lossing.) Oi-o-gue, the name given by the Mohawks to Father Jogues in 1646, at Lake George, to wha…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Between Warrensburgh and Glen's Falls the stream sweeps, in tortuous course with a wealth of rapids, eastward among the lofty hills of the Luzerne [FN-3] range of mountains, and at Glen's Falls descends about sixty feet, passing over a precipice, in cataract, in flood seasons, about nine hundred feet long, and then separates into three channels by rocks piled in c…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] district; but it may lead to the replanting of the much more expressive Iroquoian title, _Kohsarake,_ on some hill-top in the ancient wilderness. * * * * * [FN] The specific tribe called Algonquins by the French, were seated, in 1738, near Montreal, and described as a remnant of "A nation the most warlike, the most polished, and the most attached to the French." T…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Mohawk, the river so called--properly "the Mohawk's River," or river of the Mohawks--rises near the centre of the State and reaches the Hudson at Cohoes Falls. Its name preserves that by which the most eastern nation of the Iroquoian confederacy, the Six Nations, is generally known in history--the Maquaas of the early Dutch. The nation, however, did not give that …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Presumably it was generations prior to the incoming of Europeans and from the discovery of the fire-producing qualities of the flint, which was certainly known to them and to other Indian nations [FN-1] in pre-historic times. When the flint and steel were introduced to them they added the latter to their emblem, generally delineated it on all papers of national im…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Bruyas wrote in the Huron dialect, "_Okwari_, ourse (that is Bear); _Ganniagwari,_ grand ourse" (grand, glorious, superb, Bear), and in another connection, "It is the name of the Agniers," the characteristic type of the nation. They were divided in three ruling totemic tribes, the Tortoise (_Anowara_), the Bear (_Ochquari_), and the Wolf (_Okwaho_), and several su…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] students of that dialect, nor any that have not been purely conjectural. One writer has read it: "From _Kaho,_ a boat or ship," commemorative of Hudson's advent at Half-Moon Point in 1609. Beauchamp repeated from Morgan: "A shipwrecked canoe," and, in another connection: "From _Kaho,_ a torrent." Another writer has read it: "Cahoes, 'the parting of the waters,' th…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] The presumption that the name was Mohawk-Iroquoian was no doubt from the general impression that the falls were primarily in a Mohawk district, but the fact is precisely the reverse. The Hudson, on both sides, was held by Algonquian-Mahicans when the Dutch located at Albany, and for some years later, and the Dutch no doubt received the name from them, as they did …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Intervale-Cowass or Kohas (Coas) meadows." (Pownal's Map.) [FN-2] The name having been submitted to the Bureau of Ethnology for interpretation, the late Prof. J. W. Powell, Chief, wrote me, as the opinion of himself and his co-laborers: "The name is unquestionably from the Algonquian _Koowa._" Wathoiack, of record as the name of "The Great Rift above Kahoes Falls"…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] notice particularly after 1693-4, when the Tortoise tribe retreated from Caughnawaga and located their principal town on the west side of the stream a short distance south of its junction with the Mohawk, taking with them their ancient title of "The First Mohawk Castle," and where its location became known by the name of _Ti-onondar-aga_ and _Ti-ononta-ogen;_ but …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Indian settlement disappeared years ago. [FN-2] A detachment of one hundred men, sent out for that purpose, surprised the castle on the 29th of October, 1779, making prisoners of "Every Indian inmate." The houseless settlers took possession of the four houses and of all the stock, grain and furniture of the tribe. The tribe made claim for restitution on the ground…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] 118.) By the DeWitt map of survey of 1790, Mabie's entire purchase extended east from the mouth of Aurie's Creek to a point on the east side of Schohare Creek, a distance of about four miles, the territory covering the presumed site of the early Mohawk castle called by different writers from names which they had heard spoken, Onekagoncka, Caneray, Osseruenon, and …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] of the stream. _Carenay_ or _Kaneray,_ Van der Donck's name of the castle, may easily have been from _Kanitare._ The letters _d_ and _t_ are equivalent sounds in the Mohawk tongue. The aspirate _k_ was frequently dropped by European scribes; it does not represent a radical element. The several record names which are met here is a point of interest to students. * *…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Osserion, Osserrinon_) appears to be from the Mohawk dialect of the Iroquoian stock of languages. It signifies, if its English dress gives any approximation to the sound of the original expression, 'At the beaver dam.'" This expert testimony has its value in the force which it gives to the conclusion that the castle in which Father Jogues suffered was at or near A…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] As already stated, the "best expert authority" of the Bureau of Ethnology reads _Onekagoncka_ as signifying, "At the junction of the waters," and _Osserueñon,_ in any of its forms, as signifying "At the beaver-dam." Possibly the names might be read differently by a less expert authority, but _Oneka_ certainly means "Water," and _Ossera_ means "Beaver-dam." Add the…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Senatsycrossy, written by Van Curler, in 1635, as the name of a Mohawk Village west of _Canowarode,_ seems to have been in the vicinity of Fultonville, where tradition has always located one, but where General John S. Clark asserts that there never was one. It may not have remained at the place named for a number of years. Villages that were not palisaded were som…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Its name appears first in French notation, in Jesuit Relations (1667), _Gandaouagué._ [FN] Contemporaneous Dutch scribes wrote it _Kaghnawaga_ and _Caughnawaga,_ and Greenhalgh, an English trader, who visited the

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] a scaffolding or platform of any kind, and _ge,_ locative, the combination yielding "At or on a bridge." Bruyas wrote _Otserage,_ "A causeway," a way or road raised above the natural level of the ground, serving as a passage over wet or marshy grounds. Otsgarage is now applied to a noted cavern near the stream in the town of Cobel's Kill. Oneyagine, "called by the…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Etagragon, now so written, the name of a boundmark on the Mohawk, is of record "_Estaragoha,_ a certain rock." The locative is on the south side of the river about twenty-four miles above Schenectady. (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 121.) The name is an equivalent of _Astenra-kowa,_ "A large rock." Modern _Otsteara-kowa,_ Elliot. Astenrogen, of record as the name of "the…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] * * * * * On the Delaware. Keht-hanne, Heckewelder--_Kittan,_ Zeisberger--"The principal or greatest stream," _i. e._ of the country through which it passes, was the generic name of the Delaware River, and _Lenapewihittuck,_ "The river or stream of the Lenape," its specific name, more especially referring to the stream where its waters are affected by tidal curren…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] to Trenton are fourteen considerable rifts, yet all passable in the long flat boats used in the navigation of these parts, some carrying 500 or 600 bushels of wheat." _Meggeckesson_ (Col. Hist. N. Y., xii, 225) was the name of what are now known as Trenton Falls, or rapids. It means, briefly, "Strong water." Heckewelder's _Maskek-it-ong_ and his interpretation of …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] They were a milder and less barbaric people than the Iroquoian tribes, with whom they had little affinity and with whom they were almost constantly in conflict until they were broken up by the incoming tide of Europeans, the earliest and the succeeding waves of which fell upon their shores, and the later alliance of the English with their ancient enemies, the conf…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] [FN-2] "_Guwam;_ modifications, _Choam, Schawan._ The stem appears to be _Shawano,_ 'South,' 'Coming from the south,' or from salt water." (Brinton.)

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] or junction of the Lehigh Branch; the latter was on Minnisink Plains in New Jersey, about eight miles south of Port Jervis, Orange County. It was obviously known to the Dutch long before Van der Donck wrote the name. It was visited, in 1694, by Arent Schuyler, a credited interpreter, who wrote, in his Journal, Minissink and Menissink as the name of the tribal seat…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Brinton wrote: "From investigation among living Delawares, _Minsi,_ properly _Minsiu,_ formerly _Min-assin-iu,_ means 'People of the stony country,' or briefly, 'Mountaineers.' It is the synthesis of _Minthiu,_ 'To be scattered,' and _Achsin,_ 'Stone.' according to the best native authority." Apparently from _Min-assin_ we have Van der Donck's _Minn-essin;_ with l…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] except by extension to it. Peenpack, (Paan, Paen, Pien, Penn) is given, _traditionally,_ as the name of a "Small knoll or rise of ground, some fifty or sixty rods long, ten wide, and about twenty feet high above the level of" Neversink River, "on and around which the settlers of the Maghaghkamik Patent first located their cabins." It has been preserved for many ge…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Sokapach, traditionally the name of a spring in Deerpark, means, "A spring." It is an equivalent of _Sókapeék,_ "A spring or pool." Neversink, the name quoted as that of the stream flowing to the Delaware at Carpenter's Point, is not a river name. It is a corruption of Lenape _Newás,_ "A promontory," and _-ink,_ locative, meaning "At the promontory." The particula…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] town of Mamakating, and more recently, by local authority, at or near what is known as the "Manarse Smith Spring," otherwise as the "Great Yaugh Huys Fontaine," or Great Hunting House Spring. [FN-2] The meaning of the name is largely involved in the orthography of the suffix. If the word was _-oten_ it would refer to the trading post or town, as in "_Otenink,_ in …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] entry: "The Beaver Kill or Whitenaughwemack." The date is 1785. The orthography bears evidence of many years' corruption. It may have been shortened to Willewemock and Willemoc, and stand for _Wilamochk,_ "Good, rich, beaver." It was, presumably, a superior resort for beavers. Shawanoesberg was conferred on a hill in the present town of Mamakating, commemorative o…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Mag., Second Series, 3, 49.) The lands spoken of were the recognized territorial possession of the chief ruler of the nation or tribe. The "squaw-sachem" [FN-3] may have held the title by succession or as the wife of the Bashaba. * * * * * [FN-1] Basha's Kill was applied to Mamcotten Kill north of the village of Wurtsboro, south of which it retained the name of Ma…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Gatschet, of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me: "The Bashas, Bashebas and Betsebas of old explorers of the coast of Maine, I explain by _pe'sks,_ 'one,' and _a'pi,_ 'man,' or person--'First man in the land.'" [FN-3] _Squaw,_ "Woman," means, literally, "Female animal." _Saunk-squa_ stands for "Sochem's squaw." "The squa-sachem, for so they call the Sachem's wife." …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] [FN] "The first well-beaten path that connected the Delaware and Susquehanna Rivers, and subsequently the first rude wagon road leading from Cochecton through Little Meadows, in Salem township, and across Moosic Mountains." (Hist. Penn.) It was with a view to connect the commerce from this section with the Hudson that the Newburgh and Cochecton Turnpike was constr…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Y., iv, 177.) In the Treaty of Easton, 1758, the Indian title to land conveyed to New Jersey is described: "Beginning at the Station Point between the Province of New Jersey and New York, at the most northerly end of an Indian settlement on the Delaware, known by the name of Casheitong." Station Point, called also Station Rock, is about three miles southeast of th…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] interpretation, "Low land." [FN-1] The Indian town spoken of was established in 1744, although its site was previously occupied by Indian hunting houses or huts for residences while on hunting expeditions. In Col. Mss. v. 75, p. 10, is preserved a paper in which it is stated that the Indians residing at Goshen, Orange County, having "Removed to their hunting house…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] 41 degrees 40 minutes), as recognized in the Treaty of Easton. (See Pompton.) From its association

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] with the complete published volume of proceedings. The HTML and e-book versions of the article have hyperlinks to the names indexed.} {Transcriber's Note: Some of the original index entries are incorrect. The corrected page numbers are shown in braces {p.} Alphabetical placement errors are left as in the original.} Achquetuck 177 Achsinink 148 Ackinckes-hacky 104 …

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Comae 92 Commoenapa 105 Connecticut 80 Copake 59 Cronomer's Hill 130 Cumsequ-ogue 81 Cussqunsuck 94 Cutchogue 84 Dans Kamer 183 {138} DeKay, Colonel Thomas 232 Delaware River 219 Delawares, or Lenni-Lenape 219 Di-ononda-howe 70 Dutch Racks (Rechts) 234 Eaquoris-ink 45 Eauketaupucason 34 Esopus 155 Espating 111 Essawatene 121 Etagragon 217 Fall-kill 44 Fish-kill 37

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Ganasnix 173 Gentge-kamike 183 {138} German Flats 217 Gesmesseecks 61 Glens Falls 136 {186} Gowanus 90 Greenwich Village 17 Hackingsack 104 Hahnakrois 177 Hashamomuck 99 Hashdisch 140 Haverstraw 124 Hoboken 107 Hog's Island 96 Hohokus 115 Honk Falls 166 Hoosick River 67 Hopcogues 85 Horikans 71 Hudson's River 12 Jamaica 88 Jogee Hill 134 Jogues (Father) 12, 185, 1…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Namenock 222 Namke 85 Nanichiestawack 35 Nannakans 28 Nanapenahaken 49 Nanoseck 161 Napanoch 167 Napeak 76 Narranshaw 116 Narratschoan Errata Narrioch 90 Navers-ing 165 Navish 28 Nawas-ink 124 Nepeneck 224 Nepah-komuk 23 Neperah (Nipproha) 23 Nepestek-oak 177 Nescotack 143 Neversink 102, 226 Neweskake 178 Newburgh 128 New Fort 142 Niamug (Niamuck) 82 Nickankook 49

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Panhoosick 67 Paanpaach (Troy) 63 Papinemen 19 Paquapick 111 Pasgatikook 172 Paskaecq 173 Passaic 111 Passapenoc 61 Patchogue 81 Pattkoke 55 Peakadasank 146 Peconic 83 Peekskill 30 Peenpack 225 Peningo 33 Peppineghek 29 Pequaock (Oyster Bay) 98 Pequannock 111 Peram-sepus 112 Perth Amboy 102 Petuckqua-paug 35 Petuckqua-paen 62 Pietawickqu-assick 41 Pishgachtigok 42…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Saratoga 180 Saaskahampka 49 Saugerties 162 Saukhenak 47 Schaghticoke 65 Schakaec-kemick 226 Scharon (Schroon) 184 Schenectady 202 Schodac 59 Schoharie 207 Schunnemunk 131 Scompamuck 59 Senasqua 29 Senatsycrossy 212 Seneyaughquan 226 Shannondhoi 204 Shandaken 169 Shappequa 32 Shaupook 53 Shawanoesberg 229 Shawangunk 140 She'kom'eko 42 Shenandoah 43 Sheepshack 63 S…

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] Wichquapakat 52 {53} Wichquaskeck 24 Wickqu-atenn-honck 144 Wieskottine 170 Wildmeet 161 Wihlahoosa 227 Wildwijk (Wiltwyck) 160 Winegtekonck 132 Wishauwemis 143 Woerawin 137 Wompenanit 74 Wopowag 99 Wyandanch (Sachem) 79 Wynokie 115 Wynogkee 41 Yaphank 80 Yonkers 23 ERRATA.

[Edward Manning Ruttenber (1906)] stone mountain or hill that resounds or echoes--Echo Hill. _Narratschoan,_ the name of Butter Hill, is from _Nâï,_ "It is angular, it corners"--"having corners or angles." (Trumbull.) The letters _-atscho_ stand for _-achtschu,_ Zeisb., _-adchu,_ Natick, "Hill or mountain," and _-an_ is the formative. The combination may be read, "A hill that forms an angle or cor…